L'hypothèse que j'émets au début de cette enquête est la suivante : ce n'est pas l'acte de formation lui-même qui est décisif, mais l'envie de formation. Plus précisément, ce n'est pas l'acte de candidature qui peut à lui seul faire bouger les pratiques mais la formulation par le maître d'un questionnement. Pour étayer ma thèse, j'ai constitué quatre groupes d'enseignants : le premier groupe (GE) est composé de 15 enseignants ayant formulé une demande de formation sur l'exploitation des évaluations nationales et un suivi de cohorte au CE2 avec les mêmes élèves, formation qu'ils ont obtenue ; le groupe témoin 1 rassemble des professeurs qui ont formulé la même demande et qui n'ont pas été retenus ; le groupe témoin 2 se compose de maîtres n'ayant pas souhaité être formés et qui sont inscrits d'office ; le groupe témoin 3 rassemble des enseignants qui ne demandent rien et qui sont exaucés dans leur non demande. Les évaluations de 564 élèves - 140 environ par groupe - à trois moments successifs étalés sur une année m'ont permis de mener une analyse comparative et de tirer quelques conclusions sur l'influence de l'engagement, avec ou sans formation, sur les performances scolaires et les comportements des élèves. / The hypothesis which I would like to bring about at the beginning of this survey is on the following : It is not the training experience which in itself is the deciding factor, but the training drive. To be more precise, it is not the enrollment in a training program which can alter the course of events but the teacher's formulation or teaching staff's questioning. To emphasize my thesis, I have made up four groups of teachers : the first group (Experimental Group) is which made up of fifteen teaching staff having requested a training session on the usage of the national primary school evaluations for eight year olds, following the next school year with the same group of pupils and the above staff succeeding in obtaining their teacher's training education. The second group is made up of teachers who have requested to be enrolled but have not been accepted. The third group is made up of teachers which have not wished to be trained and having nevertheless been officially enrolled in this training session. The fourth group is made up of teachers who have not asked anything and who will not be enrolled. 564 pupils (around 140 per group) have been evaluated at three successive periods, during one year. This has given me to bring about a comparative analysis, and draw some conclusions on the influential commitment with or without training on pupils' scholastic performance.

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på elevers uppfattningar om laborativt material i matematikundervisningen. Även hur liknande form av undersökning kunde gynna läraren till att få reda på vilken typ av undervisning som eleverna föredrar. Motivationen som låg till grund för studien var erfarenheter utifrån VFU (verksamhetsförlagd utbildning) samt erfarenheter av forskningslitteratur. En stor del av forskningen har påvisat att elever som arbetar med laborativt material i matematik presterar bättre än elever som inte arbetar med laborativt material. Därför förespråkar forskningslitteraturen inom detta område att lärare borde arbeta med laborativt material under alla åren i skolan. I undersökningen var det använt två kvalitativa undersökningsmetoder, intervju och observation. Det har intervjuats lärare och elever från två kommunala skolor, där eleverna går i tredjeklass. I resultatet framträder lärarnas arbetssätt och hur deras syn på laborativt material är. Resultatet som fram kom ur elevernas uppfattningar av laborativt material visade sig att en del föredrog att använda laborativt material i matematikundervisningen medan en del föredrog att arbeta utan laborativt material, dock ville dessa elever använda laborativt material till uppgifter som ansågs svåra.

Dissertação(Mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2009. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-07-24T23:39:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge antnio de oliveira satt.pdf: 651061 bytes, checksum: 73703630c73657ea1f6cdbfbf17368cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-25T00:22:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge antnio de oliveira satt.pdf: 651061 bytes, checksum: 73703630c73657ea1f6cdbfbf17368cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-25T00:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge antnio de oliveira satt.pdf: 651061 bytes, checksum: 73703630c73657ea1f6cdbfbf17368cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar, com base na metodologia das histórias de vida, o processo de minha constituição como educador ambiental, tendo como material de pesquisa as trajetórias, os percursos de vida do autor, de forma que se possa compreender as construções e as aprendizagens realizadas em cada percurso. Amparado por estudiosos no campo das narrativas de vida e ciente de sua importância em processos formativos, enquanto possibilidade de autoconhecimento, de um “caminhar para si”, que propicia ao pesquisador uma descoberta de si e sobre si, encontro sustentação em autores como Josso (2004), Nóvoa (1988), Dias (2002), que discutem a relevância de se trabalhar com essa metodologia de pesquisa-formação no sentido de produção de um conhecimento oriundo das experiências individuais, mas que revelam características de todo um contexto social, político, econômico e cultural, no qual o sujeito da narração está inserido. Sendo assim, é uma metodologia de pesquisa que se estrutura na reflexão sobre a vida, sobre as ações e as opções dos sujeitos em determinadas situações, buscando, nas trajetórias vivenciadas, as pistas para a compreensão da forma como o sujeito está no mundo. Ainda, no sentido de colaborar com o estudo apresentado, trago os referenciais de Freire (2000; 2002 a, b, c; 2007; 2008), que não se dedicou ao longo de sua obra a estudar as narrativas, como metodologia de pesquisa, mas entende que o aprendizado dos sujeitos dá-se a partir da própria história. Dessa forma, Freire aproxima-se dos autores estudados como fundamento deste trabalho na perspectiva das narrativas de vida. As reflexões desta pesquisa são conseqüências de estudos acerca destas narrativas e do que delas se pôde extrair como sendo aprendizados adquiridos ao longo de minha existência, de minha inserção social nos diversos espaços em que atuei e atuo. Trata-se de um estudo autobiográfico que buscou, nas experiências passadas, indícios que explicassem a forma como sou, estou e me relaciono com o mundo, com os homens e as mulheres. Como resultado deste trabalho, tem-se a crença da relevância de outros professores e professoras apropriarem-se dessa metodologia de pesquisa-formação como proposta para uma compreensão mais aprofundada sobre suas práticas sociais, desbravando em suas histórias crenças, valores, concepções, idéias, princípios que os constituem da forma como estão no mundo. / The present study aim to analisy, based on metodology of life's histories, the process of my formation like environmental educator, had research's material the ways, steps of life's author, so can understand the increase and the learnings performed at every step. Supported by researchers on life's narratives and aware of your value in training processes, while possibility of self knowledge “self toward ” that provides to researcher a self discovery and about yourself.I found support in author like Josso (2004), Nóvoa (1988), Dias (2002), that discuss a work relevant with this metodology of research-formation in knowledge production sense from individual experiences . But it reveals characteristics of all social, political, economic and cultural context where is the narration subject.Thus it is the research metodology that structure in life's reflection, about actions and subject's options in some situations, finding experienced trajectories, clues to form comprehension as subject in the world . Besides, in colaboration sense with this study presented I show the ideas of Freire (2000; 2002 a, b, c; 2007; 2008), that he didn't dedicate to sudy narratives like research metodology, but understands that the subjects learning after self history. Then, Freire approaches of studied authors for this background study in perspective of life's narratives.The reflection research are consequences of study around this narratives and their extract like accquired learning by my existence.and my social insertion in several places that I worked and work. So it is a self biography study that found past experiences , pointers that explain the way I am and my realationship with the world, men and women. The result's work has a relevant faith of others teachers appropriate this metodology from research-formation as propose to deep comprehension about social pratices, discovery in faith history, values, conceptions ideas, principles that is the form in the world.

Le présent travail porte sur l'influence de l'idéologie utilitariste sur la conduite de la Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Practical Administration and Operation of the Poor Laws de 1832-1834. Il jette un regard nouveau sur le rôle joué par les idéologies sur la conduite de la réforme la Commission, mais aussi sur la New Poor Law de 1834. Parmi les sujets traités, nous retrouverons la prise en charge de la pauvreté, la diffusion et la transformation des idées. Notre hypothèse de travail est que le Rapport de la Commission Royale de 1832 est le résultat d'un métissage idéologique dominé par l'utilitarisme. Ce métissage idéologique était particulièrement présent au sein des classes supérieures de la société britannique (bourgeoisie et aristocratie). Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé en profondeur le Rapport produit par la Commission: analyse du contenu et analyse du discours. Nous avons aussi adopté une approche biographique où l'on discute des principaux artisans de la Commission, de leurs allégeances politiques et idéologiques et de l'influence qu'ils eurent les uns sur les autres. Puis, nous avons analysé les principaux courants idéologiques de l'époque concernant la pauvreté, de 1795, date de mise en place du système de Speenhamland, jusqu'à 1834, date où la Poor Law fut modifiée en profondeur. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des sources primaires comme les écrits de Jeremy Bentham ou de Thomas Robert Malthus par exemple. Nous avons aussi analysé certains articles de journaux publiés dans le Edinburgh Review et le Quarterly Review qui traitaient de la pauvreté ou des Poor Laws. Enfin, pour bien comprendre l'influence et les limites de l'idéologie sur la conduite de la réforme, nous avons analysé les débats parlementaires sur l'adoption de la New Poor Law de 1834. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Économie politique, Grande-Bretagne, Libéralisme, Malthusianisme, Parlement, Utilitarisme, XIXe siècle.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 803612 bytes, checksum: 1ca14569ad78828c4a7f5b9593325ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / From the great legitimation system conquered by the special civil courts system for consumers (small-claims courts), to allow, independent of the intermediation of the attorney or of the the preparation of legal costs, a bigger effectiveness of the access to justice in demands proposed in relation to to organizational litigants, will be analyzed in this study, specifically, in relation to claims for repetition rates like TAC/TEC and resembled in vehicle financing contracts, the legitimacy and effectiveness of the interference of judicial activity, assigned to Superior Court STJ in place of complaints and special features, from the creation of normative control erga omnes, contained in the precedent of the RE 571.572ED, from the the Supreme Court - STF, and the difficulties raised from the practical inconsequences of such decision in relation to the system of courts, constitutionally established without ordinary control of that Superior Court of Justice. It is that the novel binding of judges to the superior courts of law does not fit the peculiar principle of sociability matter of law contained in the art.6º, of the Law No. 9099/95, which states that the magistrate adopts, in each case, the "decision considered fair and equitable, addressing the social purposes of the law and the requirements of the common good", and which criteria privilege the construction of the ratio decidendi less exegetical, that can be better understood with the use of the method abduction of Charles Sanders Peirce, in a context of discovery in which the preconceptions of the applicator would indicate what would be more believable in law debate, reflecting on the fact put in order to build, in the context of justification of the rhetoric of judicial entimema, its understanding. To this end the suspension of proceedings determined by Exma. Ministra Isabel Gallotti will be examined, in the records of REsp 1.251.331-RS, who answered a request from FEBRABAN preventing the processing of actions even tried in the first instance as well as the judgment of the Second Section that followed it, that searching for a standardization of judicial understanding, brought serious practical inconsistencies before the theory of law, especially consumerist legislation and procedural logic, regarding a matter that involves more than two hundred and eighty-five thousand lawsuits processes in progress, in which it is discussed the legality of charging of credit facility, issuance docket and resembled in bank financing contracts. / A partir da grande legitimação conquistada pelo sistema de juizados especiais cíveis perante os consumidores, por permitir, independente da intermediação de advogado ou do preparo de despesas processuais, uma maior efetivação do acesso à justiça em demandas propostas em relação aos litigantes organizacionais, analisar-se-á, neste trabalho, especificamente, em relação a pleitos de repetição de tarifas tipo TAC/TEC e assemelhadas em contratos de financiamento de veículos, a legitimidade e efetividade da interferência da atividade jurisdicional, atribuída ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça STJ em sede de reclamações e recursos especiais, a partir da criação normativa de controle erga omnes, constante do precedente do RE 571.572ED, do Supremo Tribunal Federal STF, e as dificuldades advindas pelas inconsequências práticas de tal decisão em relação ao sistema de juizados, instituído constitucionalmente sem controle ordinário daquela Superior Corte de Justiça. É que a novel vinculação dos juízes dos juizados à jurisprudência superior não se ajusta ao peculiar princípio da sociabilidade da convicção judicial contido no art.6º, da Lei nº 9099/95, que determina que o magistrado adote, em cada caso, a decisão que reputar mais justa e equânime, atendendo aos fins sociais da lei e as exigências do bem comum , critério estes que privilegiam a construção do ratio decidendi menos exegética, que pode ser melhor compreendida pela utilização do método abdutivo de Charles Sanders Peirce, em um contexto de descoberta onde os pré conceitos do aplicador indicariam o que seria mais verossímil no direito em debate, refletindo sobre fato posto a fim de construir, no contexto de justificação da retórica do entimema judicial, o seu entendimento. Para tal fim será examinado a suspensão dos processos determinada pela Exma. Ministra Isabel Gallotti, nos autos do REsp 1.251.331 RS, que atendeu pedido formulado pela FEBRABAN impedindo a tramitação de ações sequer julgadas em primeira instância, bem como o acórdão da Segunda Seção que lhe seguiu, que em busca de uma padronização de entendimento jurisdicional, trouxe sérias inconsequências práticas ante a teoria do direito, sobretudo a legislação consumerista e a lógica processual, a respeito de uma matéria que envolve mais de duzentos e oitenta e cinco mil processos em tramitação, nos quais se discute a legalidade da cobrança de tarifas de abertura de crédito, emissão de boleto e assemelhadas em contratos de financiamento bancário.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T12:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Berenice - Tese Final.pdf: 2651792 bytes, checksum: 9b40383a5ee980c2b1310df2be85479d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-14 / Analyze the representations of the Environment and Environmental Education of teachers and students of basic education Palmas (TO) was the main goal of our investigat ion. The focus of research is centered on representations because we think they reveal the world of the subject and open spaces both for reflection and for action. Through literature review and rescued some forms of environmental education has been practiced and how the environment has been conceived, trying to show how the place and everyday relationships are constructive representations and relevance to the development of formal education, especially by experiments that occurs at the local level, but are not disconnected from global experiences. Thus, the study focuses on the pedagogical practices of teachers in the EA of private education, city and state and graphical representations of students in elementary and secondary education about the environment. For the realization of this theoretical research using sources from different areas of knowledge and empirical research, using the analysis of questionnaires, documents, maps, observations, records, photographs and statistical analysis (Chi-square and Fischer's exact test). From the data collected, the practice of EA was revealed as a variety of representations of students and teachers about the environment. The results offer a view as has been the practice in environmental education in the area surveyed, mainly in relation to the activities of EA developed in basic education. From the elaborate framework of representations and pedagogical practices found and the end of the investigation, it was possible to formulate some guidelines for programs of continuing education of teachers in EA, and some principles for the construction of meaningful practice of EA considering the context of basic education Palmas (TO). It is emphasized that the importance of this research area is to contribute to the reflection on the values that can permeate the environmental education and also by providing assistance, not just getting in dealing conceptual. / Analisar as representações de Meio Ambiente e Educação Ambiental (EA) de professores e estudantes da educação básica de Palmas (TO) foi o objetivo principal de nossa investigação. O foco da pesquisa está centrado nas representações por entendermos que revelam o mundo do sujeito e abrem espaços tanto para reflexão quanto para ação. Por meio da revisão bibliográfica resgatamos algumas formas de como a educação ambiental tem sido praticada e de como o meio ambiente tem sido compreendido, procurando evidenciar como o lugar e as relações cotidianas são construtivas de representações e importantes para o desenvolvimento da educação formal, sobretudo pela realização de experiências que se dá no nível local, mas que não estão desvinculadas das experiências globais. Assim, o estudo se concentra nas práticas pedagógicas de EA dos professores das redes de ensino privada, municipal e estadual e nas representações gráficas dos estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio sobre meio ambiente. Para a concretização desta investigação utilizamos fontes teóricas de diversas áreas do conhecimento e da pesquisa empírica, recorrendo à análise dos questionários, documentos, mapas mentais, observações, registro, fotografias e análises estatísticas (Qui-quadrado e Teste exato de Fischer). A partir dos dados levantados, a prática de EA se revelou como uma variedade de representações dos estudantes e professores sobre o meio ambiente. Os resultados obtidos oferecem uma visão de como tem sido a práxis em EA na área pesquisada, principalmente em relação às atividades de EA desenvolvidas na educação básica. A partir do arcabouço elaborado das representações e práticas pedagógicas encontradas e do término da investigação, foi possível formular algumas Diretrizes para programas de formação continuada dos professores em EA, e alguns princípios para a construção de práticas significativas de EA considerando o contexto da educação básica de Palmas (TO). Ressalta-se que a importância desta pesquisa para a área está em contribuir para a reflexão sobre os valores que podem permear a educação ambiental e, também, pela contribuição que fornece, não ficando apenas no trato conceitual.

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2015-12-02T13:07:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandra de Oliveira Matias Ferreira.pdf: 2619686 bytes, checksum: fa1037183c3466a23892ffc182f84c8c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-02T13:07:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandra de Oliveira Matias Ferreira.pdf: 2619686 bytes, checksum: fa1037183c3466a23892ffc182f84c8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial / Este estudo tem como objeto o efeito do oxigênio pré-aspiração em pacientes entubados em choque séptico em UTI. A questão de pesquisa é se há diferenças nos valores oximétricos após a aspiração endotraqueal na ausência da replemento de oxigênio em pacientes em choque séptico entubados sem injúria pulmonar? A hipótese é que não há diferenças nos valores oximétricos após a aspiração endotraqueal comparados entre a vigência ou não do replemento de oxigênio em pacientes em choque séptico entubados sem injúria pulmonar. Objetivo geral: confrontar a efetividade da recomendação preconizada pelo guidelines AARC quando à replementação de oxigênio pré-aspiração endotraqual aos pacientes em choque séptico entubados. O objetivos especifícos: comparar as variáveis oximétricas e hemodinâmicas mensuradas após a vigência ou ausência da replementação pré-aspiração em pacientes em choque séptico entubados e criar um protocolo operacional padrão com as recomendações oriundas dos resultados desse ensaio. Método: ensaio clínico crossover randomizado, 2X2, um-braço, duplo-cego de equivalência com pacientes em choque sepse sob ventilação mecânica internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de um hospital universitário de grande porte no município do Rio de Janeiro. A amostra consecutiva constituída de 22 pacientes por randomização simples A sequência AB foi inicialmente replementada com O2 e o grupo BA iniciou sem a referida maximização. Foram realizados pré e pós-teste com a coleta de sangue para análise dos gases arteriais. Após washout ocorreu a inversão entre grupos AB para BA. A comparação das diferenças das médias foi realizada através do teste t-student para amostras independentes homocedásticos e o seu similiar não-paramétricos Mann- whitney quando a amostra não era normal, ambos bicaudais com nível de significância adotado de 5% e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Para as variáveis dicotômicas foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher e análise da estatística clínica foram empregados o Risco Relativo (RR), Aumento do Risco Absoluto(ARA), Redução do Risco Absoluto (RRA) todos com IC95% Resultados: a amostra foi predominantemente idosa, feminina, de baixa escolaridade e renda salarial. A análise da estatística inferencial evidenciou que os paciente se apresentavam hiperoxigenados com FiO2 acima do que era considerado como ideal para idade repercutindo num efeito mais preponderante na PaO2 que apresentou significância estatística com p < 0,05. Contudo, o ARA para hipoxemia foi insignificante clínica e estatísticamente com p <0,05, contudo, foi evidenciado para hiperoxemia. Para as demais variáveis não houve significância estatística e nem clínicas. Conclusão: O emprego da aspiração endotraqueal sem replementação não confere prejuízo ao paciente em relação às variáveis oximétricas e hemodinâmicas e, é preterível em relação a replementação de oxigênio. Produto: A criação do procedimento operacional padrão foi a forma de documentar uma prática que já vem sendo utilizada a pelo menos 11 anos, a partir de 2002, sem intercorrência registradas para os pacientes críticos em UTI / Introduction: This paper studied the effect of oxygen before aspiration in intubated patients in septic shock in the ICU . The research question is whether there are differences in oximetry values after endotracheal suction in the absence of oxygen increase in septic shock patients intubated without lung injury? The hypothesis is that no difference in oximetry values after endotracheal suctioning compared between the presence or absence of oxygen increase in septic shock patients intubated without lung injury. Overall Objective: To compare the effectiveness of the recommendations laid out when the AARC guidelines increase oxygen endotraqual intubated patients in septic shock before aspiration. Specific aim to compare oximetric and hemodynamic variables measured after the expiration or absence of increase before aspiration in intubated patients in septic shock and create a standard operating protocol with the recommendations arising from the results of this test. Method: a randomized crossover trial, 2X2, one - arm , double-blind equivalence in patients with septic shock, mechanical ventilation admitted to the Intensive Unit (ICU) of a university Therapy large hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. A consecutive sample of 22 patients. Inclusion criteria were: suspected and/or confirmed septic shock , mechanical ventilation > 12 hours , fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ideal < 95 %, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) < 16 mm / Hg. Exclusion criteria: weaning process , surgical with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) Gold IV , pregnant or postpartum women, under 18 years, and thrombocytopenic (less than 50.000.000/mm3 ) devoid of arterial catheter. A simple randomization was performed by a sequence of numbers generated in a spreadsheet. The AB sequence was initially increase with O2 and BA group started without such maximization. Post- test with blood sampling for analysis of arterial blood gases were performed before and . After washout reversal between AB to BA groups occurred. The determination of carryover was performed by adding the values in both sequences being missing for all variables of primary and secondary outcomes . Comparison of means was performed using the Student t test for independent samples homoscedastic because the variances were equal and its equal non- parametric Mann - Whitney when the sample was not normal, both with two-tailed significance level of 5 % and range 95% confidence. For dichotomous variables, the Fisher exact test and analysis of clinical statistics were used were used the relative risk (RR), Absolute Risk Increase (ARA), Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) all with 95% CI. Results: The sample was predominantly elderly , female , low education and wage income . The inferential statistical analysis showed that the patient had hyperoxygenation with FiO2 above what was considered to be ideal for age reflecting a more prominent effect on PaO2 that was statistically significant with p < 0,05 for ARA does not cause hypoxemia , however was shown to hyperoxemia. The momentary increase in FiO2 causes a false negative rate of improvement that LPA may be a confounding factor for prognosis patient. For the other variables there was statistics nor clinical significance. Conclusion: The use of endotracheal suctioning without increase confers no injury to the patient regarding oximetric and hemodynamic variables and is beneficial regarding increase oxygen . Product: A creation of standard operating protocol is a way of documenting a practice that is already being used in at least 11 years , since 2002 , registered uneventful for critical patients in ICU

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:32:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Itaci Correa de Araujo.pdf: 2358363 bytes, checksum: ed30866432816576fbb1581467d584cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present research aims to analyze the pratical of psychologists of Social Assistance Centers (CRAS) in its implication with the subjectivity as a dimension of action in the Social Security Politics. The qualitative study was developed from the perspective of the Critical Social Psychology Theory, with a historical dialectical materialist basis. In order to accomplish our objective, three psychologists had been interviewed (half-directed interview). They worked at the public, municipal service, servers of the CRAS for, at least, six months. From the stories produced with the interviews, units of sense had been raised. Hence, those units were collated having as reference the norms of Social Security and the principles of Critical Social Psychology. This was done in dialog with others researches of NEXIN that were about similar themes. In this process it is evident the importance attributed to the practical knowledge developed by the Social Service, the daily attendance to the demands of the population, the importance of the group as privileged unit of work and the purpose attributed for the psychologist for its practical professional in this social-occupational space. The results point the character of process in the construction of a proper place of Psychology in the Social Assistance, and demonstrate the political difficulties joined during the formation and organization of the work of accomplishing the objectives of the basic social protection. This construction is crossed by the contradictions that determine the Social Assistance as an area of public politic, understood in the movement of the production and reproduction of the social life, and of the historical constitution of Psychology as an area of knowledge and practical professional / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a prática do psicólogo nos Centros de Referência da Assistência Social (CRAS) em sua implicação com a subjetividade como dimensão de ação da Política de Assistência Social. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo desenvolvido a partir do referencial teórico-metodológico da Psicologia Social crítica, de base materialista histórica dialética. Para tanto, foram entrevistados (entrevista semi-dirigida) três psicólogos, servidores públicos municipais, trabalhadores do CRAS, há, no mínimo, seis meses. A partir dos relatos produzidos com as entrevistas foram levantadas as unidades de sentido de cada sujeito. Essas foram confrontadas tendo como referência as normatizações da Assistência Social e os pressupostos da Psicologia Social Crítica, em diálogo com as pesquisas já desenvolvidas pelo NEXIN com uma temática próxima à desta. Nesse processo destacam-se a importância atribuída aos conhecimentos e práticas desenvolvidas pelo Serviço Social ao atendimento cotidiano às demandas da população, a importância do grupo como unidade de trabalho privilegiada e a finalidade atribuída pelo psicólogo para sua prática profissional neste espaço sócio-ocupacional. Os resultados apontam para o caráter processual da construção de um lugar próprio da Psicologia na Assistência Social e as dificuldades encontradas de ordem política, de formação e de organização do trabalho, na consecução dos objetivos da proteção social básica. Essa construção é atravessada pelas contradições que determinam a Assistência Social como área da política pública, entendida no movimento de produção e reprodução da vida social, e da constituição histórica da Psicologia como área do conhecimento e prática profissional

The study was prompted mainly by the need for and possibility of collaboration or even mutual accreditation of practising chartered accountants and auditors in the countries of Southern Africa. In establishing common ground between these countries of Southern Africa it was found that the countries share not only geographical space but also strong and increasingly important trade links, movement of people between the countries and in some instances a common history, culture and language in the form of English. The current harmonisation process of accounting standards worldwide enhanced this process. A literature study was done emphasising South Africa as part of the Southern African region, with a special emphasis on accountancy education. An analysis of current international co-operation was done with special reference to the current international harmonisation process. As part ofthe background an analysis was done of the current status of the accountancy profession in each Southern African country. As this study was done from a South African perspective, the emphasis was on the views of members of the accounting profession in public practice with regard to greater cooperation in the region in the accountancy field. This was achieved by means of an empirical survey. It was found that the aforesaid professionals are overwhelmingly in support of greater cooperation in the region. They believe that it would enhance the status of individual accounting bodies worldwide~ that costs, information and infrastructure could be shared; and that it would enhance professionalism and improve service to clients. Specific areas were identified where co-operation could be improved, namely that academic training should be harmonised, practical tralning should be interchangeable and agreements should be reached with individual countries. Some concern was expressed that above all, control should be maintained over the standards of academic and practical education. It is recommended that the bodies governing the accountancy establishment in South Africa, especially the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Public Accountants' and Auditors' Board, should increase their current efforts to establish greater formal relations with other countries in the Southern African region. / Auditing / D. Compt. (Accounting Science)

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la manière dont Aristote, Platon et Isocrate font du recours à la notion d’empeiria et de la promotion d’une certaine conception de l’expérience, le moyen de se défendre contre l’accusation d’inexpérience qui les vise et de polémiquer entre eux sur la question de l’excellence, dans les domaines théorique, technique et pratique. Cet examen permet d’éclairer sous un jour nouveau la question de l’empirisme antique, en considérant, d’une part, la critique que Platon et Aristote adressent à une certaine conception empirico-sophistique des savoirs et de la pratique, en reconsidérant de l’autre, le supposé empirisme d’Aristote. Si la notion d’empirisme n’a pas d’équivalent en grec, Platon fait de la notion d’empeiria, désignant une forme de pratique non-technique ignorant les causes, un instrument polémique permettant de souligner le défaut de technicité des différentes techniques, que les sophistes se font forts de transmettre. En mettant l’accent sur « l’expérience de la vérité », Platon remet en question l’empirisme de ceux qui ignorent la valeur théorique et pratique de la connaissance des réalités intelligibles. Aristote poursuit la réflexion, en reconsidérant le rôle positif, cognitif et pratique, de l’empeiria comme connaissance acquise à partir de la sensation. Aristote poursuit la critique d’un certain empirisme, dont se rendent coupables tous ceux qui échouent à s’élever à la connaissance de l’universel, tout en déplorant le défaut d’empeiria de ceux dont le savoir est purement théorique. Si comme Platon, Aristote n’est pas un empiriste, parce qu’il refuse de faire de la sensation le principe de la connaissance et le critère du vrai, son rationalisme diffère de celui de Platon, par le rôle reconnue à la sensation et l’expérience dans les domaines théorique, technique et pratique. Cette étude entend révéler l’urgence de distinctions en philosophie de la connaissance dans le cadre des études anciennes, comme la distinction entre le rationalisme logique de Platon et le rationalisme empirique d’Aristote, par exemple, permettant de mesurer l’originalité des doctrines antiques sur des problèmes aussi fondamentaux que l’origine et le principe de la connaissance et de l’action bonne. / This dissertation investigates how Aristotle, Plato and Isocrates use the notion of empeiria and promote a certain conception of experience, in order to defend themselves from the charge of inexperience made against them, and also in order to debate about the question of excellence in the theoretical, technical and practical fields. This study sheds some new lights on ancient empiricism, by investigating, on one hand, Plato’s and Aristotle’s criticism against an empiricist sophistic approach of knowledge and action, and, on the other hand, the so-called Aristotelian empiricism. Although the concept of ‘empiricism’ has no equivalent in Greek, Plato uses the notion of empeiria to designate a non-technical form of action, in order to underlie a lack of technicality and to question the value of what some sophists claim to teach under the name of technai. While insisting on a philosophical kind of experience of truth, Plato criticizes what appears to be the empiricism of those who ignore the theoretical and practical value of the knowledge of intelligible realities. Aristotle goes beyond this stance by re-evaluating positively the role of empeiria, both in its cognitive and practical aspects, as a specific kind of knowledge, derived from sense-perception. He still criticizes the empiricism of those who fail to reach a certain kind of knowledge, namely the knowledge of universals, but also adds a criticism against those who lack the knowledge of particulars acquired through sense-perception and experience.If Aristotle is no more an empiricist than Plato, since he does not recognize sense-perception as the principle of knowledge and as the criterion of the truth, his rationalism is quite different from Plato’s, because of the important role he gives to sense-perception and experience in all areas. This study intends to break through in the direction of some distinctions in ancient philosophy, such as the distinction between Plato’s logical rationalism and Aristotle’s empirical rationalism, which would enable us to re-evaluate the originality of the Ancients on some fundamental issues like the problem of the origin and principle of knowledge and of good action.