Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4158.pdf: 1760548 bytes, checksum: 72f24622ad9c9c84c3ac32c14e01bdb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / O controle postural envolve a habilidade de controlar a posição do corpo no espaço para garantir orientação e estabilidade na execução de atividades estáticas e dinâmicas. Seu comprometimento pode alterar o nível de funcionalidade em crianças com disfunções neuromotoras. A partir dessa relação, foi conduzido o Estudo I com objetivo de verificar os aspectos metodológicos utilizados na avaliação do controle postural e o uso de atividades funcionais, como o movimento sentado para de pé (ST-DP), na avaliação deste controle. O movimento ST-DP é amplamente realizado pelas crianças na rotina diária e essencial à funcionalidade. Constatou-se que poucos estudos avaliam o controle postural por meio de atividades funcionais, não sendo encontrado nenhum estudo avaliado-o durante o movimento ST-DP. A partir disto, foi desenvolvido o Estudo II, que objetivou avaliar o controle postural na postura ortostática e no movimento ST-DP em crianças típicas entre 5 e 12 anos, e relacionar o comportamento do centro de pressão (CoP) nestas duas atividades, verificando o quanto o controle estático pode influenciar no dinâmico. Vinte e sete crianças foram divididas em 4 grupos: G1: 5-6 anos , G2: 7-8 anos, G3: 9-10 anos e G4: 11 e 12 anos e avaliadas em permanência na postura ortostática e no movimento ST-DP. As variáveis analisadas em ambas as atividades foram: Oscilação total, Amplitude Ântero-Posterior e Médio-Lateral de deslocamento, Área, Velocidade Média e Frequência de oscilação. Os resultados revelaram ausência de diferenças no comportamento o CoP entre os grupos etários, tanto para a permanência em postura ortostática, quanto para o movimento ST-DP sendo, no entanto, observada grande variabilidade do comportamento entre membros de cada grupo. Assim, de acordo com os resultados, o controle postural não sofreu mudanças dramáticas nesse intervalo de tempo. Além disso, constatou-se que crianças com uma maior oscilação do CoP na postura ortostática, também apresentaram uma maior oscilação no movimento ST-DP, revelando a relação existente entre controle estático e dinâmico. A partir deste estudo, e da carência de estudos avaliando controle postural em atividades funcionais, foi realizado o Estudo III, que objetivou avaliar o controle postural na postura ortostática e no movimento ST-DP de crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC), comparando-os ao de crianças típicas, além de relacionar o controle em cada uma dessas tarefas com o nível de funcionalidade e equilíbrio das crianças, mensurados por meio do Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) e Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), respectivamente. Neste estudo foram avaliadas 25 crianças típicas e 10 com PC, nas mesmas condições descritas no Estudo II. Após a avaliação do controle postural era aplicada a PBS com as crianças e a PEDI com os cuidadores. Os resultados apontaram para a ausência de diferenças no comportamento do CoP entre os grupos no ST-DP, e para as variáveis Amplitude ML e Área de oscilação do CoP no ortostatismo. Além disso, foi observado que para o grupo PC maiores valores no PEDI em Habilidades Funcionais, relacionaram-se a menores valores Freqüência de oscilação, maiores valores em Assistência do Cuidador relacionaram-se a menores valores de Amplitude ML, Área e Velocidade Média de oscilação no movimento ST-DP. Quanto ao PBS, maiores valores em seu escore relacionaram-se a menores valores de Amplitude AP e ML, Área e Velocidade Média de oscilação. Para o grupo típico maiores valores no escore do PBS estiveram relacionados a menores valores de Velocidade Média de oscilação do CoP. Assim, pode-se concluir que o controle postural, de forma geral, tem relação com funcionalidade e equilíbrio funcional. Relações mais fortes foram encontradas entre o controle postural no ST-DP e a execução de atividades funcionais relativas à mobilidade, verificadas pelo PEDI, e entre o controle postural ortostático e o equilíbrio, pelo PBS.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-22T00:21:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TriciaCarolineDaSilvaSantana_TESE.pdf: 18387771 bytes, checksum: 4a1d1bfa2f0240eaee222dc249bf9935 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-22T22:20:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TriciaCarolineDaSilvaSantana_TESE.pdf: 18387771 bytes, checksum: 4a1d1bfa2f0240eaee222dc249bf9935 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T22:20:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TriciaCarolineDaSilvaSantana_TESE.pdf: 18387771 bytes, checksum: 4a1d1bfa2f0240eaee222dc249bf9935 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-23 / Pra?as s?o espa?os livres p?blicos urbanos cuja utiliza??o combina uma s?rie de elementos que podem proporcionar sua vitalidade, alguns dos quais podem ser potencializados por meio de estrat?gias projetuais. Diante desse quadro geral, uma pergunta de partida desencadeou esta tese: os elementos que a literatura indica influenciarem a vitalidade das pra?as s?o percebidos pelos seus usu?rios? A hip?tese defendida foi que os usu?rios priorizariam os elementos diretamente envolvidos na apropria??o do espa?o, especialmente o mobili?rio e os equipamentos existentes, o sombreamento e a seguran?a. O foco da investiga??o emp?rica foram pra?as p?blicas localizadas na cidade de Natal-RN, com o objetivo de identificar elementos que contribuem para a vitalidade das pra?as p?blicas desta cidade, por meio da rela??o entre morfologia espacial e percep??o ambiental. Como metodologia adotou-se o Estudo de Caso realizado por meio de multim?todos, utilizando os seguintes procedimentos: an?lise morfol?gica realizada com base nas indica??es da literatura e em tr?s n?veis distintos (raio de influ?ncia, 500m; entorno imediato; ambiente em si); observa??o sistematizada (mapeamento comportamental centrado-no-lugar); e entrevista semi-estruturada com os usu?rios. Os resultados evidenciaram que espa?os mais integrados na malha urbana tem maior potencial de uso, entretanto, sua utiliza??o efetiva depende da percep??o dos indiv?duos, de modo que sua vitalidade decorre principalmente de itens identificados pelos usu?rios como fundamentais para sua perman?ncia no ambiente, pois afetam diretamente seu bem-estar e a imagem do lugar. Assim, alguns elementos, notadamente o mobili?rio e os equipamentos urbanos, s?o mais facilmente detect?veis que outros, se revelando essenciais ? percep??o dos usu?rios, de modo que sua presen?a, qualidade e localiza??o aparentaram ter maior interfer?ncia no uso. Al?m disso, o sombreamento e a seguran?a mostraram-se itens a garantir a fim de que as pessoas vivenciem mais frequentemente os espa?os p?blicos, uma vez que os (prov?veis) usu?rios est?o atentos para as a??es de preserva??o ou de abandono que incidem sobre esses locais, revelando-se como potencialmente envolvidos no resgate desses espa?os. No geral, a hip?tese previamente determinada se sustentou apenas parcialmente, pois, em muitas situa??es, a vitalidade das pra?as aparentou n?o estar relacionada apenas aos elementos trabalhados, de modo que outros aspectos - de cunho ambiental, econ?mico, social e cultural - deveriam ser investigados. / Squares are urban public open spaces whose use combines a number of elements that can provide their vitality, some of which can be enhanced through strategic projects. Given this general framework, the starting question which triggered this thesis: Would the elements that the literature indicate influence the vitality of the squares be perceived by their users? The hypothesis put forward was that users give priority to elements directly involved in the appropriation of space, especially the furniture and existing equipment, levels of shade and security. The focus of empirical research were public squares located in the city of Natal-RN, with the aim to identify elements that contribute to the vitality of the public squares in the city, through the relationship between spatial morphology and environmental awareness. The methodology adopted was a Case Study conducted by multimethod, using the following procedures: morphological analysis based on literature and information at three levels (radius of influence, 500m; immediate surroundings; environment itself); systematic observation (behavioral mapping centred in the location); and semi-structured interviews with users. The results showed that the public spaces more integrated in the urban areas have greater potential for use, however, its effective use depends on the perception of individuals, so that its vitality is mainly due to items identified by users as central to their continued presence in the environment because they directly affect their wellbeing and the image of the location. So some elements, notably furniture and urban equipment, are more easily detected than others, revealing that they are essential to the perception of users, so that their presence, quality and location appeared to have greater impact on use. In addition, the amount of shade and security showed as items that ensure that individuals experience public spaces more often, since the (likely) users are aware of the conservation actions or abandonment that take place on these sites, revealing itself to be potentially involved in the rescue of these spaces. Overall, the general hypothesis is only partially proven because in many situations, the vitality of squares appeared not only to be related to the elements investigated, but also additional aspects - environmental, nature, economic, social and cultural - which should also be studied.

Introdução: A relevância clínica da presença de anticorpos anti-HLA após o transplante renal tem sido foco de recente atenção para os estudiosos da histocompatibilidade. Pacientes que possuem anticorpos anti-HLA no póstransplante apresentam maior incidência de rejeição aguda (RA) e de nefropatia crônica do enxerto (NCE). Como conseqüência, alguns perdem o órgão transplantado ou sofrem com as reações imunopatológicas correspondentes. Entretanto, existem algumas controvérsias sobre o grau de valorização da presença desses anticorpos na etiopatogenia da RA e da NCE, pois nem todos os pacientes com anticorpos evoluem mal. Objetivo: Avaliar a presença de anticorpos anti-HLA no primeiro ano do transplante renal e verificar sua associação com a ocorrência de RA e NCE. Pacientes e Método: Este estudo incluiu consecutivamente 88 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal no Serviço de Nefrologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, entre outubro de 2002 a outubro de 2004. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas no 1º, 3º, 6º e 12º meses pós-transplante renal, visando à pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti-HLA de classes I e II. Nos pacientes que consentiram, biópsias renais de protocolo foram realizadas entre o 2º e o 3º mês e no 12º mês póstransplante. A detecção dos anticorpos foi realizada através de ensaio ELISA (LATM e LAT-1240, One Lambda Inc., USA). Rejeição aguda e a NCE foram diagnosticadas por critérios clínicos, laboratoriais e histopatológicos. Resultados: Oitenta e oito pacientes foram avaliados, sendo 40 (45,5%) do sexo feminino e setenta e dois (81,8%) de etnia caucasóide. Setenta e um (80,6%) receberam rins de doador falecido. Foi detectada a presença de anticorpos anti-HLA em vinte pacientes (22,7%). Desses, somente 3 (4,4%) desenvolveram anticorpos anti-HLA (classe I) no período pós-transplante; os demais (17) já os apresentavam no período prétransplante. No seguimento até um ano, 23 pacientes (26,1%) apresentaram RA e 43 (51,2%) desenvolveram NCE. Nove (45%) pacientes com anticorpos no póstransplante desenvolveram RA contra 14 (20,6%) dos sem anticorpos (P=0,058). Entre os pacientes com anticorpos no pós-transplante, 11 (64,7%) desenvolveram NCE contra 32 (47,8%) dos sem anticorpos (P=0,329). Na análise histológica, os anticorpos anti-HLA foram associados à RA IIA (P=0,001) e à NCE grau II (P= 0,012). As variáveis preditoras para a RA e NCE foram, respectivamente, presença de anticorpos anti-HLA de classe I no 1º mês pós-transplante (OR= 4,30; IC 95%= 1,32-14,1; P= 0,016) e transplante com órgão de doador-limítrofe (OR= 4,81; IC 95%= 1,18-20,3; P= 0,028). Setenta por cento (70%) dos pacientes com RA desenvolveram NCE, contra 45,3% dos pacientes sem RA (P= 0,054). Conclusão: Os anticorpos anti-HLA presentes no primeiro ano do transplante renal foram associados a RA e NCE. A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HLA no pós-transplante renal realizada por outros pesquisadores e aqui também avaliada, se adotada como rotina, possibilitaria a identificação de casos de mau prognóstico e a escolha de planos terapêuticos mais adequados. A correlação entre anticorpos anti-HLA e rejeição deverá se tornar mais evidente com o passar dos anos, sendo que nossos resultados fortalecem a convicção da necessidade de continuidade desses estudos. / Introduction: The clinical relevance of the presence of anti-HLA antibodies following kidney transplant has been the recent focus of attention of histocompatibility researchers. Patients who present anti-HLA antibodies in the post-transplant period have shown higher incidence of acute rejection (AR) and of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). As a result, some lose the transplanted organ or suffer from the corresponding immunopathological reactions. However, there has been some controversy as to the importance of the presence of these antibodies in the ethiopathology of AR and CAN, since not all patients who have these antibodies present the same outcome. Objective: To evaluate the presence of anti-HLA antibodies during the first year of kidney transplantation and to check its association with the occurrence of AR and CAN. Patients and Method: This research included consecutively 88 patients who had undergone kidney transplants in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Nephrology Service between October 2002 and October 2004. Blood samples were taken during the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th months post kidney transplant, aiming at researching for Class I and II IgG anti-HLA antibodies. In consenting patients, protocol kidney biopsies were carried out between the 2nd and 3rd months and in the 12th month after the transplant. Detection of antibodies was done through ELISA test (LAT-M and LAT-1240, One Lambda Inc., USA). Acute rejection and CAN were diagnosed through clinical, laboratorial and histopathological criteria. Results: Eighty-eight patients were evaluated, among which 40 (45.5%) were female and seventy-two (81.8%) were Caucasian. Seventy-one (80.6%) received kidneys from deceased donors. The presence of anti-HLA antibodies was found in 20 patients (22.7%). Among these, only 3 (4.4%) developed anti-HLA antibodies (class I) during the post-transplant period; the remaining (17) already presented these antibodies during the pre-transplant period. In the follow-up up to one year, 23 patients (26.1%) presented AR and 43 (51.2%) developed CAN. Nine patients (45%) with antibodies in the post-transplant period developed AR as opposed to 14 (20.6%) patients without antibodies (P=0.058). Among the patients with antibodies in the post-transplant period, 11 (64.7%) developed CAN as opposed to 32 (47.8%) of those without antibodies (P=0.329). In the histological analysis, the anti-HLA antibodies were associated to AR IIA (P=0.001) and to CAN degree II (P= 0.012). The predictive variables for AR and CAN were, respectively, the presence of Class I anti-HLA antibodies in the first month post-transplant (OR= 4.30; IC 95%= 1.32-14.1; P= 0.016) and transplant with expanded criteria donors (OR= 4.81; IC 95%= 1.18-20.3; P= 0.028). Seventy per cent of the patients presenting AR developed CAN, as opposed to 45.3% of the patients without AR (P= 0.054). Conclusion: The anti-HLA antibodies present in the first year of the kidney transplant were associated to AR and CAN. The research of anti-HLA antibodies in the kidney post-transplant period carried by other researchers, as well as in this study, if done routinely, would allow the identification of cases with a poor prognosis and the choice of more adequate treatments. The correlation of anti-HLA antibodies and rejection will become more evident with time, and our results reinforce the certainty that these studies must continue.

Introdução: A relevância clínica da presença de anticorpos anti-HLA após o transplante renal tem sido foco de recente atenção para os estudiosos da histocompatibilidade. Pacientes que possuem anticorpos anti-HLA no póstransplante apresentam maior incidência de rejeição aguda (RA) e de nefropatia crônica do enxerto (NCE). Como conseqüência, alguns perdem o órgão transplantado ou sofrem com as reações imunopatológicas correspondentes. Entretanto, existem algumas controvérsias sobre o grau de valorização da presença desses anticorpos na etiopatogenia da RA e da NCE, pois nem todos os pacientes com anticorpos evoluem mal. Objetivo: Avaliar a presença de anticorpos anti-HLA no primeiro ano do transplante renal e verificar sua associação com a ocorrência de RA e NCE. Pacientes e Método: Este estudo incluiu consecutivamente 88 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal no Serviço de Nefrologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, entre outubro de 2002 a outubro de 2004. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas no 1º, 3º, 6º e 12º meses pós-transplante renal, visando à pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti-HLA de classes I e II. Nos pacientes que consentiram, biópsias renais de protocolo foram realizadas entre o 2º e o 3º mês e no 12º mês póstransplante. A detecção dos anticorpos foi realizada através de ensaio ELISA (LATM e LAT-1240, One Lambda Inc., USA). Rejeição aguda e a NCE foram diagnosticadas por critérios clínicos, laboratoriais e histopatológicos. Resultados: Oitenta e oito pacientes foram avaliados, sendo 40 (45,5%) do sexo feminino e setenta e dois (81,8%) de etnia caucasóide. Setenta e um (80,6%) receberam rins de doador falecido. Foi detectada a presença de anticorpos anti-HLA em vinte pacientes (22,7%). Desses, somente 3 (4,4%) desenvolveram anticorpos anti-HLA (classe I) no período pós-transplante; os demais (17) já os apresentavam no período prétransplante. No seguimento até um ano, 23 pacientes (26,1%) apresentaram RA e 43 (51,2%) desenvolveram NCE. Nove (45%) pacientes com anticorpos no póstransplante desenvolveram RA contra 14 (20,6%) dos sem anticorpos (P=0,058). Entre os pacientes com anticorpos no pós-transplante, 11 (64,7%) desenvolveram NCE contra 32 (47,8%) dos sem anticorpos (P=0,329). Na análise histológica, os anticorpos anti-HLA foram associados à RA IIA (P=0,001) e à NCE grau II (P= 0,012). As variáveis preditoras para a RA e NCE foram, respectivamente, presença de anticorpos anti-HLA de classe I no 1º mês pós-transplante (OR= 4,30; IC 95%= 1,32-14,1; P= 0,016) e transplante com órgão de doador-limítrofe (OR= 4,81; IC 95%= 1,18-20,3; P= 0,028). Setenta por cento (70%) dos pacientes com RA desenvolveram NCE, contra 45,3% dos pacientes sem RA (P= 0,054). Conclusão: Os anticorpos anti-HLA presentes no primeiro ano do transplante renal foram associados a RA e NCE. A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HLA no pós-transplante renal realizada por outros pesquisadores e aqui também avaliada, se adotada como rotina, possibilitaria a identificação de casos de mau prognóstico e a escolha de planos terapêuticos mais adequados. A correlação entre anticorpos anti-HLA e rejeição deverá se tornar mais evidente com o passar dos anos, sendo que nossos resultados fortalecem a convicção da necessidade de continuidade desses estudos. / Introduction: The clinical relevance of the presence of anti-HLA antibodies following kidney transplant has been the recent focus of attention of histocompatibility researchers. Patients who present anti-HLA antibodies in the post-transplant period have shown higher incidence of acute rejection (AR) and of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). As a result, some lose the transplanted organ or suffer from the corresponding immunopathological reactions. However, there has been some controversy as to the importance of the presence of these antibodies in the ethiopathology of AR and CAN, since not all patients who have these antibodies present the same outcome. Objective: To evaluate the presence of anti-HLA antibodies during the first year of kidney transplantation and to check its association with the occurrence of AR and CAN. Patients and Method: This research included consecutively 88 patients who had undergone kidney transplants in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Nephrology Service between October 2002 and October 2004. Blood samples were taken during the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th months post kidney transplant, aiming at researching for Class I and II IgG anti-HLA antibodies. In consenting patients, protocol kidney biopsies were carried out between the 2nd and 3rd months and in the 12th month after the transplant. Detection of antibodies was done through ELISA test (LAT-M and LAT-1240, One Lambda Inc., USA). Acute rejection and CAN were diagnosed through clinical, laboratorial and histopathological criteria. Results: Eighty-eight patients were evaluated, among which 40 (45.5%) were female and seventy-two (81.8%) were Caucasian. Seventy-one (80.6%) received kidneys from deceased donors. The presence of anti-HLA antibodies was found in 20 patients (22.7%). Among these, only 3 (4.4%) developed anti-HLA antibodies (class I) during the post-transplant period; the remaining (17) already presented these antibodies during the pre-transplant period. In the follow-up up to one year, 23 patients (26.1%) presented AR and 43 (51.2%) developed CAN. Nine patients (45%) with antibodies in the post-transplant period developed AR as opposed to 14 (20.6%) patients without antibodies (P=0.058). Among the patients with antibodies in the post-transplant period, 11 (64.7%) developed CAN as opposed to 32 (47.8%) of those without antibodies (P=0.329). In the histological analysis, the anti-HLA antibodies were associated to AR IIA (P=0.001) and to CAN degree II (P= 0.012). The predictive variables for AR and CAN were, respectively, the presence of Class I anti-HLA antibodies in the first month post-transplant (OR= 4.30; IC 95%= 1.32-14.1; P= 0.016) and transplant with expanded criteria donors (OR= 4.81; IC 95%= 1.18-20.3; P= 0.028). Seventy per cent of the patients presenting AR developed CAN, as opposed to 45.3% of the patients without AR (P= 0.054). Conclusion: The anti-HLA antibodies present in the first year of the kidney transplant were associated to AR and CAN. The research of anti-HLA antibodies in the kidney post-transplant period carried by other researchers, as well as in this study, if done routinely, would allow the identification of cases with a poor prognosis and the choice of more adequate treatments. The correlation of anti-HLA antibodies and rejection will become more evident with time, and our results reinforce the certainty that these studies must continue.

Following the inception of the White Paper 6 in 2001 (Department of Basic Education, 2001), selected schools in South Africa have been transformed into inclusive schools, with the aim of enrolling all learners despite their (dis)abilities. Teachers however still seem hesitant to take care of this responsibility due to a variety of reasons. Against this background, the Department of Higher Education and Training, in collaboration with the European Union has undertaken an initiative focusing on the promotion of inclusive education policy implementation and teacher training in South Africa. As part of this initiative, the University of Pretoria was tasked to develop a postgraduate qualification in visual impairment studies. My study forms part of the broader funded project of the University of Pretoria. More specifically, my study focused on the process and value (or not) when utilising Participatory Reflection and Action (PRA) for the development of a qualification. Based on the assumptions that teachers and expert stakeholders in the visual impairment community would be able to co-conceptualise an advanced diploma for teachers, 17 schools were involved, situated in five South African provinces, with 255 teacher-participants. In addition, 50 expert stakeholders in the field of visual impairment participated in this study, which adopted a participatory research approach, implemented an instrumental case study design and utilised interpretivism as paradigm. For data generation and documentation, I relied on PRA-based activities, individual interviews, observation, field notes, a reflective journal and audio-visual techniques. Following inductive thematic analysis of the data that apply to the focus of my study I identified four main themes, with the related subthemes. These themes relate to utilising PRA to access research partners’ knowledge and expertise, value for participants of being research partners in a PRA process, value for personal and professional development of the participants and recommendations for future application of the PRA process. Findings of my study indicate that it is possible and beneficial to implement PRA when conceptualising a qualification. More specifically, PRA is suitable for accessing research partners’ knowledge and expertise when developing a qualification. PRA empowers participants to instil positive change and further equip themselves. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Educational Psychology / PhD / Unrestricted

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<p>In the next few decades, the nuclear industry worldwide is expected to launch a set of reactors with advanced reactor designs. Generation-IV (GEN-IV) reactors are to display superior safety by incorporating additional passive safety concepts as well as improving accident management and minimization of consequences. Canada is in the early stages of conceiving its GEN-IV reactor design – the Supercritical Water Reactor (SCWR). The proposed design is based on the existing CANDU configurations and is expected to offer significant advances in thermal efficiency, fuel cycle sustainability, and relative cost of energy. Of particular interest is the reactor's ability to use inherent or passive safety concepts which will translate to the reactor being walk-away safe in an accident.</p> <p>Steam generators in CANDU remove decay heat by thermosyphoning in a loss of Class-IV power accident. This natural circulation process was a passive feature in GEN-II and GEN-III CANDUs. The SCWR's direct thermodynamic cycle implies steam generators are no longer incorporated into the design. This thesis examines how the SCWR compensates for the removal of a passive safety system element and the difference to the overall safety of the reactor following accidents. These results will be compared to the traditional CANDU's response in accidents to demonstrate the added value of this new reactor in maintaining the goal of no widespread core damage. Comparisons were also made between the SCWR and similar GEN-IV reactors in terms of design and response to various initiating events.</p> <p>Probabilistic Risk Analysis is used in this thesis to assess the SCWR design options. Although the SCWR is in the pre-conceptual design phase, the results of such risk assessment studies could affect the design, operation, and licensing of this new reactor. Future studies can build on this work to conduct more detailed analyses to characterise the SCWR's safety and reliability.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Tunnelling in urban areas is one of the most challenging engineering activities, as it has relatively high “risk” due to various uncertainties and the intensity of the possible consequences. Numerous studies have been conducted to address the tunnelling risk, by mainly focusing on the “identification” of the causes and how to control or mitigate the risks. However, limited work has been done on how to quantify the risk by considering the multi-level uncertainties encountered in different phases of the project. The primary objective of this work is to develop a multi-scale risk management (RM) framework to address and quantify the risk of ground surface settlement, induced by tunnelling, in soft clay in urbanized areas. The specific focus is placed on quantifying the risk of tunnel-induced settlement for existing buildings, by taking into account multiple uncertainty levels (e.g. uncertainties of parameters, uncertainties of models, etc.). The framework addresses the tunnel-induced settlement risk, both during the construction of the tunnel as well as after its completion, for buildings with shallow and deep foundations. It offers different classes of assessment to quantify the risk, according to the structure’s current condition and the corresponding limit-state function, that is designated to each class. The RM framework is aligned with ISO 31000 risk management act, consisting of “risk identification”, “risk analysis” and “risk evaluation”. Risk identification includes studies on tunnelling technical reports, field observations, etc., in order to identify the causes of short-term and long-term tunnelling-induced settlement. The risk analysis involves a series of fault tree, event tree and consequence tree analyses to estimate the likelihood of the ground subsidence and subsequent events. For risk evaluation, different probabilistic methods (e.g. first-order reliability method, second-order reliability method and Monte Carlo sampling) are utilized to estimate the risk of surface buildings with shallow and deep foundations. The framework has been implemented in an example problem, to demonstrate the procedure and to address the main influential parameters in each class of assessment using the alpha importance measure. Rt risk tool has been utilized to perform reliability calculations and FORM has been used as the primary method due to its valuable balance between computational cost and accuracy. The outcomes of this RM framework are risk registers and colour-coded risk maps including the exceedance probability of a predefined settlement threshold for each building in the affected area. This framework receives technical data and provides risk-based information for higher-level managers and decision-makers to prioritize their actions and allocate their resources in the most effective way. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / The aim of this study is to provide a multi-level risk management (RM) framework to address and quantify the risk of surface building settlement induced by tunnelling in soft clay in urbanized areas. The focused is placed on quantifying the risk of tunnel-induced settlement of existing buildings, by taking into account multiple uncertainty levels. The framework addresses the tunnel-induced settlement risk, both during the construction of the tunnel as well as after its completion, for buildings with shallow and deep foundations. It offers different classes of assessment to quantify the risk, according to the structure’s current condition and with respect to specific limit-state functions designated for each class. The proposed framework was implemented in an example to demonstrate the procedure and outcomes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELLE KLINTOWIT-1.pdf: 4203765 bytes, checksum: e8fb7641268af46a0ca103c1f870f1d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / A significant part of the urban landscape of the area of large and medium sized contemporary Brazilian cities is made up of slums and poor areas in the outskirts. In this scenario, this work suggests, using as a case study the Favela of Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, a reflection on the public spaces and new forms appropriate urban popular daily in the territories in order to contribute to the understanding of the practices of socio-spatial "informal city". Despite the "city informal" represent a significant portion of territory in the urban Brazilian XXI century, little has been reflected about the new forms produced this universe, focusing often a reflection only on new forms produced in the "formal city". Even that seemingly distant, the two parts of the city, formal and informal, make up the same urban universe, and, therefore, the global understanding about the city can only be achieved through the comprehension of these two sides that constitute the urban nature. / Uma parte significativa da paisagem urbana do territ?rio das grandes e m?dias cidades do Brasil contempor?neo ? composta por favelas e periferias pobres. Neste cen?rio, este trabalho prop?e, utilizando como estudo de caso a Favela da Rocinha no Rio de Janeiro, uma reflex?o sobre os espa?os p?blicos e as novas formas urbanas apropriadas cotidianamente nos territ?rios populares a fim de contribuir para o entendimento das pr?ticas s?cio-espaciais da cidade informal . Apesar da cidade informal representar uma importante parcela do territ?rio urbano brasileiro no s?culo XXI, pouco tem se refletido a respeito das novas formas produzidas neste universo, centrando, muitas vezes, a reflex?o apenas nas novas formas produzidas na cidade formal . Mesmo que aparentemente distantes, as duas partes da cidade, formal e informal, comp?em um mesmo territ?rio urbano e, portanto, o entendimento global sobre a cidade s? pode ser alcan?ado atrav?s da compreens?o destas duas facetas constituintes da natureza urbana.

No início da década de 60, um grupo de jovens cineastas dispostos a mudar os rumos do cinema brasileiro e da própria realidade social e política de seu público despontava de forma inédita no cenário internacional, conquistando a crítica dos festivais de cinema europeus. Durante a década de 70, o grupo que ficou conhecido como Cinema Novo sofreu transformações em decorrência da política cultural do regime instaurado com o golpe de 1964. Com uma proposta de desenvolvimento industrial para o cinema brasileiro, a ditadura civil-militar criou, em 1966, o Instituto Nacional de Cinema (INC) e, em 1969, a Empresa Brasileira de Filmes (EMBRAFILME). Esta tinha como finalidade a divulgação do cinema brasileiro no exterior. Paralelamente, a atividade da censura selecionava o que o público interno deveria ver. Da mesma forma, era a censura que liberava a exibição no exterior das películas brasileiras, através da chancela “Livre para Exportação.” Dispostos a seguir com sua proposta verdadeiramente nacional de cinema brasileiro, determinados diretores do Cinema Novo decidiram-se por buscar o diálogo com o Estado. Como resultado, suas obras alcançaram êxitos internacionais não concedidos à outra ordem de produção cinematográfica. Notou-se que as obras de maior repercussão no exterior não apresentavam nenhuma proximidade com a propaganda oficial do regime empreendida no âmbito interno, como, a princípio, suscita a existência da EMBRAFILME. Ademais, mesmo os filmes sem qualquer vínculo com o Estado em sua produção passavam pelo seu crivo por meio da censura. Dessa forma, surpreende que a imagem do Brasil enquanto produtor de cinema tenha sido construída por películas aparentemente tão distantes das evidentes intenções do regime. Partindo da criação da EMBRAFILME e da atuação da censura em relação a esse conjunto de filmes, este trabalho busca investigar a relação da ditadura imposta em 1964 com a inserção internacional do cinema brasileiro até a obra de Roberto Farias Pra frente, Brasil. / At the dawn of the 60s, a group of young cineastes keen to change the way Brazilian cinema was made and also willing to change the social and political reality of their public was standing out in the international scene, gathering much attention even from European film festivals critics. During the 70s, the group known as Cinema Novo (New Cinema) had to adapt to the regime’s cultural politics established in the 1964 coup d’état. Having a proposal of industrial development to the Brazilian cinema, the military and civil dictatorship created, in 1966, the National Cinema Institute (INC) and, in 1969, the Brazilian Movie Company (EMBRAFILME). Latter, aimed to take Brazilian cinema abroad. At the same time, the censorship selected what people in Brazil should watch. In the same way, it was also the censorship that unleashed the movies abroad by the tag Livre para Exportação (Free to Export). Willing to go on with its truly national Brazilian cinema core, some New Cinema directors tried to dialogue with the government. As a result, their movies reached international achievements not conceded to other cinematographic works. It was noticed that the most successful works in the international market had nothing to do with the official propaganda of the regime widespread in Brazil, as evokes EMBRAFILME`s genesis. Furthermore, even the movies that had no bond with the State on the production had to be approved by censorship. In that sense, it stands out that the image of Brazil as a cinema producer has been built by movies away from the regimes intentions. Starting from the origination of EMBRAFILME and the action of censorship on these movies, this work aims to investigate the relationship of the 1964 imposed dictatorship with the international insertion of Brazilian cinema until the Roberto Farias’s work Pra frente, Brasil.