Resumo: O novo conceito de pré-eclâmpsia precoce e tardia estabeleceu a hipótese de que essas duas entidades possam estar associadas a diferentes modelos de adaptação vascular. A tonometria de aplanação é capaz de avaliar, de forma não invasiva, diversas características vasculares e pode ser utilizada para estudar a fisiopatologia das diferentes formas de pré-eclâmpsia. Comparar as características vasculares de gestantes portadoras de pré-eclâmpsia precoce e tardia, determinadas por meio da tonometria de aplanação. Estudo transversal e analítico realizado em 85 gestantes portadoras de pré-eclâmpsia (PE) que, no momento do diagnóstico, foram estratificadas em PE precoce e tardia, de acordo com a idade gestacional da manifestação clínica da doença. O cálculo do tamanho amostral foi baseado no estudo de Khalil et al. (2009) e estimado em 33 pacientes por grupo. Considerou-se o nível de significância de 5% (α = 0,05) e o poder de 80% (β = 0,20). Foram avaliadas a pressão arterial periférica e central, a pressão de pulso periférica e central, o índice de amplificação, a pressão de aumento, o índice de viabilidade subendocárdica e a duração de ejeção. Todos os índices foram determinados por meio da tonometria de aplanação (SphygmoCor®). A análise estatística foi feita no programa SPSS 10.5. As variáveis foram representadas por média e desvio padrão, mediana e porcentagem. A média foi utilizada para variáveis com distribuição normal e a mediana para variáveis que não apresentaram distribuição normal. Para a comparação das médias dos grupos pré-eclâmpsia precoce e tardia foi utilizado o teste t de Student e, quando necessário, o teste de Mann-Whitney. Para comparação das proporções foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado. Foi considerado nível de significância de 5%. Considerando-se as características da população estudada verificou-se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The new concept of early and late preeclampsia established the hypothesis that these two entities may be associated with different models of vascular adaptation. The applanation tonometry is able to evaluate, noninvasively, several vascular features and can be used to study the pathophyology of different forms of preeclampsia. To compare vascular characteristics of pregnant women with early and late preeclampsia, determined by applanation tonometry. Cross sectional and analytical study conducted in 85 pregnant women with preeclampsia (PE) that, at the time of diagnosis, were stratified into early and late PE, according to the gestational age of the clinical manifestation of the disease. The calculation of the sample size was based on the study of Khalil et al. (2009) and estimated at 33 patients per group. It was considered the significance level of 5% (α = 0.05) and 80% power (β = 0.20). It was also evaluated the peripheral and central blood pressure, peripheral and central pulse pressure, augmentation index, the augmentation pressure, subendocardial viability ratio and the ejection duration. All indexes were determined by applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor ®). Statistical analysis were done using SPSS 10.5. Variables were presented as mean and standard deviation, median and percentage. The mean was used for variables with normal distribution and median for variables that did not show normal distribution. For the comparison of the mean in the group with early and late preeclampsia it was used a student t test and, when necessary, the Mann-Whitney test. To compare proportions it was used the qui-quadrado test. It was considered a significance level of 5%. Considering the characteristics of the population studied it was verified that body mass index, proteinuria and gestational age were significantly different between the groups. As for the vascular features determined by applanation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: José Carlos Peraçoli / Coorientador: Vera Theresinha Medeiros Borges / Banca: Maria Letícia Sperandéo de Macedo Luminoso / Banca: Ricardo de Carvalho Cavalli / Mestre

There is currently no clinically useful screening test available to identify nulliparous women at high risk of developing pre-eclampsia. This study aimed to identify novel biomarkers using hypothesis generating proteomic methods applied to plasma samples obtained prior to clinical diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. Plasma samples taken at 15 weeks gestation from women who subsequently developed late pre-eclampsia (> 34 weeks), early pre-eclampsia (< 34 weeks) and two distinct groups of women with uncomplicated pregnancies (each n=12) were pooled. Pooled plasma was immunodepleted, labelled using iTRAQ-8 plex reagent and separated into fractions using high pH reverse phase chromatography. Fractions were analysed by LC-MS/MS and data interrogated using ProteinPilot 3.0. The merits of two immunodepletion systems were compared; the Seppro® IgY 14 -SuperMix LC column system removes up to 100 highly abundant plasma proteins and the Multiple Affinity Removal LC column depletes 14 highly abundant plasma proteins. Removal of more high abundance proteins allowed identification of more, potentially interesting, low abundance proteins, but was less reproducible than removing fewer proteins. Two methods of LC-MS/MS analysis were assessed; the QStar XL qTOF and 5800 MALDI-TOF-TOF. The protein identifications and the quantification data acquired by each method was comparable and complementary and increased the total number of proteins identified. A total of 502 proteins were identified. A stringent two stage analysis was developed to identify candidate proteins which changed in abundance in plasma from women who later developed pre-eclampsia compared to women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Analysis identified a total of 113 proteins which were both reproducibly quantified and changed by more than the expected range of biological variation. Six candidate proteins changed in abundance in the plasma taken from women who subsequently developed early pre-eclampsia were selected for further validation. A high throughput, low cost, method of multiple reaction monitoring which allows relative quantitation without the use of costly isotopically labelled peptides was developed to validate candidate proteins. Candidate proteins were also assessed by western blot and ELISA. Only one candidate protein; platelet basic protein, was validated by all three methods and demonstrated similar increases in the abundance. This investigation suggests that measurement of platelet basic protein at 15 weeks gestation is a novel candidate predictive marker for pre-eclampsia. Validation of platelet basic protein in a large, independent, sample set is required to confirm changes in protein expression and to evaluate potential, alongside other factors, to identify nulliparous women at high risk of developing pre-eclampsia later in pregnancy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_eg_me_botfm.pdf: 504986 bytes, checksum: 7886cf3f829ed694ababaaa6122a9a77 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia apresentam alterações nas vias aéreas superiores e no sistema cardiovascular quando comparadas com gestantes normais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as pressões respiratórias máximas, a espirometria e a capacidade funcional de exercício em gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia, através de manovacuometria, espirometria e teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Foram avaliadas 74 gestantes, sendo 37 normais (controle) e 37 com pré-eclâmpisa, entre estas 16 com préeclâmpsia leve e 21 com pré-eclâmpsia grave. As pressões respiratórias máximas e a maioria das variáveis espirométricas foram semelhantes entre os grupos pré-eclâmpsia e controle, exceto o maior volume minuto [14 (12; 16) x 12 (10; 14)] e menor capacidade vital forçada [100 (97; 106) x 106 (98; 111)] verificados no grupo pré-eclâmpsia, quando comparado com o grupo controle, respectivamente. A capacidade funcional de exercício representada pela distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos foi menor no grupo pré-eclâmpsia (421±59 m) quando comparado com o grupo controle (497± 39 m). A análise de regressão múltipla identificou a presença de pré-eclâmpsia e a capacidade vital forçada como preditores da distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (R2= 98,5%). Conclui-se que, a pré-eclâmpsia está associada com menor tolerância ao exercício, quando avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Apenas dois parâmetros espirométricos, volume minuto e capacidade vital forçada, apresentaram alterações significativas no grupo com pré-eclâmpsia, sendo que a capacidade vital forçada influenciou no desempenho durante o exercício. A pré-eclâmpsia não interfere nas funções musculares respiratórias representadas pelas pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas. / Pregnants with pre-eclampsia present upper airway and cardiovascular dysfunctions when compared with healthy pregnants. The aim of the current study was to assess maximal respiratory pressures, spirometry and functional exercise capacity in pregnants womem with pre-eclampsia, by evaluation of manovacuometer, spirometry and six-minute walk test. Seventy-four pregnants were evaluated, 37 healthy (control) and 37 with preeclampsia: 16 with mild and 21 with severe pre-eclampsia. Maximal respiratory pressures and most of spirometrics variables were similar between pre-eclampsia and control groups, exception the higher minute ventilation [14 (12;16) x 12 (10;14)] and the minimal forced vital capacity [100 (97;106) x 106 (98;111)] observed in pre-eclampsia compared with control group, respectively. Functional exercise capacity represented by the distance performed for the six-minute walk test, was lower in pre-eclampsia group (421±59 m) compared with control group (497± 39 m). Multiple regression analysis identified pre-eclampsia and forced vital capacity as predictors of distance performed on the six-minute walk test (R2= 98,5%). Therefore it was concluded that pre-eclampsia is associated with lower exercise tolerance when assessed by the six-minute walk test. Only two spirometrics variables presented significative alteration in pre-eclampsia group, minute ventilation and forced vital capacity which influenced the exercise performance. Pre-eclampsia does not interfere in respiratory muscle function, represented by the maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 volpi_scp_me_botfm.pdf: 576023 bytes, checksum: 7dd3829998229954fc827b11bf062fd2 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / É grande a preocupação com o desenvolvimento motor de prematuros de muito baixo peso, mas as idades de seus marcos motores não estão bem estabelecidas. Determinar as idades cronológica e corrigida dos marcos motores até a marcha, em prematuros de muito baixo peso. Estudo de coorte, em 143 prematuros com menos de 1500g e idade gestacional menor ou igual a 34 semanas, sem alterações neurossensoriais, selecionados no ambulatório de seguimento de recém-nascidos de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu- Universidade Estadual Paulista, no período de 1998 a 2003 e avaliados a cada dois meses de seguimento até a marcha. Dos 155 prematuros incluídos houve perda de 9% da coorte, restando no estudo143 lactentes. A média de idade gestacional foi 30±2 semanas.O peso ao nascimento de 1130±222g, sendo 59% do sexo feminino e 43% pequenos para Idade gestacional. Houve atraso superior a um mês nas idades cronológicas do controle de cabeça, rastejar e engatinhar, mas na idade corrigida todos os marcos foram alcançados no prazo previsto. Não houve diferença entre meninos e meninas. Os pequenos para idade gestacional diferiram dos adequados, mas obtiveram seus marcos dentro da normalidade. Houve correlação significativa entre os marcos motores. Prematuros de muito baixo peso, sem alterações neurossensoriais, apresentam marcos motores no prazo normal: controlam a cabeça no 2o mês, sentam aos sete meses e andam com 12,8 meses de idade corrigida, correspondendo respectivamente ao 4o, 9o e 15o mês de idade cronológica. Os marcos motores são mais tardios nos prematuros pequenos para idade gestacional. / There is great concern regarding to the neurodevelopment of very low birthweight infants, but the ages of gross motor milestone attainement are not well established. To determine the chronological and corrected ages of gross motor milestones until walking attainment in very low birthweight infants. Methods: Prospective cohort study, including 143 preterm infants < 1500g and ≤ 34 weeks of gestation, without neurological and sensorial sequelae, recruited from 1998 to 2003 in the Neonatal High Risk Follow-up Clinic of HC- Botucatu Medical School-UNESP, and bimonthly evaluated up to walking attainment. Of the 155 preterm included, there was loss of 9% of the cohort, and 143 were studied. Mean gestational age was 30±2 weeks, birth weight 1130±222g, 59% were female and 43% small for gestational age. Chronologic ages were delayed more than one month for the head control, creeping, and crawling, however all motor milestones attainment were normal for the correct age. Males did not differ from females. Small for gestational age infants attained their milestones later than those of appropriate size for gestational age, although in the normal range of the expected time. There was a significant correlation between the gross motor milestones. Very low birthweight infants, without neurosensorial sequelae, have a normal profile of the gross motor milestones: head control at 2nd month, siting at 7 months and walking at 12,8 months of corrected age, corresponding to 4th, 9th, and 15th months of chronologic age respectively. Motor milestones are later in the small for getational age infants.

No description available.

Orientador: Denise Pontes Cavalcanti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T03:21:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Salomao_MariaAntonieta_M.pdf: 3856774 bytes, checksum: c779e959ed794de0759536b6ab27464f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: Este estudo illiciou-se a partir da observação clínica do aumento dos casos de hidrocefalias em recém- nascidos no CAISM desde o início da década de 90, com o objetivo de analisar essa incidência, bem como estudar os casos clínicos de hidrocefalias associadas a outros defeitos congênitos (DC). Foram registrados todos os casos de hidrocefalia nascidos no CAISM de setembro de 1987 a dezembro de 1998. Os dados foram coletados dos arquivos do Programa de Genética Perinatal (fichas ECLAMC e do Ambulatório de Genética Perinatal) e de prontuários hospitalares, seguindo-se um protocolo com informações de histórico familiar, dados do pré-natal, exame físico e exames complementares de todos os casos de hidrocefalia. Registraram-se também dados de toda a população de nascimentos contidos no informe mensal do ECLAMC e os dados da ficha ECLAMC para 77 controles pareados por sexo, anotados a partir de 1992. De 35.112 nascimentos ocorreram 111 casos de hidrocefalia. Esses casos foram classificados clinicamente em: hidrocefalia isolada - 38 casos, hidrocefalia associada a infecção congênita -23 casos, hidrocefalia sindrômica- 16 casos e hidrocefalia associada a outros DC sem diagnóstico clínico-etiológico ou polimalformados - 34 casos. A incidência de DC no período estudado foi de 5,74% e de hidrocefalia de 3,16/1.000 nascimentos. Dos 111 casos, 92 (91,1 %) illiciaram o pré-natal em outro serviço e foram encaminhados ao CAISM por patologia materna ou fetal ou para o parto. Dos casos encaminhados ao CAISM, durante o pré-natal e para o parto, 68 foram por hidrocefalia e 35 por diferentes causas (outras anomalias fetais, patologia materna ou para o parto). As curvas de incidência, no período, mostraram tendência de aumento estatisticamente significativo para o grupo geral das hidrocefalias (P=0,001), para hidrocefalias encaminhadas com diagnóstico prévio (p=0,001), para as hidrocefalias encaminhadas por outros motivos (p=0,043) e para as hidrocefalias isoladas (p=0,001). As diferenças encontradas entre o grupo das hidrocefalias e a população geral foram: menor peso, maior perímetro cefálico, menor idade gestacional ao nascimento, predomínio de parto cesáreo e maior relato de outros casos de hidrocefalia na família. O subgrupo dos casos sindrômicos tinha illicialmente 9 casos; após reestudado e complementada a investigação diagnóstica, mais 7 casos, em que se encontrou um diagnóstico clínico-etiológico provável, foram reclassificados e passaram do subgrupo dos polimalformados para os sindrômicos. Os dados mostraram um importante aumento na incidência de bidrocefalia no período' estudado, o qual parece estar relacionado a um crescimento concomitante do diagnóstico pré-natal por ultra-sonografia e encaminhamento preferencial a um serviço terciário da região. Em 45% dos casos a hidrocefalia estava associada a outros DC e essa fteqüente associação reforça a necessidade de uma investigação ampla, sempre que ela for detectada / Abstract: Since the early 1990's there has been an increase in the number of children born with hydrocephalus at CAISM - UNICAMP. This observation has motivated the current study which airns to investigate this higher incidence, looking for the possible causes, as well as to analyse those cases of hydrocephalus associated with other congenital defects(CD). It has been registered the hydrocephalus' cases which were born at CAISM ITom September, 1987 to December, 1998. Data were collected ITom the Program ofPerinatal Genetics (ECLAMC and Perinatal Genetics Arnbulatory) as welI as Tom medical registers, according to a protocol containing information about family history, prenatal data, physical examination and laboratory exams of alI the cases of hydrocephalus. Other data were colIected as shown: information about the whole population of newborn children contained in the data of ECLAMC as well as information about 77 control cases paired up by sex, registered since 1992. From the 35.112 newborns, 111 cases of hydrocephalus were registered. These cases were clinically divided in: isolated hydrocephalus - 38 cases, hydrocephalus associated with congenital infection - ~3 cases, hydrocephalus associated with syndromes - 16 cases and hydrocephalus associated with other CD with no clinical-etiological diagnosis or children with malformations - 34 cases. The incidence of CD during the period was 5,74% and the incidence of hydrocephalus was 3,1611000 newborns. Considering the total amount of 111 cases, 92 cases (91,1%) started the prenatal folIow up in other 'hospitals and were sent to CAISM by maternal or fetal indication or by the ocasion of delivery. From those cases sent to CA):SM during the prenatal folIow up and by the ocasion of delivery, 68 had previous diagnosis ofhydrocephalus and 35 cases were sent for other reasons (other fetal malformations, maternal diseases or to give birth). The incidence, within this period, showed an statistically significant increase in the general group ofhydrocephalus (p=O,OOI), in the group sent to CAISM with previous diagnosis of hydrocephalus (p=O,OOl), in the group sent to CAISM for other reasons (p=0,043) and in the group of isolated hydrocephalus (p=O,ool)' The differences found between the hydrocephalus' group and the general population were: lower (birth) weight, higher cephalic perimeter, lower gestation age, higher incidence of cesarean section and higher incidence of other hydrocephalus' cases in the farnily. The subgroup of syndromes consisted of 9 cases at first. After this current investigation and study, 7 cases were reclassified as syndromes and changed ITom the multimalformed subgroup to the svndrornic SUb!!roUD. Data show that the increased incidence of hydrocephalus is strongly in the period studied, related to an increase in the prenatal diagnosis (by ultrasound method) and the consequent concentration of these cases in a specialized center (CAISM) of the region. In 45% of the cases, hydrocephalus was associated with other CD and this fiequent association shows the importance of making a complete investigation every time a case of hydrocephalus is detected. / Mestrado / Mestre em Pediatria

This is a pre-feasibility study for evaluating the opening of a fast food restaurant at Mall Plaza del Sol in the city of Huacho, Lima. TAKUY is the Brand name of said fast food restaurant. Currently, TAKUY has a location in Lima at Mall Lima Plaza Norte and its main business is Peruvian cuisine. For this porpoise a deep market research will be carried out in order to collect necessary data for the relevant calculations of this study. TAKUY have incomes higher than S/30, 000 monthly, and the idea of this thesis is to do a pre-feasibility study with all the information necessary for decision making. The study will include a comprehensive market survey, market segmentation, marketing strategies, product mix offering, operating costs, fixed and variable capital investment, profitability and projection information needed to assess the feasibility of opening and as future industrial engineer, I am in the capacity and obligation to effect it. El siguiente proyecto es un estudio de Pre Factibilidad para evaluar si es viable la ejecución de apertura de un local de comida rápida en el Centro Comercial Plaza del Sol, en la ciudad de Huacho, Departamento de Lima. “TAKUY” es el nombre comercial de dicho local, actualmente TAKUY tiene un local en Lima en el C.C. Lima Plaza Norte, su rubro es la comida rápida peruana ó criolla. Para ello se efectuó un profundo análisis de investigación de mercado con intensión de obtener la data necesaria para poder efectuar los cálculos respectivos para el análisis del proyecto. El TAKUY de Lima, tiene recaudaciones mensuales superiores a los S/30,000 y la idea de este proyecto de Tesis es hacerle un estudio de pre factibilidad con toda la información necesaria para la toma de decisión. Dicho estudio comprenderá un estudio de mercado completo, segmentación de mercado, estrategias de Marketing, mix de productos a ofrecer, costos operativos, fijos y variables, capital a invertir, rentabilidad y proyección, información necesaria para poder evaluar viabilidad de apertura y yo como futuro ingeniero industrial estoy en la capacidad y obligación de poder efectuarlo.

Scholars working on Germanic pre-christian religion have generally considered Wodan to have been a deity of considerable importance to most if not all Germanic tribes. This understanding is, however, based on a failure to approach the available evidence for Wodan within appropriate contemporary contexts. This thesis recontextualises the evidence, therefore, building a model of the general nature of Germanic heathenisms in the Migration Age, within which the cult of Wodan can be located. Set against this model, and with due consideration given to its social, political and religious contexts, the earliest evidence for Wodan can be seen as the beginning of a christian reimagination of this deity. A plausible model of Wodan's cult is established, which sees this cult as being geographically limited, and originating probably within the first half millenium of the Common Era; the cult of Odinn would appear, moreover, to be substantially separate in development from that of Wodan. Furthermore, a complex set of eighth-century scholarly re-uses of Wodan are shown to have shaped subsequent understandings of the deity, both in the medieval period and up to the present day. Having considered how the traditions of eighth-century scholarship have misled modern scholarship, the thesis then examines the further development of these traditions in Anglo-Saxon England. In this context, Wodan assumes still more various guises, and is conflated with Odinn, thus helping to cement modern scholarship's belief in the original unity of these two figures. This process is strengthened, moreover, by the strong influence which Anglo-Saxon England exerted on Scandinavia both around the time of the conversion of Scandinavia and at the period when much of the extant Scandinavian mythography was written down. This Scandinavian mythography is examined briefly in the final chapter, which points out some important areas of misreading of pre-christian mythology in thirteenthcentury Scandinavian mythography, as well as arguing for substantial extra-Scandinavian influences on such mythography. This leads, finally, to a consideration of how Odinn appears in what little certainly pre-christian evidence exists for him.

Class of 2012 Abstract / Specific Aims: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the time of vancomycin pre-operative surgical site infection prophylaxis administration relative to other scheduled antibiotic therapy at a tertiary care, academic medical center. The secondary purpose was to characterize the incidence of adverse events post-surgery that were associated with vancomycin therapy in patients who received both pre-operative scheduled vancomycin therapy and vancomycin for surgical site infection prophylaxis Methods: This descriptive study was a retrospective medical chart review of all patients over the age of 28 days who received vancomycin for surgical site infection prophylaxis between February 2011 and May 2011 at a tertiary care, academic medical center. This study was approved be the Institutional Review Board. The subject population included patients admitted to the hospital for at least 72 hours who received at least 48 hours of scheduled vancomycin (IV), daptomycin or linezolid therapy before index surgery and subsequently received surgical site infection prophylaxis with vancomycin. Main Results: Of the 20 subjects who meet the study inclusion criteria, 18 (90%) subjects received scheduled vancomycin doses within 48 hours prior to surgery, 5 (25%) subjects within 4 hours, and 4 (20%) subjects within 2 hours. No surgical site infections were reported. Conclusions: This was a pilot study to evaluate the timing of vancomycin surgical site infection prophylaxis doses with scheduled vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin. No adverse effects associated with surgical site infection prophylaxis were reported but the sample size is small and likely inadequate to detect this potential issue.

Class of 2015 Abstract / Objectives: The purpose of this review was to determine the safety of various pre-workout supplements that utilize proprietary blends in comparison with some of the most common individual ingredients; caffeine, creatine, and B-alanine. We hypothesized that there will be a greater number of adverse events reported for proprietary products than for the individual active ingredients. Additionally, we also wanted to look at the efficacy of the same aforementioned products. We hypothesized that there would be no statistically significant differences in performance between the two arms. Methods: Four databases were searched for subjects that were 18-35 years of age that were already physically active. The number of participants included in each trial ranged from 6 to 98. Results: Caffeine was the only individual compound that affected health markers, increasing mean arterial pressure (MAP) (P<0.05), and HR in 2 of the 3 studies (P<0.05) significantly. Both caffeine and creatine showed a benefit in maximal exertion, but only caffeine improved endurance at doses of 3mg/kg (P<0.05). Proprietary blends did not show a benefit, but serious adverse events such as liver failure were reported. Conclusions: Individually caffeine, creatine, and B-alanine all look to be safe at the recommended doses in healthy and active individuals, with caffeine and creatine benefitting performance. Pre-workout blends should be safe in theory, but due to the unregulated nature of the supplement industry there are a number of serious adverse events that occur. Untested amphetamine-like compounds seem to be the most common addition, with contamination of other ingredients such as anti-depressants occurring as well.