The present thesis focusses on the structure of PP's in English and Polish, and the occurrence of PP's in subject and object positions. The main theoretical references are the X-bar Theory of syntactic categories and the Government Binding framework (GB). A consideration of English data corroborates Jackendoff's and Emonds' claim that apart from an NP, prepositions can take a PP and an S′ complement or no complement at all, though details of Jackendoff's analysis are revised. Polish prepositions allow the same range of complements, including no complement, although,with a greater variety of complex prepositions and with intransitive prepositions modified by relative and appositive clauses, the P-PP and the P-S′ structures are less common in Polish than in English. Subject and object PP's have so far received little attention. Like PP objects of prepositions, they are used if the intended meaning cannot be expressed by a suitable NP. The appearance of subject PP's in raising and passive sentences poses a problem for classical Transformational Grammar, though not for a slightly revised version of GB – another category-based framework. The analysis proposed here involves a particular view of the representation of Case, and a revised Case Filter. The Case Filter rules out not merely any lexical NP with no Case but any lexical XP which requires Case but has not been assigned Case. Thus, the properties of being an NP and requiring Case are independent of each other. It emerges from the investigation (i) that prepositions in English and Polish are more alike than one might expect, given the obvious differences between the two languages; (ii) that prepositions and PP's are like verbs and VP's – as Jackendoff emphasizes – but in some respects they show greater resemblance to other categories; and (iii) that syntactic categories are less important for the distribution of phrases than is commonly assumed, and that the meaning of phrases is of central importance for their distribution.

Verhandeling ingelewer vir die graad Magister in die Lettere en Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit van Zululand, 2000. / Eng =: In this thesis I report the results of a survey that I made of the contributions that linguists had made in the course of the previous century regarding the description of the Afrikaans prepositional phrase construction. My research revealed that the first generation of Afrikaans linguists for ideological reasons were preoccupied with the origin and development of Afrikaans, and that Afrikaans prepositions were only referred to during discussions regarding the extent to which Afrikaans was considered to be a pure Germanic language, or a creolised language that obtained its characteristic features at the southern tip of Africa under the influence of contact languages such as Malay-Portuguese and Khoe. My research further revealed that De Villiers and Raidt were the first of the second generation Afrikaans linguists that understood that prepositions were constituents of a grammatical construction, the prepositional phrase construc¬tion. My main finding was that Ponelis is the central figure in the description of the grammar of Afrikaans, and that he made the biggest contribution to the description of the Afrikaans prepositional phrase construction in that capacity. Finally I concluded that De Wet and De Stadler are transitional figures to a new approach, according to which prepositions are characterised as elements of case grammar. Of De Stadler I concluded that his work on the Afrikaans partitative construction and the Afrikaans dative construction have created a bridge for analysing the Afrikaans prepositional phase construction within an emerging new approach, Cognitive Grammar. Afri: = In hierdie verhandeling doen ek verslag oor 'n bestekoJlname wat ek gemaak het van die bydraes wat taalkundiges in die loop van die vorige eeu gemaak het t.o.v. die beskrywing van die Afrikaanse setselgroep. My navorsing het aan die lig gebring dat die eerste generasie Afrikaanse talkumliges om ideologiese redes gemoeid was met die ontstaansgeskiedenis van Afrikaans, en dat Afrikaanse setsels slegs ter sprake gekom het tydens besprekings oor die mate waarin Mrikaans 'n suiwer Germaanse taal sou wees, of 'n gekreoliseerde taal wat aan die suidpunt van Afrika onder invloed van kontaktale soos Maleis-Portugees en Khoekoens sy kenmerkende taaleienskappe gekry het. Verder het my navoring aan die lig gebring dat De Villiers en Raidt die eerste taalkundiges van die tweede generasie was wat getoon het dat setsels as konstituente van 'n bepaalde grammatikale struktuur,die setselgroep, gebruik word. My hootbevinding is dat Ponelis die hooffiguur in die beskrywing van die grammatika van Afrikaans is en dat hy in daardie hoedanigheid die grootste bydrae gelewer het tot die beskrywing van die Mrikaanse setselgroep. Laastens het ek bevind dat De Wet en De Stadler oorgangsfigure is na 'n nuwe benadering waarvolgens setseIgroepe as deel van die kasusgrammatika beskryf word. Gor De Stadler het ek bevind dat sy werk oor die Afrikaanse partitietkonstruksie en die Afrikaanse datietkonstruksie 'n brug skep vir die bestudering van die Mrikaanse setselgroep binne 'n ontwikkelende nuwe benadering, die Kognitiewe Grammatika. / National Research Foundation (NRF),

The present diploma thesis is concerned with English non-prepositional equivalents of the Czech v/ve and z/ze prepositional phrases. This type of equivalent is found in approximately 20% of cases (Klégr et al., 2011). The thesis shows that some of the divergent equivalents are conditioned lexically (different valency of the Czech and English verb), while others, being of systemic nature, are related to typological differences between Czech and English. Among the systemic counterparts are particularly English locative subjects in sentence-initial position correspoding to Czech adverbials, and English premodification by a noun translated into Czech as postmodification by a prepositional phrase. Material for the analytical part was extracted from the "Core" of the parallel corpus InterCorp, consisting of original Czech fiction texts and their English translations. A total of more than 200 divergent counterparts of both Czech prepositional phrases was collected.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-212). / This dissertation develops a form of relativism in which propositions are treated as sets of world-time-individual triples, in contrast to standard views that treat them as sets of worlds or world-time pairs. This builds on existing proposals for predicates of personal taste such as fun and tasty, and has ties to approaches to de se attitudes involving centered worlds. I develop an accompanying pragmatic view in which the context set is similarly construed as a set of world-time-individual triples. The semantic and pragmatic systems together are used to account for the behavior of predicates of personal taste, epistemic modals, indicative conditionals, and a variety of attitude reports, including control constructions. I also explore ways that this account can help solve puzzles related to Moore's paradox. To give one concrete example, I propose that the proposition expressed by the sentence it might be raining is the set of world-time-individual triples <w,t,x> such that it's compatible with x's knowledge in w at t that it's raining. On the pragmatic side, a speaker is justified in asserting this sentence in a conversation if it is compatible with the speaker's own knowledge that it's raining; by asserting it, though, the speaker is making the stronger proposal to make it common ground that it is compatible with the knowledge of the entire group of conversational participants that it's raining. If this proposal is accepted by the other participants, then the group will have established that their knowledge states are aligned in a particular way. I introduce the core semantic and pragmatic proposals in Chapter 2, focusing on epistemic modals, predicates of personal taste, and belief reports. / (cont.) In Chapter 3, I extend the analysis to indicative conditionals, showing that this solves longstanding puzzles involving the relationship between conditionals and disjunction. In Chapter 4, I extend the approach to certain control constructions, with a special emphasis on capturing their de se interpretation. In Chapter 5, I look at two puzzles related to Moore's paradox, with special attention to the meaning of imagine. / by Tamina C. Stephenson. / Ph.D.

Submitted by Fabio Henrique de Carvalho Bertonha null (bertonha.tradutor@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-09T19:12:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Bertonha_final correto.pdf: 1390555 bytes, checksum: 8ac12bde0223b3326acd29aba930ca02 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-03-12T18:13:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bertonha_fhc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1390555 bytes, checksum: 8ac12bde0223b3326acd29aba930ca02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T18:13:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bertonha_fhc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1390555 bytes, checksum: 8ac12bde0223b3326acd29aba930ca02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho propõe, primeiramente, analisar locuções adverbiais e prepositivas compostas por „a‟, „de‟ e „em‟; em seguida, propor um dicionário especial na direção português-italiano, da macro à microestrutura. Apoiados em Berruto (1979), Ilari e Geraldi (1985), Tamba-Mecz (2006), Oliveira (2012) e Regueiro Rodríguez (2013), acreditamos que duas ou mais palavras podem ser consideradas como sinônimas em uma língua se forem intercambiáveis em um dado contexto, sem provocar alteração de sentido, em outro. Uma vez que assumimos a equivalência entre as línguas como condição sine qua non para a elaboração de dicionários bilíngues, delineamos um verbete-modelo, que inclui contextos de uso a fim de atestar a ocorrência das locuções adverbiais e prepositivas deste estudo. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, consideramos 154 itens lexicais que estão presentes no Dicionário Houaiss: Sinônimos e Antônimos (2011). Com relação à busca dos equivalentes em italiano, observamos a semelhança na descrição das locuções adverbiais e prepositivas em dicionários italianos monolíngues e bilíngues, bem como em dicionários brasileiros. Além disso, legitimamos o uso da(s) locução(ões) equivalente(s) por meio de motores de busca na internet. Desse modo, verificamos a correspondência das ocorrências sinonímicas, ou melhor, se os contextos de uso na língua-fonte e na língua-alvo eram os mesmos. Se por um lado, nossos resultados demonstraram a presença de equivalentes sinonímicos como locuções adverbiais e prepositivas, por outro lado, também indicaram a recorrência de advérbios terminados em „-mente‟, funcionando como sinónimos de nosso objeto de pesquisa, tanto em português quanto em italiano (ambos, inter- e intralinguisticamente). Com isso, destacamos a importância da sinonímia como fenômeno linguístico, particularmente, para tradutores, pois pode conduzi-los a equivalentes mais apropriados para um contexto particular. Por fim, tendo como proposta ulterior a elaboração de um dicionário bilíngue, apresentamos 119 verbetes nos quais estão distribuídas 99 locuções adverbiais e 29 locuções prepositivas constituídas pelas preposições „a‟, „de‟ e „em‟. / This study aims, firstly, to analyse adverbial and prepositional phrases composed of ‘a’, ‘de’ and ‘em’; secondly, to propose a Portuguese-Italian special dictionary, from its macrostructure to its microstructure. Based on Berruto (1979), Ilari and Geraldi (1985), Tamba-Mecz (2006), Oliveira (2012) and Regueiro Rodríguez (2013), we affirm that two or more words can be considered as synonymous in a language if they are interchangeable in a given context, without meaning alteration, in another. Once we assume as sine qua non condition for the elaboration of bilingual dictionaries the equivalence between languages, we delineate a prototype entry, which includes contexts of use in order to certify the occurrence of adverbial and prepositional phrases in study. For the development of this research, we consider 154 itens that are present in the Dicionário Houaiss: Sinônimos e Antônimos (2011). Concerning the search for the Italian equivalents, we observe the similarity in the description of adverbial and prepositional phrases in bilingual and monolingual Italian dictionaries, as well as in Brazilian dictionaries. Moreover, we legitimate the use of the equivalent phrase(s) by means of web search engines. Thus, we verify the correspondence of synonymic occurrences, or rather, if the contexts of use in source and target languages are the same. If, on one hand, our results demonstrate the presence of synonymic equivalents as adverbial and prepositional phrases, on the other hand, they also indicate the recurrence of adverbs ending in –mente functioning as synonyms of our research object, both in Portuguese and Italian (both inter- and intra-linguistically). For this reason, we highlight the importance of synonymy as a language phenomenon, especially for translators, since it can conduce them to the most appropriate equivalents in a particular context. Finally, having as an ulterior purpose the elaboration of a bilingual dictionary, we present 119 entries in which are included 99 adverbial phrases and 29 prepositional phrases composed of ‘a’, ‘de’ and ‘em’.

The object of this dissertation is the expression of space in Mikalojus Daukša’s Postilla (1599). It is limited to the semantic analysis of the four postpositional local cases, their distribution, and their relationship to their functional equivalents (prepositions, genitive and dative cases). The research is based on the conception of linguistic units as natural categories. Postpositional locatives are treated as multifunctional cases possessing a number of various use types that differ in status: some are prototypical, other are located in the periphery of the case. A semasiological analysis of each postpositional local case is performed starting from their concrete spatial use types and then going into their abstract domains. The use types and category structure of each postpositional locative are systematically described. The analysis of each case is followed by an onomasiological investigation aiming to analyze the semantic distribution between prepositional phrases and postpositional locatives. It is shown that they profile different aspects of the encoded spatial scenes. Since Daukša’s Postilla is a translation from Polish (Postilla katolicka mnieysza by Jakob Wujek, 1590), the influence of the Polish original is also evaluated. / Disertacijoje aprašoma vietos raiška Mikalojaus Daukšos Postilėje (1599), dėl plačios vietos raiškos priemonių sistemos apsiribojant postpozicinių vietininkų ir jų funkcinių ekvivalentų (prielinksninių junginių ar vietos reikšme vartojamų linksnių) analize. Tyrime laikomasi kognityvinės poliseminių kalbos vienetų reikšmės sampratos: vietininko reikšmę sudaro tarpusavyje susiję vartosenos tipai, kurių vieni yra būdingesni, prototipiškesni, o kiti – esantys linksnio reikšmių periferijoje. Disertacijoje sistemiškai aprašomos visos postpozicinių vietininkų reikšmės ir išskiriami vietos reikšmės tipai: tai leidžia verifikuoti tradicinį požiūrį, kad postpoziciniai vietininkai yra vietos linksniai. Atlikus kiekvieno postpozicinio vietininko semasiologinę analizę (išskyrus vartosenos tipus bei nustačius, kiek jų susiję su vietos raiška), einama onomasiologine kryptimi – apibrėžiamas kiekvieno postpozicinio vietininko ir jo funkcinių ekvivalentų santykis, išryškinant kalbamųjų raiškos priemonių semantinius skirtumus. Disertacijoje nustatyta vertimo šaltinio (Jokūbo Wujeko Postilla katolicka mnieysza, 1590) įtaka Daukšos Postilės vietos raiškos sintagmoms, apibrėžtas postpozicinių vietininkų tarpusavio santykis ir įvertinti literatūroje nurodomi šių linksnių painiojimo atvejai.

Disertacijoje aprašoma vietos raiška Mikalojaus Daukšos Postilėje (1599), dėl plačios vietos raiškos priemonių sistemos apsiribojant postpozicinių vietininkų ir jų funkcinių ekvivalentų (prielinksninių junginių ar vietos reikšme vartojamų linksnių) analize. Tyrime laikomasi kognityvinės poliseminių kalbos vienetų reikšmės sampratos: vietininko reikšmę sudaro tarpusavyje susiję vartosenos tipai, kurių vieni yra būdingesni, prototipiškesni, o kiti – esantys linksnio reikšmių periferijoje. Disertacijoje sistemiškai aprašomos visos postpozicinių vietininkų reikšmės ir išskiriami vietos reikšmės tipai: tai leidžia verifikuoti tradicinį požiūrį, kad postpoziciniai vietininkai yra vietos linksniai. Atlikus kiekvieno postpozicinio vietininko semasiologinę analizę (išskyrus vartosenos tipus bei nustačius, kiek jų susiję su vietos raiška), einama onomasiologine kryptimi – apibrėžiamas kiekvieno postpozicinio vietininko ir jo funkcinių ekvivalentų santykis, išryškinant kalbamųjų raiškos priemonių semantinius skirtumus. Disertacijoje nustatyta vertimo šaltinio (Jokūbo Wujeko Postilla katolicka mnieysza, 1590) įtaka Daukšos Postilės vietos raiškos sintagmoms, apibrėžtas postpozicinių vietininkų tarpusavio santykis ir įvertinti literatūroje nurodomi šių linksnių painiojimo atvejai. / The object of this dissertation is the expression of space in Mikalojus Daukša’s Postilla (1599). It is limited to the semantic analysis of the four postpositional local cases, their distribution, and their relationship to their functional equivalents (prepositions, genitive and dative cases). The research is based on the conception of linguistic units as natural categories. Postpositional locatives are treated as multifunctional cases possessing a number of various use types that differ in status: some are prototypical, other are located in the periphery of the case. A semasiological analysis of each postpositional local case is performed starting from their concrete spatial use types and then going into their abstract domains. The use types and category structure of each postpositional locative are systematically described. The analysis of each case is followed by an onomasiological investigation aiming to analyze the semantic distribution between prepositional phrases and postpositional locatives. It is shown that they profile different aspects of the encoded spatial scenes. Since Daukša’s Postilla is a translation from Polish (Postilla katolicka mnieysza by Jakob Wujek, 1590), the influence of the Polish original is also evaluated.

The relation of postpositional locatives and synonimous prepositional phrases in the text „Knyga nobažnystės“ hasn‘t been analysed wider yet, therefore the theme of this magistral dissertation is urgent and important. The empirical material is collected from the chapter „Suma arba trumpas išguldymas evangelijų šventų“ of the facsimilical publication of the year 2004 of the „Knyga nobažnystės krikščioniškos, 1653). The aim of this work is the analysis of postpositional lokatives and synonimous prepositional phrases. The main problem is to ascertain the postpositional lokatives and synonimous prepositional phrases according to frequency of use; to define the meanings of postpositional lokatives and prepositional phrases; to discuss the rivalry of postpositional lokatives and synonimous prepositional phrases; to describe the tendencies of use of the researched; to compare the use of former postpositional lokatives the with equivalents in modern Lithuanian. Examples of postpositional lokatives – adessive, allative, illative and inessive ���� were selected from the text source mentioned above. Prepositional phrases correlating with them were select too. Every postpositional lokative and its synonimous prepositional phrases are analysed in separate chapters of this dissertation. The selected material is researched using the descriptive analytical, statistic, oppositions and philological methods.

No description available.