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A tese aborda o significado da obra do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé, no contexto da cultura arquitetônica contemporânea internacional, buscando estabelecer paralelos e/ou vinculações com as produções de arquitetos como Norman Foster, Nicholas Grimshaw, Michael Hopkins, Renzo Piano, dentre outros. A partir das experiências do Centro de Tecnologia da Rede Sarah (CTRS), um núcleo de pesquisa inaugurado no ano de 1992 como o suporte ao desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de sistemas construtivos pré-fabricados aplicados na construção de edifícios públicos implantados em diversas capitais brasileiras, e a análise das obras realizadas a partir dos anos de 1990 no panorama europeu, sobretudo britânico, é possível perceber como as preocupações ideológicas, os procedimentos metodológicos, as concepções programáticas, as expressões formais e as inovações tecnológicas no trabalho de Lelé apontam a atualidade de seu trabalho e indicam a abertura de um horizonte promissor para a arquitetura contemporânea internacional. Demonstrar a vinculação do seu trabalho com as realizações recentes de arquitetos de renome, as grandes questões em debate na virada para o século 21 - como a alta tecnologia em arquitetura, eficiência energética, conforto ambiental, limites de recursos naturais, economia dos meios, sustentabilidade -, são fundamentos para o entendimento dos desígnios de uma arquitetura que se lança como expressão renovada por um novo conceito de modernidade. / This thesis expounds on the significance of the work of architect João Filgueiras Lima, popularly known as Lelé, in the context of contemporary international architectural culture, and aims to establish parallels and/or links between his work and that of architects like Norman Foster, Nicholas Grimshaw, Michael Hopkins and Renzo Piano, among others. By taking into account the experiences of the Sarah Network Technology Center (CTRS), a research center inaugurated in 1992 to support the development and improvement of pre-fabricated constructive systems implemented in the construction of public buildings in several Brazilian state capitals, and an analysis of work carried out in the European scene from the 1990s onwards (especially in Great Britain), it is possible to view ideological concerns, methodological procedures, programmatic concepts, formal expressions and technological innovation in Lelés work as proof of its modernity, thus pointing towards a promising new horizon for contemporary international architecture. Demonstrating the connection of his work to recent undertakings by renowned architects involving the great issues being debated at the turn of the 21st Century - such as high-technology in architecture, energy efficiency, environmental comfort, the limits of natural resources, the economy of means and sustainability - are fundamental in the understanding of the purposes of a form of architecture that is being heralded as the renewed expression of a new concept of modernity.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo documentar e analisar o processo de produção do sistema construtivo em painéis estruturais de madeira pré-fabricados aplicado ao protótipo de residência de energia zero - Ekó House. A estrutura do protótipo é composta por quadros de madeira serrada (cumaru - Dipteryx odorata) contraventados por chapas de OSB e ligações metálicas. A descrição do processo produtivo se inicia com a descrição do desenvolvimento do projeto para produção, elaborado em software de manufatura digital, da fabricação com equipamentos convencionais e máquinas de comando numérico computadorizado (CNC), chegando à etapa de montagem da estrutura, utilizando equipamentos de transporte, de içamento e mão de obra capacitada. A partir da análise deste processo, é possível verificar ganhos de produtividade e qualidade na estrutura em painéis pré-fabricados em madeira devido aos procedimentos adotados, dos quais se destacam: (1) precisão obtida pelo emprego de máquina CNC em conjunto com software de manufatura digital; (2) utilização de dispositivos de montagem e; (3) maior controle de produção pelo maior emprego de atividades em ambiente industrial. Esses procedimentos possibilitaram a montagem da estrutura em painéis pré-fabricados em 4 dias e sua desmontagem em 2 dias. As dificuldades mais expressivas estão relacionadas a: (1) manuseio e montagem dos painéis devido à necessidade do uso de equipamentos de içamento e mão de obra treinada; (2) difícil trabalhabilidade da madeira nos processos de pré-fabricação da estrutura e; (3) emprego de soluções não convencionais ao processo construtivo tradicional, o que exigiu a adaptação de ferramentas e o desenvolvimento de procedimentos não usuais na construção em madeira no Brasil. Os processos, procedimentos e ferramentas desenvolvidos, mediante ajustes, se mostraram viáveis para utilização em sistemas construtivos em painéis pré-fabricados em madeira no Brasil. / This dissertation aims to document and analyze the production process of a constructive system in prefabricated wooden panels applied to a net zero energy house prototype - Ekó House. The structure of the prototype consists of bearing panels in timber frame (cumaru - Dipteryx odorata) braced by OSB plates and metallic connections. The description of the production process starts with the development of the design for production, elaborated with digital manufacturing software, the fabrication with conventional woodworking equipment and Computer Numerical Control Machines (CNC Machines), and the assembly of the structure, using transportation and lifting equipment and skilled labor. From the analysis of this process, it was possible to verify gains in productivity and quality in the structure of prefabricated wooden panels due to the procedures adopted, among which are highlighted: (1) the precision achieved by the use of CNC Machines combined with digital manufacturing software; (2) use of jigs and (3) greater control of production due to the greater employment of activities in an industrial environment. These procedures allowed the assembly of the prefabricated structure in 4 days, and disassembly in 2 days. The main challenges are related to: (1) handling and assembly of the wooden panels due to the need of lifting equipment and skilled labor; (2) difficult wood workability in the prefabrications process of the structure and (3) using unconventional solutions to the traditional construction methods, required adaptation of regular tools and the development of unusual procedures in wood construction in Brazil. The process, procedures and tools developed, with some adjustments, area feasible for use in prefabricated wooden panels in Brazil.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo documentar e analisar o processo de produção do sistema construtivo em painéis estruturais de madeira pré-fabricados aplicado ao protótipo de residência de energia zero - Ekó House. A estrutura do protótipo é composta por quadros de madeira serrada (cumaru - Dipteryx odorata) contraventados por chapas de OSB e ligações metálicas. A descrição do processo produtivo se inicia com a descrição do desenvolvimento do projeto para produção, elaborado em software de manufatura digital, da fabricação com equipamentos convencionais e máquinas de comando numérico computadorizado (CNC), chegando à etapa de montagem da estrutura, utilizando equipamentos de transporte, de içamento e mão de obra capacitada. A partir da análise deste processo, é possível verificar ganhos de produtividade e qualidade na estrutura em painéis pré-fabricados em madeira devido aos procedimentos adotados, dos quais se destacam: (1) precisão obtida pelo emprego de máquina CNC em conjunto com software de manufatura digital; (2) utilização de dispositivos de montagem e; (3) maior controle de produção pelo maior emprego de atividades em ambiente industrial. Esses procedimentos possibilitaram a montagem da estrutura em painéis pré-fabricados em 4 dias e sua desmontagem em 2 dias. As dificuldades mais expressivas estão relacionadas a: (1) manuseio e montagem dos painéis devido à necessidade do uso de equipamentos de içamento e mão de obra treinada; (2) difícil trabalhabilidade da madeira nos processos de pré-fabricação da estrutura e; (3) emprego de soluções não convencionais ao processo construtivo tradicional, o que exigiu a adaptação de ferramentas e o desenvolvimento de procedimentos não usuais na construção em madeira no Brasil. Os processos, procedimentos e ferramentas desenvolvidos, mediante ajustes, se mostraram viáveis para utilização em sistemas construtivos em painéis pré-fabricados em madeira no Brasil. / This dissertation aims to document and analyze the production process of a constructive system in prefabricated wooden panels applied to a net zero energy house prototype - Ekó House. The structure of the prototype consists of bearing panels in timber frame (cumaru - Dipteryx odorata) braced by OSB plates and metallic connections. The description of the production process starts with the development of the design for production, elaborated with digital manufacturing software, the fabrication with conventional woodworking equipment and Computer Numerical Control Machines (CNC Machines), and the assembly of the structure, using transportation and lifting equipment and skilled labor. From the analysis of this process, it was possible to verify gains in productivity and quality in the structure of prefabricated wooden panels due to the procedures adopted, among which are highlighted: (1) the precision achieved by the use of CNC Machines combined with digital manufacturing software; (2) use of jigs and (3) greater control of production due to the greater employment of activities in an industrial environment. These procedures allowed the assembly of the prefabricated structure in 4 days, and disassembly in 2 days. The main challenges are related to: (1) handling and assembly of the wooden panels due to the need of lifting equipment and skilled labor; (2) difficult wood workability in the prefabrications process of the structure and (3) using unconventional solutions to the traditional construction methods, required adaptation of regular tools and the development of unusual procedures in wood construction in Brazil. The process, procedures and tools developed, with some adjustments, area feasible for use in prefabricated wooden panels in Brazil.

A tese aborda o significado da obra do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé, no contexto da cultura arquitetônica contemporânea internacional, buscando estabelecer paralelos e/ou vinculações com as produções de arquitetos como Norman Foster, Nicholas Grimshaw, Michael Hopkins, Renzo Piano, dentre outros. A partir das experiências do Centro de Tecnologia da Rede Sarah (CTRS), um núcleo de pesquisa inaugurado no ano de 1992 como o suporte ao desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de sistemas construtivos pré-fabricados aplicados na construção de edifícios públicos implantados em diversas capitais brasileiras, e a análise das obras realizadas a partir dos anos de 1990 no panorama europeu, sobretudo britânico, é possível perceber como as preocupações ideológicas, os procedimentos metodológicos, as concepções programáticas, as expressões formais e as inovações tecnológicas no trabalho de Lelé apontam a atualidade de seu trabalho e indicam a abertura de um horizonte promissor para a arquitetura contemporânea internacional. Demonstrar a vinculação do seu trabalho com as realizações recentes de arquitetos de renome, as grandes questões em debate na virada para o século 21 - como a alta tecnologia em arquitetura, eficiência energética, conforto ambiental, limites de recursos naturais, economia dos meios, sustentabilidade -, são fundamentos para o entendimento dos desígnios de uma arquitetura que se lança como expressão renovada por um novo conceito de modernidade. / This thesis expounds on the significance of the work of architect João Filgueiras Lima, popularly known as Lelé, in the context of contemporary international architectural culture, and aims to establish parallels and/or links between his work and that of architects like Norman Foster, Nicholas Grimshaw, Michael Hopkins and Renzo Piano, among others. By taking into account the experiences of the Sarah Network Technology Center (CTRS), a research center inaugurated in 1992 to support the development and improvement of pre-fabricated constructive systems implemented in the construction of public buildings in several Brazilian state capitals, and an analysis of work carried out in the European scene from the 1990s onwards (especially in Great Britain), it is possible to view ideological concerns, methodological procedures, programmatic concepts, formal expressions and technological innovation in Lelés work as proof of its modernity, thus pointing towards a promising new horizon for contemporary international architecture. Demonstrating the connection of his work to recent undertakings by renowned architects involving the great issues being debated at the turn of the 21st Century - such as high-technology in architecture, energy efficiency, environmental comfort, the limits of natural resources, the economy of means and sustainability - are fundamental in the understanding of the purposes of a form of architecture that is being heralded as the renewed expression of a new concept of modernity.

The potential for prefabrication has been sidelined by the process of the design>build>do-it-yourself model of building, maintaining and updating houses in New Zealand. Working from an industrial design perspective this research charts the possibility of a shift in home construction from site building towards factory-manufacture. Mindful of New Zealand’s creative, do-it-yourself heritage and personal rituals of homemaking, this study explores domestic ritual and the iterative nature of amateur home alterations. Just as we have the right to alter our own body’s surfaces so too should the homeowner have the ability to alter the surfaces and services they own and with which they interact. Flanked by the design-to-manufacture model promoted by industrial design and the emphasis on inhabiting and rearranging the home from spatial design a hybrid notion of housing design and production is put forward. Suggesting a product that deals affordably with the home’s surfaces and services, within the customs of daily and seasonal acts of maintenance in the home, offers an area of prefabrication that seems attainable for New Zealand interior.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur informationsflödet på en prefabriceringsfabrik fungerar, från konstruktion till produktion. Mer konkret inriktar den sig till att identifiera effektiva och ineffektiva steg i flödet samt förbättringsmöjligheter för att kunna optimera personalens dagliga arbete. Eftersom ingen tidigare kunskap kring var problemen inom informationsflödet på fallföretaget fanns, kunde inte någon teoretiskt koppling formuleras innan fallstudien var genomförd. Fallstudien utgjordes av metoderna observation och intervju där kvalitativ data insamlades. Observationen genomfördes för att kartlägga processen av informationsflödet på fallföretaget. Intervjuerna genomfördes för att få de anställdas åsikter och hitta vart problemen låg. Efter fallstudien kunde teoriområdena klargöras och en litteraturstudie utfördes. De problemområden som framgick utifrån undersökningen grundar sig främst i tidsbrist. Detta bland annat på grund av tidskrävande aktiviteter som manuell hantering vid uppförandet av tillverkningsritningar och revideringar i fallföretagets planeringar. Förbättringsförslaget författarna presenterar är därmed en uppgradering av ritprogram samt implementering av ett planeringssystem. Tidsbristen ansågs även leda till brister inom kommunikationen. Författarna anser att det, av olika skäl, är viktigt att behålla den personliga kontakten och komplettera denna med system. Studien ämnar sig till att bidra med kunskap kring hur ett informationsflöde på en prefabriceringsfabrik kan vara utformat. Den stärker teorier kring varför det är viktigt att behålla den fysiska kommunikationen när uppdaterade system implementeras. Den har vidare bidragit med förslag kring vilka delar som kan effektiviseras inom ett informationsflöde där prefabelement tillverkas. Arbetet begränsades till att enbart genomföras på en prefabriceringsfabrik och kollar bara på flödet mellan konstruktion till produktion. Inga ekonomiska aspekter har beaktats och endast ett företag har deltagit i undersökningen. / The study aimed to investigate how the information flow at an off-site fabrication is working, from design-stage to production. More specifically, it focus on identifying effective and ineffective parts in the information flow, along with improvement opportunities to optimize the personnel’s daily work. Since the authors had no knowledge about where the problems in the information flow at the company was, they were not able to create a theoretical framework before the case study was made. The case study involved observation and interviews. The observation was made to identify the process and information flow at the company. The interviews were made to get the knowledge about the personnel’s opinion and to locate where the problems in the information flow occurred. With the case study as a base the theoretical framework could be made with a literature study. The problem areas that emerged from the case study are all mainly based from the lack of time. This is partly due to the time-consuming activities such as manual handling in the making of production technical drawing and revision of planning documents. The improvement proposal the authors present is to upgrade the computer-aided design software and to implement a planning system. The authors also consider the lack of time as a reason for shortcomings in the communication. The improvement proposal the authors present for this is to keep the personal contact and to supplement it with a system. The study intends to contribute with knowledge about how an information flow at an off-site fabrication may look like. It reinforces theories about why it is important to keep the personal communication when a system upgrade are implemented. The study has also contributed in proposals in which parts of the information flow that have potential to become more effective at an off-site fabrication. The study was limited to an off-site fabrication and only the information flow between design-stage and production was included in the study. No economic aspects were considered and only one company has participated in the study.

La thèse porte sur le rapport entre industrialisation du bâtiment et préfabrication dans la construction scolaire en France. Cette relation suggère de comprendre les interactions de la pensée technique et de la politique publique avec l’organisation des processus de production. La période d’étude s’étend de 1951, premier témoin d’une politique industrialiste des plans d'équipement scolaire, à 1973 année de remise en cause de ce type de construction. Durant cette période l’industrialisation du bâtiment est considérée comme la seule solution pour répondre à une construction massive, moins chère et plus rapide. Dès lors, la trajectoire technologique de la préfabrication se subdivise en deux périodes, dévoilantla séparation de la conception technique (centralisée par la DESUS) de la réalisation(représentée par les procédés constructifs). Dans la première période (1951-1962), les architectes sont les auteurs des projets, dans la deuxième (1964-1973) ce sont les procédés les manifestations visibles. Ce parcours met donc en exergue deux logiques opposées :série et volume d’une part, diversité et flexibilité, d’autre part. Le croisement de sources diverses (revues, archives, documentation technique…) révèlent le rapport des différentes acteurs : architectes (de conception et d’opération), concepteurs-éducateurs, industriels entrepreneurs,maîtres d’ouvrage ministériels et ordonnateurs secondaires (contrôle technique). Cette recherche contribue ainsi à l’histoire de la préfabrication et de ses développements. Le bâtiment scolaire représente un excellent échantillon de cette période de maturité de l’industrialisation du bâtiment, postérieure à la Seconde Guerre mondiale lorsque la préfabrication faisait ses preuves. / This thesis examines the relationship between the industrialization of building methods andthe prefabrication of school buildings in France. This relationship relies on the interactionbetween technical reason and public policies with the organization of production processes.The boundary of this study begins in 1951, witnessed by a political drive to industrializeeducational establishments, until 1973 when this type of construction was put into question.During this period the industrialization of building methods was considered as the uniquesolution to the needs for mass production, cheaper and quicker. Subsequently, thetechnology of prefabrication occurred in two distinct periods, giving rise to the separationbetween conceptual design (centralized by the DESUS) and realization (represented byconstruction methods). In the first period (1951-1962), the architects are the authors of theprojects and in the second period (1964-1973) the construction methods are clearly visible.These events accentuate two logical opponents: mass production and series on one side,diversity and flexibility on the other. The encounter of such diverse sources (reviews,archives, technical documents) reveals the relationship between each domain: architects(design and operations), educational planners, industrial entrepreneurs, ministerial offices forconstruction and survey teams (technical controls). This research contributes to history ofprefabrication and its developments. The school building represents an excellent example ofthe evolution of construction methods when prefabrication was making its mark in the wakeof the Second World War.

Purpose: A fear of change has been in the Swedish construction industry. Errors and delays are seen as obstacles to development in the construction industry. Industrial construction means more automated manufacturing, which places higher demands on the design. The design stage is the bottleneck for industrial construction with 2D technology. BIM with its information management provides increased coordination, resulting in a number of improvements. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how the design of small house manufacturers is transformed by a transition to BIM from 2D technology. Method: In order to respond to the goal, the thesis has been based on a case study with the data collection methods observation, experiment and focus group. With observations, students have studied how design with 2D technology looks today for small house manufacturers. The experiment provided an in-depth analysis of how design with BIM can be used. In order to analyze how BIM changes the design, focus group from the company has been used. Findings: The thesis shows that design with 2D technology for small house manufacturers works but that a number of improvements can be made. With BIM, small house manufacturers can streamline their design in time and dependency. BIM improves total design time, but also for each task. BIM helps the information to be handled and used more easily, and that information loss is reduced. Implications: Results show that BIM can streamline the entire design process and is applicable to the small house industry. The workload and time are positively affected by the use of BIM. Each individual planner benefits from BIM in terms of time and addiction. As the design process is not changed but only streamlined, a possible transition becomes easier. Limitations: This thesis is limited to design for small house manufacturers who use prefabrication. / Syfte: En rädsla för förändring har funnits inom den svenska byggbranschen. Fel och förseningar ses som hinder för utveckling i byggbranschen. Industriellt byggande innebär en mer automatiserad tillverkning vilket ställer högre krav på projekteringen. Projekteringen utgör flaskhalsen för industriellt byggande med 2D-teknik. BIM med dess informationshantering ger en ökad samordning, vilket resulterar i en rad förbättringar. Syftet med detta examensarbetet är analysera hur projekteringen för småhustillverkare förändras av en övergång till BIM från 2D-teknik. Metod: För att svara på målet har examensarbetet utgått från en fallstudie med datainsamlingsmetoderna observation, experiment samt fokusgrupp. Med observationer har studenterna studerat hur projekteringen med 2D-teknik ser ut idag för småhustillverkare. Experimentet gav möjlighet till en fördjupad analys om hur projektering med BIM kan användas. För att analysera hur BIM förändrar projekteringen har fokusgrupp från företaget använts.     Resultat: Examensarbetet visar att projektering med 2D-teknik för småhustillverkare fungerar men att en rad förbättringar kan ske. Med BIM kan småhustillverkare effektivera sin projektering både i tid samt beroende. BIM förbättrar den totala projekteringstiden men även för varje arbetsuppgift. BIM bidrar till att informationen lättare kan hanteras och användas samt att informationsförlusterna minskar.   Konsekvenser: Resultatet visar att BIM kan effektivisera hela projekteringsprocessen och är applicerbart för småhusindustrin. Arbetsbelastningen och tid påverkas positivt vid en användningen av BIM. Varje enskild projektör har nytta av BIM i form av tid samt beroende. Då projekteringsprocessen ej ändras utan endast effektiviseras blir en eventuell övergång lättare. Begränsningar: Detta examensarbete begränsar sig endast till projektering för småhustillverkare som använder sig av prefabricering.