Natural disasters are increasing in both number and severity, causing the number of people being displaced by disaster to rise as well. Hurricane Katrina provides a particularly poignant example of the human impact of disaster, and of inadequate disaster response, especially where housing is concerned. The Federal Emergency Management Agency’s response to Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans exposed a gap in the approach to housing survivors of natural disasters, especially at the interim housing level. The FEMA trailer - which was only intended to house survivors temporarily but, in many cases, became a long term housing solution, - provided shelter for survivors, but did not account for their psychological well-being. The loss of one’s home can be a traumatic experience, as people identify their sense of self with their home. Therefore, it is crucial to reinstate this sense of home, and in turn provide continuity to the sense of self, early on in the recovery process. Rebuilding after a natural disaster is a long process. Because of this, disaster housing needs to be able to evoke a sense of home and ownership so that inhabitants can connect with their environment and reinstate their daily routines. This helps them to rebuild their lives. The proposed project attempts to do this by allowing for flexibility and choice in both the design and daily use of the house. The house transitions from temporary to permanent housing, allowing for a dialogue between inhabitant and environment to begin early on in the recovery process, and to persist. The design is informed by theories on place making, elements of home, dwelling, as well as loss and the grieving process.

Natural disasters are increasing in both number and severity, causing the number of people being displaced by disaster to rise as well. Hurricane Katrina provides a particularly poignant example of the human impact of disaster, and of inadequate disaster response, especially where housing is concerned. The Federal Emergency Management Agency’s response to Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans exposed a gap in the approach to housing survivors of natural disasters, especially at the interim housing level. The FEMA trailer - which was only intended to house survivors temporarily but, in many cases, became a long term housing solution, - provided shelter for survivors, but did not account for their psychological well-being. The loss of one’s home can be a traumatic experience, as people identify their sense of self with their home. Therefore, it is crucial to reinstate this sense of home, and in turn provide continuity to the sense of self, early on in the recovery process. Rebuilding after a natural disaster is a long process. Because of this, disaster housing needs to be able to evoke a sense of home and ownership so that inhabitants can connect with their environment and reinstate their daily routines. This helps them to rebuild their lives. The proposed project attempts to do this by allowing for flexibility and choice in both the design and daily use of the house. The house transitions from temporary to permanent housing, allowing for a dialogue between inhabitant and environment to begin early on in the recovery process, and to persist. The design is informed by theories on place making, elements of home, dwelling, as well as loss and the grieving process.

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-30T19:40:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGIS.pdf: 3988333 bytes, checksum: a681d0f291f122eb333cf27b8bd8845b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T18:53:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGIS.pdf: 3988333 bytes, checksum: a681d0f291f122eb333cf27b8bd8845b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T18:53:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGIS.pdf: 3988333 bytes, checksum: a681d0f291f122eb333cf27b8bd8845b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T18:53:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGIS.pdf: 3988333 bytes, checksum: a681d0f291f122eb333cf27b8bd8845b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The estimated housing deficit in Brazil was 5.6 million in 2008, in which 83.5% was in urban areas, wherein to meet such demand there is a need for industrialized construction. Prefabricated building systems with precast panels for residential buildings were largely applied in Europe after the Second World War and it has been applied recently in countries of Latin America and Asia. Although construction companies have been using building systems with precast panels for affordable housing in Brazil since the 80´s, the absence of a prescriptive code of practice for design of precast panels demands certification for each system, which needs to meet the performance requirements according to ABNT-NBR 15575:2013. In order to increase the application of prefabricated systems a new Brazilian Code of Practice for Precast Panels, based on international codes, has been concluded and it is now waiting for final approval. In order to achieve optimum performance, constructability and sustainability of the building project there is a need for integration between architectural and structural designs, as well the interaction between product and production, starting from product development based on the analysis of added value for each project until the rationalization of the processes. The level of prefabrication depends on the number and repetition of units. The aim of this research is to identify and define design guidelines based on performance for building systems with precast concrete panels for residential buildings. The literature revision was carried out starting from international references and codes until the study of the Brazilian codes of practice, including the new code for precast concrete panels. In addition, the research presents the main types of panels and typologies for residential buildings with potential to be applied in Brazil. Finally, an example of performance based design for precast concrete panels is presented with some discussions. This study demonstrate that architects and structural engineers can now design building systems with precast panels based on the new codes of practice and numeric simulations without the need of further tests for certification. / O déficit habitacional no Brasil era de 5,6 milhões em 2008, sendo 83,5% na área urbana, onde para atender esta demanda seria necessário o emprego da construção industrializada. Sistemas construtivos com painéis pré-moldados para residências foram amplamente aplicados na Europa após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, e também têm sido aplicados recentemente em países da América Latina e Ásia. Embora construtoras venham utilizando sistemas com painéis pré-moldados para habitações no Brasil desde a década de 80, a falta de normas prescritivas para projeto em painéis demanda certificações para cada sistema, que precisam atender aos requisitos de desempenho conforme a ABNT NBR 15575:2013. Com o objetivo de aumentar a aplicação de sistemas pré-fabricados, uma nova norma de prescrições brasileira, baseada em referências técnicas e normativas internacionais, foi concluída e aguarda sua aprovação final. Somente com integração entre os projetos das diferentes disciplinas é possível obter uma otimização de desempenho, construtibilidade e sustentabilidade da edificação, mas também deve haver a interação de projeto enquanto produto e produção, partindo do desenvolvimento do produto, com análise do valor agregado para cada solução de projeto até a racionalização do processo de produção, onde o nível de pré-fabricação depende do número e repetição das unidades a serem empreendidas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e sistematizar diretrizes de projeto com base no desempenho para sistemas construtivos em painéis pré-moldados de concreto, com aplicação em edifícios habitacionais. A revisão da literatura foi desenvolvida a partir das referências e normas internacionais, passando pelo estudo de normas brasileiras, incluindo o projeto de norma de painéis pré-moldados de concreto. Além disso, esta pesquisa apresenta os principais tipos de painéis e principais tipologias com potencial de aplicação para construções residenciais no Brasil. Finalmente, apresenta-se um exemplo de aplicação de avaliação de desempenho com a discussão de alguns resultados. Este estudo demonstra que arquitetos e engenheiros estruturais poderão, com a aprovação da nova normalização brasileira, desenvolver projetos com painéis pré-moldados em concreto com base em prescrições técnicas e simulações numéricas, sem a necessidade de se realizar novos ensaios para certificação para cada nova aplicação de sistemas construtivos pré-fabricados com painéis.

The diploma thesis focuses on shape optimization and then on determining of strength of straw bane panels. The thesis aims to maximize the load-bearing capacity of the panels and using static calculation and laboratory testing to prove usability of panels in construction of buildings. From the acquired maximal load values for each panel the technical data sheets were created. Values in the technical data sheets were evaluated on FEM model of a simple house. The model proved applicability and reliability of straw bane panels in construction of buildings.

This Diploma Thesis deals with the panel housing estate Brno Bohunice built in 1972 – 1989. A special attention is devoted to public space between the Moldavska and Ukrajinska streets. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis outlines the history of panel housing estates from their inception to the present. Further, it deals with public space and regeneration of panel housing estates. There follows an overview of the panel housing estate Bohunice and its brief development. The practical part focuses on an analysis of the selected area. On this basis the urban concept of regeneration of the defined area is articulated. The aim of the proposal is to create functional and sustainable public space in the area of the panel housing estate Bohunice. Ideally, this work could become a basis and impulse for the regeneration of public spaces in the Bohunice housing estate, as well as in other panel housing estates in the Czech Republic. The aim of the thesis is to outline the complex issues of public spaces of panel housing estates and the possibilities of their improvement.

Prefabricering av väggelement är en byggmetod under stark framväxt i byggandet av småhus de senaste decennierna. Kostnadseffektiviteten nämns ofta som ett skäl till att prefabricering av småhus har en sådan stor framväxt. Samtidigt har miljö- och klimatfrågan växt och då byggsektorn står för en stor del av Sveriges koldioxidutsläpp krävs det att byggsektorn ställer om till ett allt med hållbart byggande. Detta examensarbete har undersökt denna kostnadseffektivitet och hur och om en går att kombinera med ett hållbart byggande och sedan jämfört detta med platsbyggda väggar i trä. Underlag har tagits fram i samarbete med Skidstahus som producerar prefabricerade väggelement i fabriksmiljö och underlag från Derome Hus AB/ VarbergsHus vad berör småhus i lösvirke. En kostnadsjämförelse av de två byggmetoderna visar att de prefabricerade väggelement som Skidstahus framställer är mer kostnadseffektiva och det beror till stor del på att arbetstiden effektiviseras. Till viss del visar examensarbetet att materialanvändningen även resurs effektiviseras vid Skidstahus produktion och resulterar i mindre spill som därmed gynnar ett hållbart byggande. Andra viktiga aspekter för hållbarhet och livslängd såsom fukt och lufttäthet visar att prefabricerade väggar har utmaningar då skarvar och anslutningar måste vara väl utförda. Samtidigt innebär arbetet i fabriksmiljö att risken för fuktproblem minskar då det ger ett skydd för klimat och väder. Detta är medför även att byggarbetarna får en god och vältempererad arbetsmiljö. Däremot finns frågetecken kring hur byggande med prefabricerade väggelement påverkar miljön i form av transporter i förhållandet till platsbyggda väggar av lösvirke, då transporter till och från fabrik krävs. Utöver detta påverkar byggmetoden hur gestaltning och arkitektur utförs då ett platsbyggt hus i trä enklare går att utföra med valfri gestaltning. Analyserna visar sammanfattningsvis att användandet av prefabricerade väggelement i trä reducerar byggkostnader samtidigt som det kan bidra till ett hållbart byggande. Det krävs dock ytterligare studier för att jämföra den beräknade livslängden på prefabricerade väggar och platsbyggda. / Prefabrication of wood wall elements in construction of villas and terraced houses is a building method undergoing growth in recent decades. Cost efficiency is often cited as a reason why prefabrication has undergone such a large growth. At the same time, the issue of environmental impact and climate change has grown. As the construction sector accounts for a large part of Sweden's carbon dioxide emissions, the construction sector needs to become more sustainable. This thesis has examined this cost-effectiveness and if it is possible to combine with environmental sustainability. To examine this more thoroughly a comparison is made with in site-built timber-framed constructed walls. The thesis has been conducted in collaboration with Skidstahus, which produces prefabricated wall elements in a factory environment, especially for data collection. Information and data have also been collected from Varbergshus / Derome producing houses in site-built timber-framed building. A cost comparison of the building methods shows that the prefabricated wall elements manufactured by Skidstahus are more cost-effective, which can be linked to work efficiency. To some extent, the thesis also shows that material use can be optimized at Skidstahus production and therefore results in less waste, which thus reduces environmental impact. Other important factors for durability and accounted life span is the building method’s ability to handle migration of moisture and airtightness. The thesis shows that prefabricated walls have challenges, as joints and connections must be well designed. At the same time, factory production allows an environment which can reduce risk of migration of moisture as it provides protection for climate and weather impact. Another aspect is that it provides a good and well-tempered work environment for the construction worker. On the other hand, it is questionable whether the use of prefabricated wall elements affects the environment as it may increase the need of transportation in relation to on site-built timber-framed walls, as transport to and from the factory is required. In addition, the prefabricated method could influence how design and architecture is carried out while a wood house made from stick timber is more easily modified. In summary, the analysis show that the use of prefabricated wood wall elements reduces building costs while at the same time it can contribute to environmental sustainability. However, further studies are required to compare the estimated life span of the two compared building methods.

O presente estudo analisa a rede de fóruns modulares produzidos pelo extinto Departamento de Obras Públicas do Estado de São Paulo - DOP - entre os anos de 1969 e 1975. Tem como objetivo avaliar se os projetos padronizados (ou normatizados), F, F1, F2 e F3, respondiam aos parâmetros convencionais de produção do Departamento, ou se existiu uma aproximação programática com os ideários da arquitetura moderna, envolvendo, quer do ponto de vista da sua dimensão social, quer da sua componente estética, a racionalização da produção e/ou a industrialização da construção, solicitando a modulação de todos seus elementos e componentes - constituindo-se, assim, como possibilidade da ampliação quantitativa de um bem, tal como a habitação, ou de uma rede de serviços: educação, saúde e, no caso específico, o acesso ao judiciário. Nesse sentido, a análise pondera sobre a continuidade da produção de fóruns de justiça, a partir do Plano de Ação Carvalho Pinto - PAGE, (1959-1963), período no qual os edifícios públicos foram projetados por arquitetos, em boa parte, comprometidos com a arquitetura moderna em São Paulo. O mesmo período tornou-se significativo para a produção moderna no Estado e, ao mesmo tempo, renovou-se a produção dos edifícios públicos do judiciário. Por último, nota-se que o DOP teve sua estrutura operacional e administrativa reformulada sob a orientação da equipe técnica do Governo do Estado. / The present study analyzes the network of modular forums produced by the former Department of Public Works of the São Paulos State - DOP -between the years 1969 and 1975. Assessing the extent to which these standardized designs (or normalized) \'F, F1, F1, F2 e F3\' responded to conventional parameters of the production department, in implementation of a network of services: education, health, and, in this case, access to justice, with some programmatic approach with the ideals of modern architecture, involving the social dimension , the aesthetic component, the standardization of projects, not considering the rationalization of production and/or the industrialization of construction. Thus, the analysis sticks to the continuities and ruptures of the production of Forums from Plano de Ação Carvalho Pinto - PAGE -(1959/1963), time in which public buildings were designed by architects largely committed to modern architecture in São Paulo, and that constituted a significant moment of modern production in the state, while the building of public buildings of the judiciary section was renewed and the DOP had its operational and management structure reformulated under the guidance of the technical staff of the State Government.

O presente estudo analisa a rede de fóruns modulares produzidos pelo extinto Departamento de Obras Públicas do Estado de São Paulo - DOP - entre os anos de 1969 e 1975. Tem como objetivo avaliar se os projetos padronizados (ou normatizados), F, F1, F2 e F3, respondiam aos parâmetros convencionais de produção do Departamento, ou se existiu uma aproximação programática com os ideários da arquitetura moderna, envolvendo, quer do ponto de vista da sua dimensão social, quer da sua componente estética, a racionalização da produção e/ou a industrialização da construção, solicitando a modulação de todos seus elementos e componentes - constituindo-se, assim, como possibilidade da ampliação quantitativa de um bem, tal como a habitação, ou de uma rede de serviços: educação, saúde e, no caso específico, o acesso ao judiciário. Nesse sentido, a análise pondera sobre a continuidade da produção de fóruns de justiça, a partir do Plano de Ação Carvalho Pinto - PAGE, (1959-1963), período no qual os edifícios públicos foram projetados por arquitetos, em boa parte, comprometidos com a arquitetura moderna em São Paulo. O mesmo período tornou-se significativo para a produção moderna no Estado e, ao mesmo tempo, renovou-se a produção dos edifícios públicos do judiciário. Por último, nota-se que o DOP teve sua estrutura operacional e administrativa reformulada sob a orientação da equipe técnica do Governo do Estado. / The present study analyzes the network of modular forums produced by the former Department of Public Works of the São Paulos State - DOP -between the years 1969 and 1975. Assessing the extent to which these standardized designs (or normalized) \'F, F1, F1, F2 e F3\' responded to conventional parameters of the production department, in implementation of a network of services: education, health, and, in this case, access to justice, with some programmatic approach with the ideals of modern architecture, involving the social dimension , the aesthetic component, the standardization of projects, not considering the rationalization of production and/or the industrialization of construction. Thus, the analysis sticks to the continuities and ruptures of the production of Forums from Plano de Ação Carvalho Pinto - PAGE -(1959/1963), time in which public buildings were designed by architects largely committed to modern architecture in São Paulo, and that constituted a significant moment of modern production in the state, while the building of public buildings of the judiciary section was renewed and the DOP had its operational and management structure reformulated under the guidance of the technical staff of the State Government.

Byggindustrin har problem med stora kvalitetsbristkostnader, förutom att organisationer jobbar på ett reaktivt sätt gällande kvalitet identifieras sällan rotorsaken till uppkomna kvalitetsbristkostnader. Tillverkningsindustrin har under många år jobbat med att komma till bukt med kvalitetsbrister och har utvecklat metoder för att förebygga uppkomsten av kvalitetsbrister. Förbättringsmetoder som DMAIC och PDCA anses vara generella metoder som är lämpade för alla organisationer och industrier. Trots att dessa metoder påvisats ha positiv verkan för organisationers kvalitetsarbete finns det enligt akademiska skrifter brist på systematiska arbeten mot bättre kvalitet inom byggindustrin. För att undersöka och testa systematiskt förbättringsarbete inom byggindustrin utfördes en fallstudie på ett företag inom industriellt byggande. Fallföretaget för studien producerade prefabricerade betongelement. Genom att utföra ett DMAIC-projekt på Fallföretaget undersökte studien möjligheten att applicera metodiken och dess verktyg. Studien utgick från en kategorisering av Fallföretagets kvalitetsbristkostnader för att finna områden för förbättring. Syftet med studien var således att undersöka möjligheten att använda kategorisering av kvalitetsbristkostnader som avstamp för systematiskt förbättringsarbete inom industriellt byggande. Genom kategoriseringen av kvalitetsbristkostnader kunde studien använda paretodiagram för att finna de största kostnaderna för företaget. Utifrån de mest kostsamma kvalitetsbristerna undersöktes dess härkomst genom produktionsmätningar. Från produktionsmätningarna upprättades styrdiagram och en duglighetsanalys utfördes. Genom produktionsmätningarna konstaterades att de kvalitetsbristkostnader som kategoriserats hade delvis inte sin uppkomst i produktionen. Därav misstänktes bristfälliga processer innan produktion som eventuell orsak till kvalitetsbristkostnaderna. Utifrån studien presenterades olika rekommendationer som delades upp i produktionsförbättringar och organisationsförbättringar. Organisationsförbättringarna berörde de kringliggande processerna som inte är en del av produktionen. Förslagen var att investera i teknik för kvalitetssäkring av produkterna i produktion. Studien rekommenderade även förslag på förbättringar som inte krävde investering. Så som referensmätningar och formjusteringar samt visuell styrning och planering. På organisationsförbättringar rekommenderades att utveckla och strukturera projektledningsprocessen och konstruktionsprocessen, vilket var de processer som identifierats som potentiella källor till kvalitetsbristkostnaderna. Studien kunde genom insamlade data i form av intervjuer och observationer tillsammans med en litteraturstudie konstatera att byggindustrin idag arbetar på ett reaktivt sätt med kvalitet. Därav förespråkar studien att byggindustrin arbetar med ett mer förbyggande arbetssätt för att nå kvalitet. Studien kunde även konstatera att ett DMAIC-projekt med utgångspunkt att kategorisera kvalitetsbristkostnader bidrar till att finna förbättringsområden för en organisation inom industriellt byggande. Arbetet i sin helhet bidrar även till att skapa en bättre förståelse för hur kvalitetsarbete kan appliceras inom industriellt byggande.

The use of temporary, prefabricated buildings in Britain during the twentieth century arose from wartime need to provide better, and perhaps more importantly, portable shelter for troops and equipment. This thesis provides the first comprehensive list of hut designs for the First and Second World Wars. The full lists and descriptions of each hut are given in the appendices. These lists, 20 types for the First World War and 52 from the Second World War, show the huge range and scope of the huts used and is the major contribution of this thesis. The concentration here is on generic types. Some huts were designed as one-offs and there is no possible way to catalogue these. This thesis has focused instead on those designs or industrially-produced types, which were meant to be produced en-masse as generic solutions to the problem: the sort of hut that might justifiably be given a name (such as a ‘Tarran’, a ‘Seco’, etc.). This thesis provides essential information enabling historians to be able to identify these types. It uses primary and secondary sources to trace the development of these huts and the effect that wartime shortages had on their design. Beginning with the earliest examples of temporary military building, it then focuses on the huts of the First and Second World Wars followed by a study of huts grouped in chapters by material. This research shows that the wartime period pushed industry to make giant leaps forward with construction methods and materials in just a few short years, where otherwise it may have taken decades. This thesis aims to provide the first overview of this process and to enable future researchers to identify and understand the development of these important wartime structures, many of which survive to this day.