O som e a imagem constroem a narrativa no cinema. Efeitos sonoros, diálogos, música e o silêncio ‐ junto com a imagem ‐ compõem e transmitem significado à obra cinematográfica na sua totalidade. Tendo como objeto de estudo o curta‐metragem De Lá pra Cá, do cineasta Frederico Pinto, o presente trabalho cartografa os sons que compõem sua trilha sonora e verifica seu papel na narrativa fílmica a partir do conceito de Paisagem Sonora, em duas de suas dimensões, a acústica e a Psicoacústica. Objetiva‐se perceber em que medida a Paisagem Sonora influencia dramática e narrativamente na obra cinematográfica. Metodologicamente, após cartografar o som do curta‐metragem De Lá Pra Cá, identificou‐se as Paisagens Sonoras existentes no filme e seus papéis na construção narrativa. A cartografia e a análise sonora das cenas decompõem os sons do filme em seus diferentes atributos, possibilitando sua compreensão em diversos níveis. A análise e posterior interpretação da cartografia sonora de De Lá pra Cá permitiram concluir que diferentes Paisagens Sonoras o constituem, havendo uma predominância das hi‐fi sendo em alguns momentos contrapostas pelas lo‐fi. A Paisagem Sonora dá ritmo, provoca emoções, evoca sentimentos, gera tensões, tendo um importante papel narrativo. / The sound and image build a narrative film. Sound effects, dialogue, music and silence ‐ along with the image ‐ compose and transmit meaning to film in its entirety. With the short film De Lá pra Cá, of the filmmaker Frederico Pinto, as object of study this work makes a map of the sounds that compose its soundtrack and verifies its role in film narrative based on the concept of Soundscape in two of its dimensions, acoustics and Psychoacoustics. The objective is to verify how the Soundscape influences the drama and narrative of the film. Methodologically, after mapping the sound of the short film De Lá pra Cá, we identified the existing Soundscapes in the film and their roles in narrative construction. The mapping and analysis decompose the sounds of the film in its different attributes, allowing its understanding on several levels. The analysis and subsequent interpretation of the mapping of sounds of the De Lá pra Cá film allowed to conclude that it’s made by different Soundscapes, with a predominance of hi‐fi,and at times opposed by the lo‐fi. The Soundscape gives rhythm, triggers emotions, evokes feelings, generates tensions, having an important narrative role.

O som e a imagem constroem a narrativa no cinema. Efeitos sonoros, diálogos, música e o silêncio ‐ junto com a imagem ‐ compõem e transmitem significado à obra cinematográfica na sua totalidade. Tendo como objeto de estudo o curta‐metragem De Lá pra Cá, do cineasta Frederico Pinto, o presente trabalho cartografa os sons que compõem sua trilha sonora e verifica seu papel na narrativa fílmica a partir do conceito de Paisagem Sonora, em duas de suas dimensões, a acústica e a Psicoacústica. Objetiva‐se perceber em que medida a Paisagem Sonora influencia dramática e narrativamente na obra cinematográfica. Metodologicamente, após cartografar o som do curta‐metragem De Lá Pra Cá, identificou‐se as Paisagens Sonoras existentes no filme e seus papéis na construção narrativa. A cartografia e a análise sonora das cenas decompõem os sons do filme em seus diferentes atributos, possibilitando sua compreensão em diversos níveis. A análise e posterior interpretação da cartografia sonora de De Lá pra Cá permitiram concluir que diferentes Paisagens Sonoras o constituem, havendo uma predominância das hi‐fi sendo em alguns momentos contrapostas pelas lo‐fi. A Paisagem Sonora dá ritmo, provoca emoções, evoca sentimentos, gera tensões, tendo um importante papel narrativo. / The sound and image build a narrative film. Sound effects, dialogue, music and silence ‐ along with the image ‐ compose and transmit meaning to film in its entirety. With the short film De Lá pra Cá, of the filmmaker Frederico Pinto, as object of study this work makes a map of the sounds that compose its soundtrack and verifies its role in film narrative based on the concept of Soundscape in two of its dimensions, acoustics and Psychoacoustics. The objective is to verify how the Soundscape influences the drama and narrative of the film. Methodologically, after mapping the sound of the short film De Lá pra Cá, we identified the existing Soundscapes in the film and their roles in narrative construction. The mapping and analysis decompose the sounds of the film in its different attributes, allowing its understanding on several levels. The analysis and subsequent interpretation of the mapping of sounds of the De Lá pra Cá film allowed to conclude that it’s made by different Soundscapes, with a predominance of hi‐fi,and at times opposed by the lo‐fi. The Soundscape gives rhythm, triggers emotions, evokes feelings, generates tensions, having an important narrative role.

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Säkringsredovisning används vid redovisning av finansiella instrument som innehas i säkringssyfte. Det är svårt att tillämpa nuvarande regler för säkringsredovisning på makro-säkringar, särskilt när portföljer hanteras dynamiskt. På grund av begränsningarna i nuvarande säkringsredovisning har många företag svårt att tillförlitligt presentera resultatet av dynamisk riskhantering i de finansiella rapporterna. Effekten blir att vissa företag undviker att använda säkringsredovisning medan andra endast tillämpar säkringsredovisning till viss del. En del företag använder istället andra säkringstekniker som inte fullständigt återspeglar den dynamiska riskhanteringen. IASB har publicerat ett diskussionsunderlag (DP) som presenterar en redovisningsmetod för dynamisk riskhantering. Målet med den nya metoden Portfolio Revaluation Approach (PRA) är att uppnå en tillförlitlig presentation samt reducera den nuvarande operativa komplexiteten.Syftet med studien är att undersöka och jämföra IASB:s intressenters attityder till redovisning av dynamisk riskhantering och identifiera deras attityder till den föreslagna redovisnings-metoden PRA. Studien syftar dessutom till att kartlägga intressenternas attityder till hur en framtida metod bör utformas. I studien genomförs en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att skapa en uppfattning av intressenternas attityder. Studien baseras på 30 remissvar som inkommit från intressenter som svar på IASB:s utgivna DP om makrosäkring. Intressentgrupperna som studien baseras på är normgivare, revisionsbolag och företag.Studien visar att intressenterna anser att det uppstår problem när nuvarande regler tillämpas på dynamiskt hanterade portföljer. IASB bör därför utveckla regler som återspeglar och blir tillämpbara på dynamisk riskhantering. Remissvaren visar dock att åsikterna om makro-säkringsprojektets omfattning och vad dynamisk riskhantering bör innefatta skiljer sig åt. IASB har frångått det initiala målet med projektet och utökat omfattningen. Intressenterna kräver därför att IASB tydliggör målet innan ett utkast (ED) utvecklas.Studien påvisar att åsikterna om PRA är skilda. Intressenterna har dock identifierat fler nackdelar än fördelar med PRA. Enligt intressenterna bör en framtida redovisningsmetod för dynamisk riskhantering endast tillämpas när riskerna har minimerats genom säkring och inte vid all dynamisk riskhantering. Intressenterna anser att en tillämpning på alla dynamiska riskhanteringsaktiviteter skulle öka resultatvolatiliteten och inte resultera i användbar information. Studien visar att en framtida redovisningsmetod för dynamisk riskhantering bör vara frivillig att tillämpa. Intressenterna anser att metoden bör utformas för att kunna tillämpas på alla risker, inte enbart ränterisker. Enligt intressenterna bör IASB inte utveckla en helt ny metod utan istället utforma en metod som bygger på befintliga regler i IFRS 9 Finansiella instrument och IAS 39 Finansiella instrument: Redovisning och värdering. IASB bör dessutom utforma principbaserade regler eftersom att den dynamiska riskhanteringen är föränderlig. IASB måste säkerställa att metoden är praktisk genomförbar. Vår slutsats är att intressenterna förvisso uppmuntrar IASB:s makrosäkringsprojekt men få är tillfredsställda med det som presenteras i DP. / Hedge accounting is used when accounting for financial instruments held for hedging purposes. There are difficulties associated with applying existing hedge accounting requirements to macro hedges particularly when portfolios are managed dynamically. Because of the limitations of existing hedge accounting many entities find it difficult to faithfully present the results of dynamic risk management in the financial statements. As a result, some entities do not apply hedge accounting at all while others only apply parts of hedge accounting. Some entities apply other hedging techniques which do not correctly reflect the dynamic risk management. The IASB has published a Discussion Paper (DP) featuring an accounting method for dynamic risk management. The objective of the new method Portfolio Revaluation Approach (PRA) is to achieve a faithful presentation of dynamic risk management and reduce the existing operational complexity.The purpose of the study is to examine and compare the attitudes of the IASB’s stakeholders towards accounting for dynamic risk management and identify their opinion on the proposed accounting method PRA. The study also aims to identify stakeholders’ views on how a future method should be designed. To obtain an understanding of stakeholders’ views a qualitative content analysis were used. The study is based on 30 comment letters received from stakeholders in response to the issued DP on macro hedging. The stakeholders where categorized into three groups: standard setting bodies, accounting firms and corporations.The study shows that stakeholders consider that problems arise when the current rules is applied to dynamically managed portfolios. The IASB should develop rules that will be applicable and reflect dynamic risk management. The comment letters shows different opinions about the scale of the project and what dynamic risk management should cover. The IASB has modified the initial objective of the project and expanded the scope. Stakeholders therefore require that the IASB clarifies the objective before they develop an Exposure Draft (ED).The study found that opinions on PRA are diverse. Stakeholders have, however, identified more disadvantages than advantages with PRA. According to stakeholders, a future accounting method for dynamic risk management should be applied only when risk mitigation has been undertaken by hedging and not applied on all dynamic risk management. Stakeholders believe that an application on all dynamic risk management activities would increase volatility in profit or loss and not result in useful information. Furthermore, the study shows that a method should be optional to apply. A future accounting method should be designed to be applicable to all risks, not only interest rate risks. Judging by the commentIIletters from the stakeholders, the IASB should not develop a new method but instead design a method based on the existing rules in IFRS 9 Financial instruments and IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. Moreover, the IASB should develop principle-based rules because of the character of dynamic risk management. The IASB must ensure that the method is practicable. Our conclusion is that even though the stakeholders encourage the macro hedging project, few are satisfied with the proposal submitted.(This paper is written in Swedish)

Progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD) is the late form of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). It is an autosomal recessive hereditary retinal defect. This disease in dogs is consistent with one form of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in humans. Phenotypic manifestations are identical and it is known to be an identical causal mutation. A study of this defect in dogs could also explain a lot in human medicine. The gene for PRCD was mapped in the region of centromer of the canine chromosome 9 (CFA9). In this thesis, genotyping of 120 dogs of different breeds and age was performed. Most represented a breed of English Cocker Spaniel which is predisposed to the disease. Analysis PRA-PRCD was performed by molecular genetic methods PCR-RFLP and the horizontal agarose electrophoresis. Genotypes were determined on the basis of different fragment lengths. The normal allele was 396 bp in length and the mutated allele had a length of 116 bp. Presence of mutated allele was only detected in 25 heterozygotes carriers which were usually breeds with this predisposition. Frequency of the mutated allele was 10.4 %. In the selected population 20.8 % of heterozygotes were represented. The results of the study show approximately one fifth of the tested dogs are heterozygous carriers. Findings of other studies confirm there are generally more heterozygotes than homozygotes in which the disease is manifested during life. However, if this fact is not clearly taken in consideration, the number of sick dogs can rapidly increase during short period of time. In the future, it would be appropriate to adopt measures which would definitely eliminate the occurrence of the mutated allele. These measures could include genetic tests that reliably reveal hidden carriers (heterozygotes) in predisposing breeds. Heterozygotes may increase the representation of this allele in the population. This leads to an increase in the number of diseased animals.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaRG_DISSERT.pdf: 5213749 bytes, checksum: c50b3bb018c153c9be22f216ee8733de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper presents the public square as a subsystem of the city for the potential integration of elements 'natural' and built environment. But sometimes the suitability of projects and the social processes involved are not compatible and favorable to their real functions in urban space. The city of Natal, with a population of 803,739 inhabitants has 253 public parks not uniformly distributed in the urban area, but mostly in central areas and their absence in some peripheral neighborhoods. In this sense, the objective of this paper is to analyze the quality and spatiality of the city's public squares within the urban socio-environmental problems. For this, use of simple random sampling to define the sample and the proportional allocation of districts, totaling 168 squares to be raised. We prepared a form to collect data on the field that includes aspects of leisure, infrastructure and environment. For each square sampled was calculated Square Quality Index (PQI), then calculating the average per IQP neighborhood. The rates found were crossed with census data and Municipal Public Administration by neighborhood, using multivariate analysis. We generated maps, charts and tables, considered appropriate to each question format, focused comparison. The public square appears as an indicator of environmental challenges present in intra-urban spaces of the city. Their spatial distribution is not consistent demand population, both by disposition and by how much. In terms of quality are characterized by different levels of inadequacy and degradation aspects of leisure, environmental and infrastructure, often causing disfigurement, abandonment and improper occupation in such spaces. Multivariate analysis point to a central concentration and their problems in certain administrative units, not only as regards the public squares, but also to aspects of education, income, and other violence, perpetuating the problem. The various levels of inadequacy and degradation of public squares have been more blatant in the poorest neighborhoods of the city, pointing to a structural pattern associated with the intrinsic characteristics of the neighborhood and the socioeconomic profile of the local population. These are problems of social and environmental dimensions, threaded in and influenced the political, economic and broader social process of transformation of the city and the urban. Based on an uneven process in which space necessarily reflect the contradictions inherent in the active forces and interests. Thus evidencing the importance of managing the necessary public effectively engaged with the problems that are present there, in order to equate them, without being prioritized certain areas of the city at the expense of others / Este trabalho apresenta a pra?a como um subsistema da cidade, como espa?o p?blico potencial de intera??o entre Natureza e Sociedade, para a integra??o de elementos naturais e o ambiente constru?do. Por vezes, entretanto, a adequa??o dos projetos e os processos sociais envolvidos, nesse espa?o, n?o s?o compat?veis e favor?veis ?s suas reais fun??es enquanto ?rea verde e de conv?vio social. A cidade de Natal, com 803.739 habitantes possui 255 pra?as p?blicas distribu?das de maneira n?o uniforme na malha urbana, com maior concentra??o nas ?reas centrais e com sua aus?ncia em alguns bairros da periferia. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho ? analisar a qualidade e a espacializa??o das pra?as p?blicas de Natal no ?mbito dos problemas socioambientais urbanos. Foi utilizada uma Amostragem Aleat?ria simples, estratificada por bairro, para determinar a quantidade de pra?as da amostra e a aloca??o proporcional, somando um total de 168 PPs. Foi elaborado um formul?rio para levantamento dos dados em campo que contempla aspectos de lazer, infraestrutura e ambiental. Para cada pra?a amostrada foi calculado ?ndice de Qualidade de Pra?a (IQP), seguida do c?lculo do IQP m?dio por bairro. Os ?ndices encontrados foram cruzados com dados censit?rios e de Gest?o P?blica Municipal por bairros, e calculado a correla??o dos mesmos. Foram gerados mapas, gr?ficos e tabelas, considerados apropriados ao formato de cada quest?o, com foco comparativo. A pra?a p?blica aparece como um elemento indicador dos problemas socioambientais presentes nos espa?os intra-urbanos da cidade. Em termos de qualidade se caracterizam por diversos n?veis de inadequa??o e degrada??o, em aspectos de lazer, ambiental e infraestrutura, frequentemente causando descaracteriza??o, abandono e a ocupa??o indevida das pra?as. Os resultados das correla??es apontam para uma tend?ncia (correla??o moderada) de que quando maior a taxa de alfabetiza??o, bem como o rendimento da popula??o, maior o IQP m?dio por bairro. Aponta para um padr?o estrutural associado a aspectos socioecon?micos da popula??o local e a gest?o desigual dos espa?os intraurbanos. Trata-se de problemas de dimens?o socioambiental, encadeados e influenciados sob processos pol?ticos, econ?micos e sociais mais amplos nas transforma??es da pr?pria cidade e do urbano em que o espa?o necessariamente reflete as contradi??es inerentes ?s for?as e interesses atuantes. Evidencia assim, a necess?ria import?ncia do planejamento e da gest?o p?blica assegurar que as pra?as, entre outros equipamentos sociais p?blicos de Natal, sejam providos de qualidade e uma distribui??o condizente com as necessidades ambiental e social local. Com a formula??o de pol?ticas p?blicas a considerar os reais problemas locais, com a finalidade de equacion?-los, sem que sejam priorizadas determinadas ?reas da cidade em detrimento das demais, frequentemente habitadas por popula??o de menor classe de rendimento

Orientador: José Paes de Oliveira Filho / Resumo: O estudo das doenças de origem genética em animais domésticos se torna cada vez mais relevante, sobretudo em cães, uma vez que estes animais podem servir como modelos experimentais para certas doenças em humanos. Além disso, o reconhecimento clínico de algumas destas enfermidades pode ser um entrave ao Médico Veterinário e em algumas ocasiões o teste genético que confirmaria a etiologia não está disponível no país. A Nefropatia Familiar (FN) causada pela mutação c.115A>T no gene colágeno tipo 4α4 (COL4A4), e a Atrofia Progressiva da Retina (prcd-PRA), causada pela mutação c.5G>A no gene da degeneração cone-bastonete progressiva (PRCD), se destacam entre as principais enfermidades hereditárias de origem genética que acometem cães da raça Cocker Spaniel Inglês (CSI). Até o momento a prevalência destas enfermidades nesta raça não havia sido verificada no Brasil, sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência alélica destas mutações no CSI. Para tanto, foram genotipados 220 e 216 CSI para a prcd-PRA e FN, respectivamente. Fragmentos do DNA, contendo cada uma das mutações, foram amplificados por reação em cadeia da polimerase e submetidos ao sequenciamento gênico direto. A frequência alélica da mutação c.115A>T no gene COL4A4 foi de 0,9% e da mutaçao c.5G>A no gene PRCD foi de 25,5%. Tais valores enfatizam a importância da realização dos testes de genotipagem nos cães da raça CSI como método de diagnóstico precoce principalmente para a orientação dos acasalamentos v... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The study of genetic diseases in domestic animals has become more relevant, especially in dogs, once these animals can serve as experimental models in the study of some human genetic diseases. Besides, these diseases can be hard to recognize on their clinical signs by the practitioners, and the genetic tests that can confirm them are usually available only abroad. Familial Nephropathy (FN) due to the mutation c.115A> T in the 4α4 collagen gene (COL4A4), and Progressive Retinal Atrophy (prcd-PRA) due to the mutation c.5G> A in the progressive rod cone degeneration gene (PRCD), are important genetic diseases of English Cocker Spaniel dogs (ECS) dogs. Since the prevalence of these diseases wasn’t verified in Brazil so far, this study aims to evaluate the allelic frequencies of the mutations c.115A>T in the COL4A4 gene and c.5G>A in the PRCD gene in English Cocker Spaniel dogs. For that, purified DNA from blood samples or buccal swab from 220 and 216 ECS for prcd-PRA and FN, respectively. DNA fragments with the mutation region were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and submitted to direct genomic sequencing. The allelic frequency of the mutation c.115A>T in the COL4A4 gene was 0.9% and the c.5G>A in the PRCD gene was 25.5%. The results in this study emphasizes the importance to realize the genotyping test in ECS as an early diagnostic test, not only for trying an improvement of the affected dogs’ life quality but also for breeding orientation to avoid clinical cases of the d... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CintiaCL_DISSERT.pdf: 5640189 bytes, checksum: 9d7db9c4f86bd8ee59fb7cdcabf84e8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Nowadays, the urban chaos brings some problems to the citizens such as mental fatigue, irritability and lack of attention, emphasizing the need for open urban spaces, capable to contribute to the restoration of physical and mental balance of people. By the variety of alternative uses available, many of them related to the stimulus of entertainment activities, the squares have been identified as restorative environments, especially by its potential as a place of leisure. In this context, the objective of this dissertation is to understand the use of the square as leisure environment, by a square in Natal RN, establishing the relationship between environmental and behavioral characteristics. More specifically, I attempt to identify the major activities that happen there, the people that develop them and the spatial and temporal configurations of this occupation. Among the 290 squares available in the city, the Kalina Maia Square was selected, which is located in the district of Lagoa Nova. The case study chosen was based on criteria relating to scale, shape, location on the urban environment, variability of uses and conservation status. In the study were used behavioral mapping place-centered and people-centered, behavior trace analysis and 14 interviews. The results show that the square is used by people from different ages and social classes, subdivided into groups with specific days and times. These users are usually engaged in activities related to various types of leisure, with sports predominance. The relationship between spatial configuration and behavior shows that there is a sectorization of uses, being possible to identify the environmental characteristics that most favor observed activities, especially in relation to shading and presence of furniture and equipment. Moreover, throughout the day it appears that the affordances inherent to the various fixed objects on the square are decoded differently by various categories of users, by giving them insights that help the development of leisure activities that characterize each group / Atualmente, o caos urbano traz aos moradores das cidades problemas como fadiga mental, irritabilidade e falta de aten??o, acentuando a necessidade de espa?os urbanos abertos, capazes de contribuir para a restaura??o do equil?brio f?sico e mental das pessoas. Pela variedade das alternativas de uso oferecidas, muitas das quais relacionadas ao est?mulo de atividades de entretenimento, as pra?as t?m sido apontadas como ambientes restauradores, principalmente pelo seu potencial enquanto lugar de lazer. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral desta disserta??o ? a compreens?o do uso da pra?a como ambiente de lazer, tomando como refer?ncia o estudo de uma pra?a de Natal RN, estabelecendo a rela??o entre suas caracter?sticas ambientais e comportamentais. Mais especificamente, busco identificar as principais atividades que ali acontecem, as pessoas que as desempenham e as configura??es espaciais e temporais dessa ocupa??o. Dentre 290 pra?as existentes na cidade, foi selecionada a Pra?a Kalina Maia, localizada no bairro de Lagoa Nova. A escolha do estudo de caso recorreu a crit?rios relativos ? escala, forma, localiza??o na malha urbana, variabilidade de usos e estado de conserva??o. No estudo utilizei mapeamento comportamental centrado no lugar e centrado nas pessoas, an?lise de vest?gios de comportamento e 14 entrevistas. Os resultados revelam que a pra?a ? utilizada por pessoas de varias idades e classes sociais, subdivididas em grupos com dias e hor?rios espec?ficos. Estes usu?rios geralmente se envolvem em atividades ligadas a v?rios tipos de lazer, com predomin?ncia do esportivo. A rela??o entre configura??o espacial e comportamento mostra haver uma setoriza??o dos usos, sendo poss?vel identificar as caracter?sticas ambientais que mais favorecem algumas das atividades observadas, sobretudo relacionadas ao sombreamento e ? presen?a de mobili?rio e equipamentos. Al?m disso, ao longo do dia verifica-se que as affordances inerentes aos diversos objetos fixos presentes no local s?o decodificadas diferentemente pelas v?rias categorias de usu?rios, proporcionando a eles entendimentos que favorecem o desenvolvimento das atividades de lazer que caracterizam cada grupo

Tese de mestrado. Mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2012

The purpose of this essay is to examine what power relations are created or allowed by the structures of two very different development aid organizations. One organization is a Peruvian organization called ASDE, that recieves financial support from other organizations with different nationalities. The other is CARE Peru which is a Peruvian department of the international organization CARE International. It has become increasingly important in the global aid business to emphasize a partnership on equal premises and make sure that the donors do not have too much control over the aid given. This ideology does not only apply to the administrative level of aid but can also be applied to the relationship between the organization workers in the project area and the target group participants. The bottom-up structure ideal can be seen both as a goal in itself but also as a means to achieve efficiency and sustainability in the aid given. The two organizations compared are of very different structure, allowing me to examine and compare the power relations that the structures carry within. The empirical data was collected during a three months field study in Peru in the spring semester of 2010. The results of the study show that the two organizations have power relations embedded in the structures over which they in some cases have and in others do not have power. In addition to systems within the global aid business over which the organizations have no power, the power relations between organization employees and target group participants, as well as the level of participation of target group participants, are dependent on the purpose and strategies of the organization. These in turn depend on the structure of the organization. In this way the bigger structures of the organizations affect the level of participation and ownership on a local level. The study shows that it is more probable to achieve an equal relationship between workers and target group being a smaller, locally created organization. However, it also puts light on the difficulties created by global systems of development aid as well as the practical difficulties, when striving towards the ideals of equality, local ownership and participation.