Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 emerson_ms_me_botfmvz.pdf: 234958 bytes, checksum: 0bb5599883f96b005e6031ecfebc603a (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Foram utilizadas as carcaças de 78 cabritos, abatidos com média de 120 dias de idade, de cinco grupos raciais: Alpina (A), ½ Boer + ½ Alpina (½ BA), ½ Anglo Nubiano + ½ Alpino (½ ANA), ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpino (¾ BA), e ¼ Boer + ¼ Alpino + ½ Anglo Nubiano (tricross – TC), machos não castrados e fêmeas e dois sistemas de terminação (ST1 – cabrito com a mãe em pastagem e ST2 – cabrito desmamado e confinado, a partir dos 60 dias de idade). As carcaças foram cortadas ao meio, a metade esquerda dividida nos cortes paleta, perna, costela, lombo e pescoço, e esses cortes foram dissecados, separados em músculo, osso, gordura e outros tecidos. O grupo racial, gênero e sistema de terminação influenciaram os rendimentos de gordura e osso na carcaça. O rendimento de músculo foi influenciado apenas pelo sistema de terminação, e o rendimento de outros tecidos, influenciado pelo gênero. A primeira geração de cruzamento da raça Alpina com a Boer aumentou a deposição de gordura e diminuiu a de ossos, contribuindo para melhorar o acabamento da carcaça. As fêmeas apresentaram maior proporção de gordura e menor de ossos que os machos. Houve correlação significativa entre músculo, gordura e osso da carcaça com esses mesmos tecidos nos cortes. Devido à elevada relação entre os componentes constituintes da carcaça com os cortes costela e perna, e proporcionarem equações de predição com os maiores coeficientes de determinação, são os cortes que devem ser utilizados para esse propósito / Were used the 78 carcasses of kids, slaughtered with an average of 120 days old, of five racial groups: Alpine (A), ½ Boer + ½ Alpine (½BA), ½ Alpine + ½ Anglo Nubian (½ ANA), ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpine (¾ BA), ¼ Boer + ¼ Alpine + ½ Anglo Nubian (Tricross - TC), not castrated males and females and two finishing systems (ST1 – kid with mother goat in pasture and ST2 - kid weaned and confined, from 60 days old). The carcasses were split down the dorsal midline. The left side was divided into five primal cuts: shoulder, leg, rib, loin and neck. After, each cut was separated into dissectible muscle, bone, fat and other tissues. The racial group, gender and finishing system affected the income of fat and bone in the carcass. The income of muscle was influenced only by termination system, and the income of other tissues influenced by gender. The first generation of the crossing of breed Alpine with Boer increased fat deposition and decreased the bone, helping to improve the finish of the carcass. Females had a higher proportion of fat and less bone than males. There was significant correlation between muscle, fat and bone carcass with these same tissues in cuts. Due to the high relationship between the constituent components of the carcass with the rib and leg cuts, and provide prediction equations with the highest coefficients of determination, the cuts are to be used for this purpose

Orientador: Heraldo César Gonçalves / Banca: Francisco de Assis Fonseca de Macedo / Banca: Simone Fernandes / Resumo: Foram utilizadas as carcaças de 78 cabritos, abatidos com média de 120 dias de idade, de cinco grupos raciais: Alpina (A), ½ Boer + ½ Alpina (½ BA), ½ Anglo Nubiano + ½ Alpino (½ ANA), ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpino (¾ BA), e ¼ Boer + ¼ Alpino + ½ Anglo Nubiano (tricross - TC), machos não castrados e fêmeas e dois sistemas de terminação (ST1 - cabrito com a mãe em pastagem e ST2 - cabrito desmamado e confinado, a partir dos 60 dias de idade). As carcaças foram cortadas ao meio, a metade esquerda dividida nos cortes paleta, perna, costela, lombo e pescoço, e esses cortes foram dissecados, separados em músculo, osso, gordura e outros tecidos. O grupo racial, gênero e sistema de terminação influenciaram os rendimentos de gordura e osso na carcaça. O rendimento de músculo foi influenciado apenas pelo sistema de terminação, e o rendimento de outros tecidos, influenciado pelo gênero. A primeira geração de cruzamento da raça Alpina com a Boer aumentou a deposição de gordura e diminuiu a de ossos, contribuindo para melhorar o acabamento da carcaça. As fêmeas apresentaram maior proporção de gordura e menor de ossos que os machos. Houve correlação significativa entre músculo, gordura e osso da carcaça com esses mesmos tecidos nos cortes. Devido à elevada relação entre os componentes constituintes da carcaça com os cortes costela e perna, e proporcionarem equações de predição com os maiores coeficientes de determinação, são os cortes que devem ser utilizados para esse propósito / Abstract : Were used the 78 carcasses of kids, slaughtered with an average of 120 days old, of five racial groups: Alpine (A), ½ Boer + ½ Alpine (½BA), ½ Alpine + ½ Anglo Nubian (½ ANA), ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpine (¾ BA), ¼ Boer + ¼ Alpine + ½ Anglo Nubian (Tricross - TC), not castrated males and females and two finishing systems (ST1 - kid with mother goat in pasture and ST2 - kid weaned and confined, from 60 days old). The carcasses were split down the dorsal midline. The left side was divided into five primal cuts: shoulder, leg, rib, loin and neck. After, each cut was separated into dissectible muscle, bone, fat and other tissues. The racial group, gender and finishing system affected the income of fat and bone in the carcass. The income of muscle was influenced only by termination system, and the income of other tissues influenced by gender. The first generation of the crossing of breed Alpine with Boer increased fat deposition and decreased the bone, helping to improve the finish of the carcass. Females had a higher proportion of fat and less bone than males. There was significant correlation between muscle, fat and bone carcass with these same tissues in cuts. Due to the high relationship between the constituent components of the carcass with the rib and leg cuts, and provide prediction equations with the highest coefficients of determination, the cuts are to be used for this purpose / Mestre

The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of eleven prediction equations and one prediction table when estimating isoinertial knee extension and leg press one repetition maximum (1-RM) performance in subjects with knee injuries and knee osteoarthritis. Study Design: A descriptive quantitative research study was undertaken utilizing a cross-sectional design. Background: Traumatic injuries and osteoarthritis are common musculoskeletal pathologies that can disrupt normal function of the knee joint. A frequent sequela of these pathologies is quadriceps femoris muscle weakness. Such weakness can contribute to disability and diminished levels of functional and recreational activity. Therefore, safe and accurate methods of measuring maximal strength are required to identify and quantify quadriceps strength deficits. One option proposed in the literature is the use of 1-RM prediction equations which estimate 1-RM performance from the number of repetitions completed with sub-maximal loads. These equations have been investigated previously using healthy populations and subjects with calf muscle injuries. However, to date, no known study has investigated their accuracy in individuals with joint pathologies. Method: Machine-weight seated knee extension and seated leg press exercises were investigated in this study. Twenty subjects with knee injuries and 12 subjects with knee OA completed the testing procedures for the knee extension exercise. Nineteen subjects with knee injuries and 18 subjects with knee OA completed the testing procedures for the leg press exercise. All subjects attended the testing venue on three occasions. At the first visit a familiarization session was carried out. At the second and third visits each subject was randomly assigned to perform either actual or predicted 1-RM testing for both of the exercises. Twelve different prediction methods were used to estimate 1-RM performance from the results. The estimates of 1-RM strength were then compared to actual 1-RM performance to assess the level of conformity between these measures. Statistical procedures including Bland and Altman analyses, intraclass correlation coefficients, typical error and total error of measurement were used in the analyses of the results. In addition, paired t-tests were performed to determine whether actual 1-RM values were significantly different across the control and affected limbs and whether there were any significant differences in predictive accuracy for each equation across the control and affected limbs. Finally, the number of subjects with predicted 1-RM values within 5% or less of their actual 1-RM values was determined for each equation. Results: When the knee injury group performed the knee extension exercise, the Brown, Brzycki, Epley, Lander, Mayhew et al., Poliquin and Wathen prediction methods demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. When two atypical subjects were identified and excluded from the analyses, the accuracy of these equations improved further. Following the removal of these two subjects, no significant differences in predictive accuracy were found for any of the equations across the affected and control limbs (p > 0.05). Typical errors and total errors were low for the more accurate prediction methods ranging from 2.4-2.8% and from 2.4-3.5%, respectively. Overall, the Poliquin table appeared to be the most accurate prediction method for this sample (affected limbs: bias 0.3 kg, 95% limits of agreement (LOA) -5.8 to 6.4 kg, typical error as a coefficient of variation (COV) 2.4%, total error of measurement (total error) 2.4%; control limbs: bias -1.3 kg, 95% LOA -9.0 to 6.3 kg, typical error as a COV 2.7%, total error 2.8%). When the knee OA group performed the knee extension exercise, the Brown, Brzycki, Epley, Lander, Mayhew et al., Poliquin and Wathen prediction methods demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. No significant differences in predictive accuracy were found for any of the equations across the affected and control limbs (p > 0.05). When an atypical subject was identified and excluded from the analyses, the accuracy of the equations improved further. Typical errors as COVs and total errors for the more accurate prediction methods ranged from 2.5-2.7% and from 2.4-2.9%, respectively. Overall, the Poliquin table appeared to be the most accurate prediction method for this sample (affected limbs: bias 0.9 kg, 95% LOA -4.5 to 6.3 kg, typical error as a COV 2.5%, total error 2.5%; control limbs: bias -0.1 kg, 95% LOA -6.0 to 5.9 kg, typical error as a COV 2.5%, total error 2.4%). When the knee injury group performed the leg press, the Adams, Berger, Lombardi and O’Connor equations demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. No significant differences in predictive accuracy were found for any of the equations across the affected and control limbs (p > 0.05). Typical errors as COVs and total errors for the more accurate equations ranged from 2.8-3.2% and from 2.9-3.3%, respectively. Overall, the Berger (affected limbs: bias -0.4 kg, 95% LOA -7.2 to 6.3 kg, typical error as a COV 3.2%, total error 3.2%; control limbs: bias 0.1 kg, 95% LOA -6.6 to 6.7 kg, typical error as a COV 3.1%, total error 3.0%) and O’Connor equations (affected limbs: bias -0.6 kg, 95% LOA-6.8 to 5.7 kg, typical error as a COV 2.9%, total error 3.0%; control limbs: bias -0.2 kg, 95% LOA -6.9 to 6.4 kg, typical error as a COV 2.9%, total error 2.9%) appeared to be the most accurate prediction methods for this sample. When the knee OA group performed the leg press, the Adams, Berger, KLW, Lombardi and O’Connor equations demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. No significant differences in predictive accuracy were found for any of the equations across the affected and control limbs (p > 0.05). The typical errors as COVs and the total error values for the more accurate prediction methods were the highest observed in this study, ranging from 5.8-6.0% and from 5.7-6.2%, respectively. Overall, the Adams, Berger, KLW and O’Connor equations appeared to be the most accurate prediction methods for this sample. However, it is possible that the predicted leg press 1-RM values produced by the knee OA group might not have matched actual 1-RM values closely enough to be clinically acceptable for some purposes. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggested that the Poliquin table produced the most accurate estimates of knee extension 1-RM performance for both the knee injury and knee OA groups. In contrast, the Berger and O’Connor equations produced the most accurate estimates of leg press 1-RM performance for the knee injury group, while the Adams, Berger, KLW and O’Connor equations produced the most accurate results for the knee OA group. However, the higher error values observed for the knee OA group suggested that predicted leg press 1-RM performance might not be accurate enough for some clinical purposes. Finally, it can be concluded that no single prediction equation was able to accurately estimate both knee extension and leg press 1-RM performance in subjects with knee injuries and knee OA.

The characteristics of earthquake shaking are affected by the local site conditions. The effects of the local soil conditions are often quantified via an amplification factor (AF), which is defined as the ratio of the ground motion at the soil surface to the ground motion at a rock site at the same location. Amplification factors can be defined for any ground motion parameter, but most commonly are assessed for acceleration response spectral values at different oscillator periods. Site amplification can be evaluated for a site by conducting seismic site response analysis, which models the wave propagation from the base rock through the site-specific soil layers to the ground surface. An alternative to site-specific seismic response analysis is site amplification models. Site amplification models are empirical equations that predict the site amplification based on general characteristics of the site. Most of the site amplification models that already used in ground motion prediction equations characterize a site with two parameters: the average shear wave velocity in the top 30 m (VS30) and the depth to bedrock. However, additional site parameters influence site amplification and should be included in site amplification models. To identify the site parameters that help explain the variation in site amplification, ninety nine manually generated velocity profiles are analyzed using seismic site response analysis. The generated profiles have the same VS30 and depth to bedrock but a different velocity structure in the top 30 m. Different site parameters are investigated to explain the variability in the computed amplification. The parameter Vratio, which is the ratio of the average shear wave velocity between 20 m and 30 m to the average shear wave velocity in the top 10 m, is identified as the site parameter that most affects the computed amplification for sites with the same VS30 and depth to bedrock. To generalize the findings from the analyses in which only the top 30 m of the velocity profile are varied, a suite of fully randomized velocity profiles are generated and site response analysis is used to compute the amplification for each site for a range of input motion intensities. The results of the site response analyses conducted on these four hundred fully randomized velocity profiles confirm the influence of Vratio on site amplification. The computed amplification factors are used to develop an empirical site amplification model that incorporates the effect of Vratio, as well as VS30 and the depth to bedrock. The empirical site amplification model includes the effects of soil nonlinearity, such that the predicted amplification is a function of the intensity of shaking. The developed model can be incorporated into the development of future ground motion prediction equations. / text

The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of eleven prediction equations and one prediction table when estimating isoinertial knee extension and leg press one repetition maximum (1-RM) performance in subjects with knee injuries and knee osteoarthritis. Study Design: A descriptive quantitative research study was undertaken utilizing a cross-sectional design. Background: Traumatic injuries and osteoarthritis are common musculoskeletal pathologies that can disrupt normal function of the knee joint. A frequent sequela of these pathologies is quadriceps femoris muscle weakness. Such weakness can contribute to disability and diminished levels of functional and recreational activity. Therefore, safe and accurate methods of measuring maximal strength are required to identify and quantify quadriceps strength deficits. One option proposed in the literature is the use of 1-RM prediction equations which estimate 1-RM performance from the number of repetitions completed with sub-maximal loads. These equations have been investigated previously using healthy populations and subjects with calf muscle injuries. However, to date, no known study has investigated their accuracy in individuals with joint pathologies. Method: Machine-weight seated knee extension and seated leg press exercises were investigated in this study. Twenty subjects with knee injuries and 12 subjects with knee OA completed the testing procedures for the knee extension exercise. Nineteen subjects with knee injuries and 18 subjects with knee OA completed the testing procedures for the leg press exercise. All subjects attended the testing venue on three occasions. At the first visit a familiarization session was carried out. At the second and third visits each subject was randomly assigned to perform either actual or predicted 1-RM testing for both of the exercises. Twelve different prediction methods were used to estimate 1-RM performance from the results. The estimates of 1-RM strength were then compared to actual 1-RM performance to assess the level of conformity between these measures. Statistical procedures including Bland and Altman analyses, intraclass correlation coefficients, typical error and total error of measurement were used in the analyses of the results. In addition, paired t-tests were performed to determine whether actual 1-RM values were significantly different across the control and affected limbs and whether there were any significant differences in predictive accuracy for each equation across the control and affected limbs. Finally, the number of subjects with predicted 1-RM values within 5% or less of their actual 1-RM values was determined for each equation. Results: When the knee injury group performed the knee extension exercise, the Brown, Brzycki, Epley, Lander, Mayhew et al., Poliquin and Wathen prediction methods demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. When two atypical subjects were identified and excluded from the analyses, the accuracy of these equations improved further. Following the removal of these two subjects, no significant differences in predictive accuracy were found for any of the equations across the affected and control limbs (p > 0.05). Typical errors and total errors were low for the more accurate prediction methods ranging from 2.4-2.8% and from 2.4-3.5%, respectively. Overall, the Poliquin table appeared to be the most accurate prediction method for this sample (affected limbs: bias 0.3 kg, 95% limits of agreement (LOA) -5.8 to 6.4 kg, typical error as a coefficient of variation (COV) 2.4%, total error of measurement (total error) 2.4%; control limbs: bias -1.3 kg, 95% LOA -9.0 to 6.3 kg, typical error as a COV 2.7%, total error 2.8%). When the knee OA group performed the knee extension exercise, the Brown, Brzycki, Epley, Lander, Mayhew et al., Poliquin and Wathen prediction methods demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. No significant differences in predictive accuracy were found for any of the equations across the affected and control limbs (p > 0.05). When an atypical subject was identified and excluded from the analyses, the accuracy of the equations improved further. Typical errors as COVs and total errors for the more accurate prediction methods ranged from 2.5-2.7% and from 2.4-2.9%, respectively. Overall, the Poliquin table appeared to be the most accurate prediction method for this sample (affected limbs: bias 0.9 kg, 95% LOA -4.5 to 6.3 kg, typical error as a COV 2.5%, total error 2.5%; control limbs: bias -0.1 kg, 95% LOA -6.0 to 5.9 kg, typical error as a COV 2.5%, total error 2.4%). When the knee injury group performed the leg press, the Adams, Berger, Lombardi and O’Connor equations demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. No significant differences in predictive accuracy were found for any of the equations across the affected and control limbs (p > 0.05). Typical errors as COVs and total errors for the more accurate equations ranged from 2.8-3.2% and from 2.9-3.3%, respectively. Overall, the Berger (affected limbs: bias -0.4 kg, 95% LOA -7.2 to 6.3 kg, typical error as a COV 3.2%, total error 3.2%; control limbs: bias 0.1 kg, 95% LOA -6.6 to 6.7 kg, typical error as a COV 3.1%, total error 3.0%) and O’Connor equations (affected limbs: bias -0.6 kg, 95% LOA-6.8 to 5.7 kg, typical error as a COV 2.9%, total error 3.0%; control limbs: bias -0.2 kg, 95% LOA -6.9 to 6.4 kg, typical error as a COV 2.9%, total error 2.9%) appeared to be the most accurate prediction methods for this sample. When the knee OA group performed the leg press, the Adams, Berger, KLW, Lombardi and O’Connor equations demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. No significant differences in predictive accuracy were found for any of the equations across the affected and control limbs (p > 0.05). The typical errors as COVs and the total error values for the more accurate prediction methods were the highest observed in this study, ranging from 5.8-6.0% and from 5.7-6.2%, respectively. Overall, the Adams, Berger, KLW and O’Connor equations appeared to be the most accurate prediction methods for this sample. However, it is possible that the predicted leg press 1-RM values produced by the knee OA group might not have matched actual 1-RM values closely enough to be clinically acceptable for some purposes. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggested that the Poliquin table produced the most accurate estimates of knee extension 1-RM performance for both the knee injury and knee OA groups. In contrast, the Berger and O’Connor equations produced the most accurate estimates of leg press 1-RM performance for the knee injury group, while the Adams, Berger, KLW and O’Connor equations produced the most accurate results for the knee OA group. However, the higher error values observed for the knee OA group suggested that predicted leg press 1-RM performance might not be accurate enough for some clinical purposes. Finally, it can be concluded that no single prediction equation was able to accurately estimate both knee extension and leg press 1-RM performance in subjects with knee injuries and knee OA.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de características de carcaça avaliadas por análise de imagem, na região da 5ª e da 12ª costelas, para a estimativa do peso (PESPC) e percentagem (PERPC) da porção comestível em bovinos Nelore castrados e não castrados. Durante três anos consecutivos foram avaliadas carcaças de 206 animais da raça Nelore, sendo metade de animais castrados e metade não castrados (103 machos castrados e 103 machos não castrados) confinados por 56, 84, 112 ou 140 dias. Após o abate e resfriamento das carcaças, foram obtidas imagens digitais na região entre a 5ª e a 6ª costelas para avaliação da área do músculo Longissimus (AOL5), espessura de gordura subcutânea da 5ª costela (EGS5), espessura da gordura intermuscular (EGI5), espessura de costela (ESPCOST). Também foi obtida uma imagem digital na região entre a 12ª e a 13ª costelas para determinação da área de olho de lombo (AOL12) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS12). Adicionalmente foram obtidos os pesos de carcaça fria (PCF), peso da gordura renal pélvica e inguinal (GRPI). O PESPC e a PERPC foram determinados através da desossa completa da meia carcaça de cada animal. O PCF aliado às características avaliadas na região da 5ª costela explicaram entre 96 e 97% do PESPC e entre 24 a 50%da PERPC. As características avaliadas na região da 12ª costela, aliadas ao PCF e percentagem de GRPI explicaram 93 a 95% do PESPC e entre 6 a 25% da PERPC, sendo que em machos castrados foi observado o menor coeficiente de determinação (R2=0,06). Quando foi realizada a validação das equações obtidas utilizando os dados obtidos na região da 5ª costela obtiveram-se menores coeficientes de determinação em relação aos observados durante a calibração. Características avaliadas por análise de imagem na região da 5ª costela podem estimar o rendimento dos cortes comerciais com acurácia semelhante às medidas obtidas na região da 12ª costela. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of carcass traits evaluated by image analysis, at 5th and 12th rib levels to estimate weight (PESPC) and percentage (PERPC) of retail cuts of castrated and non castrated Nellore cattle. During three consecutive years carcass traits of 206 animals of Nellore breed, 103 castrated and 103 non castrated males, fed for 56, 84, 112 or 140 days, were evaluated. After slaughter and carcass cooling, digital images were obtained between 5th and 6th ribs to evaluate the Longissimus muscle area (AOL5), backfat thickness (EGS5), intermuscular fat thickness (EGI5) and rib thickness (ESPCOST). A digital image between 12th and 13th ribs was also obtained to determine the Longissimus muscle area (AOL12) and backfat thickness (EGS12).Additionally cold carcass (PCF) and kidney, renal and inguinal fat (GRPI) weighs were obtained. The PESPC and PERPC were determined by completely deboning of all half carcass of every animal. The PCF plus carcass traits evaluatedat 5th rib level explained 96 to 97% of PESPC and from 24 a 50% of PERPC. Carcass traits evaluated at 12th rib level plus PCF and GRPI percentage explained 93 a 95% of PERPC and among 6 to 25% of PERPC, with a smaller determination coefficient observed in castrated males (R2=0.06). In the validation dataset equations using data obtained at 5th rib level where observed smaller R2 when compared to calibration dataset. Carcass traits evaluated by image analysis at 5th rib level can estimate retail cuts yield with similar accuracy than those obtained at 12th rib level.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de características de carcaça avaliadas por análise de imagem, na região da 5ª e da 12ª costelas, para a estimativa do peso (PESPC) e percentagem (PERPC) da porção comestível em bovinos Nelore castrados e não castrados. Durante três anos consecutivos foram avaliadas carcaças de 206 animais da raça Nelore, sendo metade de animais castrados e metade não castrados (103 machos castrados e 103 machos não castrados) confinados por 56, 84, 112 ou 140 dias. Após o abate e resfriamento das carcaças, foram obtidas imagens digitais na região entre a 5ª e a 6ª costelas para avaliação da área do músculo Longissimus (AOL5), espessura de gordura subcutânea da 5ª costela (EGS5), espessura da gordura intermuscular (EGI5), espessura de costela (ESPCOST). Também foi obtida uma imagem digital na região entre a 12ª e a 13ª costelas para determinação da área de olho de lombo (AOL12) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS12). Adicionalmente foram obtidos os pesos de carcaça fria (PCF), peso da gordura renal pélvica e inguinal (GRPI). O PESPC e a PERPC foram determinados através da desossa completa da meia carcaça de cada animal. O PCF aliado às características avaliadas na região da 5ª costela explicaram entre 96 e 97% do PESPC e entre 24 a 50%da PERPC. As características avaliadas na região da 12ª costela, aliadas ao PCF e percentagem de GRPI explicaram 93 a 95% do PESPC e entre 6 a 25% da PERPC, sendo que em machos castrados foi observado o menor coeficiente de determinação (R2=0,06). Quando foi realizada a validação das equações obtidas utilizando os dados obtidos na região da 5ª costela obtiveram-se menores coeficientes de determinação em relação aos observados durante a calibração. Características avaliadas por análise de imagem na região da 5ª costela podem estimar o rendimento dos cortes comerciais com acurácia semelhante às medidas obtidas na região da 12ª costela. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of carcass traits evaluated by image analysis, at 5th and 12th rib levels to estimate weight (PESPC) and percentage (PERPC) of retail cuts of castrated and non castrated Nellore cattle. During three consecutive years carcass traits of 206 animals of Nellore breed, 103 castrated and 103 non castrated males, fed for 56, 84, 112 or 140 days, were evaluated. After slaughter and carcass cooling, digital images were obtained between 5th and 6th ribs to evaluate the Longissimus muscle area (AOL5), backfat thickness (EGS5), intermuscular fat thickness (EGI5) and rib thickness (ESPCOST). A digital image between 12th and 13th ribs was also obtained to determine the Longissimus muscle area (AOL12) and backfat thickness (EGS12).Additionally cold carcass (PCF) and kidney, renal and inguinal fat (GRPI) weighs were obtained. The PESPC and PERPC were determined by completely deboning of all half carcass of every animal. The PCF plus carcass traits evaluatedat 5th rib level explained 96 to 97% of PESPC and from 24 a 50% of PERPC. Carcass traits evaluated at 12th rib level plus PCF and GRPI percentage explained 93 a 95% of PERPC and among 6 to 25% of PERPC, with a smaller determination coefficient observed in castrated males (R2=0.06). In the validation dataset equations using data obtained at 5th rib level where observed smaller R2 when compared to calibration dataset. Carcass traits evaluated by image analysis at 5th rib level can estimate retail cuts yield with similar accuracy than those obtained at 12th rib level.

Doctor of Philosophy / Animal Sciences and Industry / Michael D. Tokach / Three experiments using 2,385 pre-weaned pigs, growing pigs, and sows were performed in addition to a meta-analysis and industry survey. Experiment 1 tested the effects of sow vitamin D supplementation from vitamin D₃ (low, medium, or high) or 25OHD₃ (same IU equivalency as the medium level of vitamin D₃) on maternal performance, neonatal pig bone and muscle characteristics, subsequent pre-weaned pig performance and serum 25OHD₃ with only differences in serum 25OHD₃ being impacted. In the second experiment a subsample of pigs weaned from the maternal portion of the study were used in a split-plot design and fed 2 different forms of vitamin D in the nursery and growth performance was evaluated until the pigs reached market weight. Overall, the nursery vitamin D treatments did not impact growth; however, pigs from sows fed the medium level of vitamin D₃ performed better after weaning compared to pigs from sows fed the low or the high level of vitamin D₃, and serum 25OHD₃ was altered based on maternal and nursery vitamin D supplementation. In the third experiment, finishing pigs were initially provided 2 different floor space allowances (0.64 or 0.91 m²) and pigs initially provided 0.64 m² were subject to 1 of 3 marketing strategies which removed the heaviest pigs from the pen in order to provide additional floor space to the pigs remaining in the pen. Overall, pigs initially provided more floor space had improved ADG and ADFI, but increasing the number of marketing events increased ADG of the pigs remaining in the pen following market events. The meta-analysis suggested that a multi-term empirical model using random effects to account for known error and weighted observations to account for heterogeneous experimental designs and replication provided models that best fit the database. Also, the meta-analysis concluded that floor space allowance does influence ADG, ADFI, and G:F and BW of the pig can alter the floor space response. Finally, the vitamin and trace mineral survey suggested that a wide range of supplementation practices are used in the swine industry but most production systems supplement micronutrients above the basal requirement estimates of the animals.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22259号 / 理博第4573号 / 新制||理||1657(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 James Mori, 教授 久家 慶子, 教授 岩田 知孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of nonexercise (N-EX) data, specifically, the Perceived Functional Ability (PFA) and Physical Activity Rating (PA-R) questionnaires, with the treadmill walk-jog-run protocol to estimate VO2max in 12 to 17 year old boys and girls. Ninety-one participants (49 males and 42 females) took part in this study. Data were collected via PFA and PA-R questionnaires, a walk-jog-run submaximal treadmill test, and a maximal graded exercise test (GXT). Data collected included gender, age, height, weight, PFA and PA-R scores, heart rate (HR), treadmill speed, maximal treadmill grade, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and VO2max. Regression analysis resulted in the development of two valid and reliable models to predict VO2max. Nonexercise and submaximal exercise test data were used to build the following model: VO2max (mL∙kg-¹∙min-¹) = 11.201 + (6.877 x Gender; 0 = female; 1 = male) + (3.573 x treadmill speed; mph) – (0.174 x kg) + (0.405 x PFA score) + (0.653 x PA-R score) + (1.019 x age). The model resulted in an R2 = 0.69 and a SEE = 5.16 mL∙kg-¹∙min-¹. Maximal exercise test data were used to build the following model: VO2max (mL∙kg-¹∙min-¹) = -3.264 + (3.359 x Gender; 0 = female; 1 = male) – (0.082 x kg) + (7.351 x treadmill speed; mph) + (1.750 x maximal treadmill grade). The model resulted in an R2 = 0.88 and a SEE = 3.16 mL∙ kg-¹∙min-¹. The cross-validation PRESS statistics for both models demonstrated minimal shrinkage in the accuracy of the regression model. The results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, that N-EX data can be used to accurately predict VO2max in youth. The submaximal and maximal exercise tests validated in this study can be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness of youth having a wide range on interests and fitness levels. In addition, the use of PFA and PA-R questionnaires enforces initiatives to increase physical activity among youth. Both exercise tests use a self-selected treadmill speed that elicits a steady-state HR of 70% of the participants age-predicted maximal HR. The use of a self-selected walking, jogging, or running speed accommodates youth with different levels of physical fitness, motivation, and interests. The exercise test protocol presented in this study is practical for use in schools, athletic facilities, and community fitness centers. The equipment required to administer the exercise test presented in this study is limited to a treadmill and a HR monitor. Together with the use of PFA and PA-R questionnaires, the submaximal and maximal exercise tests are efficacious to coaches, fitness professionals, and physical educators in a variety of settings.