Wheelchair is for those who cannot walk independently and need assistances in moving around. Six-wheel Power Wheelchair has great functions, such as large sphere of actions, no movement injuries, great stability, and small radius of gyration. The purpose of this paper is to apply the idea of engineering design method and offer a design theory for chassis mechanism for Six-Wheel Power Wheelchair. Firstly, the evolution of chassis mechanism for wheelchair is discussed and the existing chassis mechanism for wheelchair is analyzed. Based on the knowledge, this paper concludes the fundamental functions and structural characteristics of chassis mechanism for power wheelchair and lists the design requirements. Secondly, applying the creative mechanism design procedures, a new design for chassis mechanism and the Kinematic design for six-wheel power wheelchair are proposed and computerized Finally, using CAE software stimulating the designs, the paper presents the three-dimension graph and prototype of the designs.

Wheelchairs are the most important mobility-aided device for those who cannot walk independently with moderate or severe physical disabilities, the elder, and the person with chronic diseases in their daily activities. Six-wheel Power Wheelchair has great functions, such as large sphere of actions, has the good capability of traversing step obstacles, great stability, and small radius of gyration. A good chassis mechanism should provide the following characteristics including good support, high stability, easy steering, high comfort for rider, and has the capability of traversing step obstacles. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop the basic theories of analysis and design of six-link chassis mechanism of power wheelchairs, and produce the prototype of some novel chassis mechanisms. First, the kinematic analysis of six-link chassis mechanisms will be derived, and then a computer program will be developed. Next, the structures of six-link chassis mechanisms will be synthesized according to the creative design methodology of mechanism proposed by C. H. Hsu. Then, the structural and kinematic characteristics of chassis mechanisms proposed in patent documentation will be investigated and clarify. The optimization theory will be used to develop a feasible designing program such that the dimensions of the chassis mechanism can be determined. Finally, The results of this designs presents the three-dimension graph. The results of this paper will provide a complete theory for the systematic design of six-link chassis mechanisms for power wheelchairs, and will promote the design competency of the domestic industrial circle.

Pediatric powered mobility training teaches a child useful skills to become effectively mobile with the aid of their powered wheelchair. The staff at the Massachusetts Hospital School (MHS) desired a powered mobility training protocol that could be used for training children who were considered to be marginal wheelchair drivers with respect to basic maneuvering skills. The primary objective of the protocol was to reduce the subject's reliance on verbal cuing and replace this dependence by external cues provided by the environment. The specific aim of this pilot study was to investigate the use of a ranging device mounted on a powered wheelchair to provide an auditory feedback to the subject when an obstacle within its range was detected. The first goal of this study was to verify that the ranging device was capable of providing useful auditory feedback to the MHS patients that had met criteria to be candidates for the study. The second goal was to determine to what extent the device was beneficial in improving the subject's everyday mobility skills. The final goal was to observe if there was an internalization of the ranging device cues such that the subject's mobility skills improved upon removal of the device. Three subjects participated in this study. Each subject participated in pre-training, training and post-training evaluations through which the improvement of their mobility skills was measured. The results of this pilot study demonstrated that the use of a ranging device, with auditory feedback, can potentially be used effectively in the powered mobility training of children with disabilities. Further, it appeared that marginal wheelchair drivers were able to internalize some of the ranging device's auditory cues such that their performance improved when the sensing device was removed from their wheelchair. Recommendations for improving this study include using a more appropriate ranging device, redefining criteria for qualified candidates participating in the study, and eliminating variations in data between different evaluators.

En France, plus de 2 enfants sur 1000 naissent avec une « Paralysie Cérébrale », provoquée par des lésions au niveau cérébral. Cette pathologie non-évolutive, entraine des troubles de la motricité et du processus attentionnel. Certains de ces enfants n’ont pas accès au fauteuil roulant électrique pour des raisons de sécurité, car susceptibles de commettre des erreurs dangereuses de pilotage. Ils n’ont donc pas accès à l’autonomie et se déplacent en fauteuil manuel poussé par une tierce personne. Or, aujourd’hui les études médicales du domaine font consensus sur la nécessité de l’accession au déplacement autonome, indispensable pour le développement personnel, intellectuel et la participation sociale de toute personne, handicapée ou non. Ce travail de thèse a pour but de développer un système optronique adaptable, permettant de transformer un fauteuil roulant électrique classique, en fauteuil roulant semi-autonome. Ceci signifie que l’utilisateur garde le contrôle de la direction et de la vitesse du fauteuil, mais que des capteurs peuvent inhiber les commandes empêchant les situations de basculement (trottoirs, escaliers, etc.) ou de collision frontale. La priorité est placée sur un dispositif constitué d’une combinaison de capteurs pouvant s’adapter sur les différents modèles existants de fauteuil en respectant leur encombrement initial. Tous les capteurs utilisés ou conçus pour l’objectif recherché, doivent maintenir leurs performances dans tous les environnements (intérieur, extérieur, fort ensoleillement, goudron mouillé, etc.). La consommation énergétique totale ne doit pas excéder quelques Watts. Concernant l’anticollision frontale et le passage de portes, nous avons développé une solution associant pour chaque côté du fauteuil un double capteur infrarouge et un capteur à ultrasons. Les capteurs infrarouges, développés en interne, sont conçus pour avoir des zones de protection cylindriques, permettant de détecter efficacement les passages dégagés de la taille du fauteuil et gérer les angles grâce au double capteur. Le capteur à ultrasons est destiné à gérer les obstacles fins foncés frontaux à courte distance pouvant échapper aux capteurs infrarouges. Concernant le contrôle de la planéité du sol et donc l’antibasculement, un lidar laser miniature trifaisceaux a été développé pour protéger chaque roue avec 1 m d’anticipation. Les données des différents capteurs seront couplées à l’odométrie du fauteuil afin de prendre les décisions sur les commandes. Les capteurs sont conçus pour assurer une anticipation suffisante jusqu’à 3km/h. Il s’agit d’une vitesse faible, mais adaptée à des utilisateurs qui dans le contexte actuel ne sont pas autorisés à piloter. Des tests en situation réelle dans des situations climatiques variées sont réalisés. / In France, more than 2 children out of 1000 are born with "Cerebral Palsy", caused by lesions on the cerebral level. This non-progressive pathology causes disorders of motor skills and the attentional process. Some of these children do not have access to the electric wheelchair for safety reasons, as they may make dangerous steering mistakes. They do not have access to autonomy and move in manual wheelchair pushed by a third person. However, today the medical studies of the field point on the need for accession to autonomous displacement, essential for personal development, intellectual and social participation of any person, disabled or not. This thesis aims to develop an adaptable optronic system, transforming a classic electric wheelchair into a semi-autonomous wheelchair. This means that the user keeps control of the direction and speed of the chair, but that sensors can inhibit controls that prevent from falls (sidewalks, stairs, etc.) or frontal collisions. The priority is placed on a device consisting of a combination of sensors that can adapt to the different existing models of wheelchair respecting their initial size. All sensors used or designed for the intended purpose, must maintain their performance in all environments (indoor, outdoor, strong sunlight, wet tar, etc.). The total energy consumption must not exceed a few Watts. For frontal collision avoidance and door entry, we have developed a solution combining for each side of the chair a double infrared sensor and an ultrasonic sensor. The infrared sensors, developed in-house, are designed to have cylindrical protection zones, making it possible to effectively detect the passages cleared of the size of the chair and to manage the angles thanks to the double sensor. The ultrasonic sensor is designed to handle dark fine end-face obstacles that can escape infrared sensors. The control of the flatness of the floor and therefore of the anti-tip, a LiDAR triple laser beams has been developed to protect each wheel with 1 m of anticipation. The data of the various sensors will be coupled to the odometry of the chair to make decisions on orders. The sensors are designed to provide sufficient anticipation up to 3 km/h. This is a low speed, but suitable for users who in the current context are not allowed to drive.Real-life tests in various climatic situations are carried out. Solutions are sought for chaotic floors or when the user moves a lot on the chair.

Alors que l’utilisation d’un fauteuil roulant permet aux personnes en situation de handicap de compenser une perte de la mobilité, certaines personnes se voient privées de l’utilisation d’un fauteuil roulant électrique. En effet, la présence de troubles cognitifs ou de la perception visuelle altère la capacité à conduire sans danger. Dans ce contexte, l’accès à la mobilité peut être amélioré par l’apport d’aides techniques adaptées permettant de compenser la perte de mobilité dans tous types d’environnements. Alors que les premiers travaux sur les fauteuils roulants intelligents datent du début des années 80, aucune solution n’est à ce jour sur le marché ou dans les centres de rééducation. Ce travail vise à proposer un ensemble de solutions d’aide à la conduite de fauteuil roulant électrique conçu en collaboration. Le développement de telles aides techniques constitue de multiples défis robotiques mêlant techniques de détection innovantes et méthodes de contrôle partagé avec l’utilisateur. Dans ce travail, un simulateur de conduite visant à appuyer la recherche et le développement de nouvelles solutions robotiques est proposé. Puis des solutions bas coût d’assistance semiautonome à la conduite en intérieur et en extérieur sont détaillées. L’évaluation avec des participants sains nous permet de valider les méthodes mathématiques mises en oeuvre et de fournir des preuves de concept des solutions proposées. Enfin, les premières évaluations cliniques avec des usagers au Pôle MPR Saint Hélier montrent la validation de de la méthode proposée en termes de satisfaction des utilisateurs. / While the use of a wheelchair allows people with disabilities to compensate for a loss of mobility, people with severe disabilities are denied the use of a power wheelchair. Indeed, cognitive or visual perception impairments can affect the ability to drive safely. In this context, access to mobility can be improved by providing appropriate assistive technologies to compensate for loss of mobility in all types of environments. While the first research on smart wheelchairs dates back to the early 1980s, no solutions have yet been proposed on the market or in rehabilitation centers and other specialized structures. This work aims to propose a set of solutions for power wheelchair navigation assistance designed in close collaboration with users and therapists. The development of such assistive solutions faces multiple robotic challenges combining innovative detection techniques, shared control with the user. In this work, a driving simulator supporting research and development of new robotic solutions for wheelchair navigation assistance is proposed. Then low-cost semi-autonomous assistance solutions for navigation assistance in indoor and outdoor environments are detailed. The evaluation with able-bodied participants allows to validate the mathematical methods and provide proof of concept of the proposed solutions. Finally, the first clinical evaluations with regular users at Pôle MPR Saint Hélier show the validation of the proposed framework in terms of user satisfaction.

Contexte : La participation sociale d’utilisateurs de fauteuils roulants peut être affectée par certains facteurs, tels que l’accessibilité et les caractéristiques individuelles de ces derniers, pouvant limiter leur pleine implication dans la réalisation des activités signifiantes de la vie quotidienne. Afin d’améliorer leur mobilité, différents prototypes de fauteuils roulants motorisés intelligents (FRMIs) sont en développement, à l’intention de personnes présentant des déficiences physiques, cognitives ou sensorielles, et qui sont dans l’incapacité d’utiliser un fauteuil roulant motorisé (FRM). Le but visé est de leur procurer davantage d’autonomie dans leurs déplacements, et tenter ainsi de répondre à leurs besoins en termes de mobilité et de participation sociale. Objectif : Explorer la littérature portant sur le développement de FRMIs afin de comprendre dans quelle mesure les prototypes existants répondent aux besoins réels des utilisateurs, d’identifier les limites des études, et de faire des recommandations pour mieux orienter le développement continu des FRMIs. Méthodologie : Un examen de la portée a été réalisé suivant les six étapes proposées par Arskeys et O’Malley (2005), puis bonifiées par Levac et al. (2010). Les études publiées en anglais ou en français, jusqu’à septembre 2020, ont été consultées. Résultats : Au total, 41 études ont été retenues pour l’analyse. Les résultats suggèrent que les différentes technologies intégrées aux FRMIs pourraient contribuer à répondre à certains besoins d’utilisateurs présentant différentes incapacités, contribuer à améliorer leur mobilité, procurer de l’autonomie et favoriser leur participation sociale. Par ailleurs, des résultats complémentaires ont permis d’identifier : (a) d’autres technologies, pouvant favoriser davantage le sentiment d’autonomie et de confort aux utilisateurs, et (b) d’autres usages possibles du FRMI en clinique. Une limite importante identifiée est l’absence d’études expérimentales pouvant permettre d’évaluer l’efficacité du FRMI. Le point de vue des proches-aidants est également peu rapporté dans la littérature. Conclusion : Des études futures seraient à envisager en vue d’améliorer les prototypes de FRMIs existants. / Background: The level of social participation among wheelchair users can be affected by factors such as accessibility, as well as their individual clinical profile, which can limit their full involvement in meaningful activities of daily living. To meet their needs in terms of mobility and social participation, different prototypes of intelligent powered wheelchairs (IPW) are being developed, in order to improve the mobility of people with physical, cognitive or sensorial impairments, who have difficulties using standard powered wheelchairs. Objective: The aim of this study was to map the existing literature on the nature of studies carried out on IPWs to better understand how the existing IPWs meet the needs of powered wheelchair users, and to better guide the ongoing development of IPWs. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the six stages of Arskeys and O’Malley’s (2005) framework which was later enhanced by Levac et al. (2010). All studies available until September 2020, written in English or in French, were included. Results: A total of 41 studies were included in the scoping review. The results suggest that the various technologies integrated into IPWs could meet some of the needs of powered wheelchair users (PWu), could help improve mobility, provide independence, and promote social participation of some PWu. Moreover, additional results were identified: (a) other technologies, that could provide more independence and comfort to users, and (b) other clinical uses of IPW. An important limitation of the literature is the lack of experimental studies that could help assessing the efficiency of IPW. The point of view of caregivers is also less reported in the literature. Conclusion: Further studies should be considered to improve the functioning of the existing prototypes of IPW.

Imagine a power wheelchair that can step over obstacles, step up on sidewalks and drive on lateral slopes whilst the user is still seated upright. Previously these features were impossible, but thanks to Elumo this is no longer the case. Elumo is a six-wheeled base to be used on electric wheelchairs. The base has been developed by Malin Svensson and Johan Olsson during their bachelor’s thesis at the Innovation Engineering Program at Halmstad University. The project took place between autumn 2021 and spring 2022.   The development of Elumo started with several user studies conducted by the students, where over 70 wheelchair users responded to a survey concerning the everyday life of a person using wheelchairs. These users were later invited to a user workshop where they could list everyday complaints and possible improvements concerning existing power wheelchairs. One of the most common complaints was getting up on sidewalks and driving on uneven terrain.   Both of these problems will be solved with the base Elumo. The technology that makes the stepping-feature and improved suspension possible, is patented by the company EMTW and the students have had a close cooperation with them during the development. Our goal is for “Elumo to become a new product that will focus on the user and will deliver innovative power wheelchairs that provide safety, independence and improve quality of life for people using wheelchairs.”