Магистерская диссертация содержит теоретическую и эмпирическую часть. В теоретической части рассматривается формирование ассертивности у дошкольников, как целенаправленный процесс, способствующий более полному внутреннему раскрытию их личности, успешной социальной адаптации в среде сверстников и социуме в целом. Так как именно в дошкольном возрасте, встает необходимость формирования ассертивности, предпосылки мотивации в учебной деятельности, и мотивации достижений в дальнейшем. В эмпирической части диссертации представлена программа, направленная на закрепление полученных умений, навыков и знаний об особенностях ассертивного поведения дошкольников, подобранны упражнения, направленные на все компоненты ассертивного поведения средствами эмоционального наполнения. Таким образом, необходимость формирования ассертивности у дошкольников рассматривается как одна из актуальных проблем современного воспитания подрастающего поколения. В заключение диссертации сделаны соответствующие выводы по изучаемой проблеме. / Master's thesis contains theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part deals with the formation of assertiveness in preschoolers as a purposeful process, contributing to a more complete disclosure of their inner personality, successful social adaptation among peers and society in general. Since it is in the pre-school age, there is a necessity of formation of assertiveness, motivation background in training activities, and achievement motivation in the future. In the empirical part of the dissertation presents a program aimed at consolidating the obtained skills and knowledge about the features of assertive behavior preschoolers podobranny exercises aimed at all components of assertive behavior by means of emotional content. Thus, the need to build assertiveness in preschool children is considered as one of the urgent problems of modern education of the younger generation. In conclusion, the thesis made the appropriate conclusions for the problem under study.

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El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la relación entre caries dental y desnutrición en preescolares de un centro educativo estatal, Chiclayo, 2023. El estudio fue de nivel relacional, prospectivo, transversal y observacional. Participaron 153 niños de ambos sexos, entre 3 y 5 años de edad con dentición decidua. Se realizó la medición de peso y talla para obtener el IMC, el estado nutricional se obtuvo a partir del percentil de IMC en relación con edad y sexo según la OMS, así mismo, se utilizó el índice ceod para determinar el nivel de caries dental. Se encontró predominancia del grupo etario de 5 años y de sexo masculino. Respecto al estado nutricional, se encontró que predomina la categoría de peso normal con 57.5%. En cuanto a la asociación entre estado nutricional en relación con edad y sexo se obtuvo un valor de p=0.600 y p=0.676 respectivamente. En cuanto al nivel de caries se encontró una prevalencia del 73.8% y un índice ceod medio de 3.6 que corresponde a un nivel moderado de caries dental. Respecto a la asociación entre caries dental en relación con la edad y sexo se obtuvo un valor de p=0.062 y p=0.396 respectivamente. Finalmente se concluyó que no existe una relación entre caries dental y desnutrición en preescolares de un centro educativo estatal de Chiclayo. / The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between dental caries and malnutrition in preschoolers at a state educational center, Chiclayo, 2023. The study was relational, prospective, transversal and observational. 153 children of both sexes, between 3 and 5 years of age with deciduous dentition, participated. Weight and height measurement was carried out to obtain the BMI, the nutritional status was obtained from the BMI percentile in relation to age and sex according to the WHO, likewise, the dmft index was used to determine the level of dental caries. A predominance of the 5-year-old age group and males was found. Regarding nutritional status, it was found that the normal weight category predominates with 57.5%. Regarding the association between nutritional status in relation to age and sex, a value of p=0.600 and p=0.676 was obtained respectively. Regarding the level of caries, a prevalence of 73.8% and an average dmft index of 3.6 was found, which corresponds to a moderate level of dental caries. Regarding the association between dental caries in relation to age and sex, a value of p=0.062 and p=0.396 was obtained respectively. Finally, it was concluded that there is no relationship between dental caries and malnutrition in preschoolers at a state educational center in Chiclayo.

Childhood obesity is a national epidemic. Many factors contribute to the rise in childhood obesity such as poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and poor role models. Child care providers can be postive role models and educators for children. The Virginia Cooperative Extension is concerned about the health of children and the role that child care providers play in their well-being. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, perceptions, and practices of child care providers relative to the factors that influence childhood obesity. Thirty child care providers participated in five focus groups held throughout Southwest Virginia. Triangulation techniques employing qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative methodologies(participatory activities) were utilized. Nutritional concerns, physical inactivity, and illness were the predominant themes related to health concerns for preschoolers. Poor eating habits, colds, and immunizations were ranked as top health concerns. Many providers stated that preschool aged children do not get enough physical activity due to time restraints and a lack of space. Providers did not believe that overweight and obesity were problems in their day care settings, but it was ranked fourth. The did state that overweight and obesity were problems in their communities and among older children. Not eating enough vegetables, sugary foods at breakfast, and picky eaters were the predominant themes for nutrition concerns. Providers ranked eating too much fast or convenience foods, not eating enough fruits and vegetables, and not eating a variety of foods as top nutrition concerns. Participatory activities revealed a lack of basic knowledge such as serving size and number of recommended servings. Only 33.3% correctly answered the serving size for peanut butter, 50% for crackers, 53% for cheese, 34.2% for juice, 17.2% for carrots and 23.3% for apples. Only 7.4% chose the correct number of servings from the bread group and only 3.1% from the dairy group. Most providers believed they played an integral role in the health/nutritional well-being of the children they worked with. However, some providers did not believe that their own personal health habits influenced the children they worked with. The preferred methods of education for the providers were workshops/trainings, nutrition education kits, and videos. The data obtained from this study will be used to design effective nutrition education strategies for child care providers that will be used by the Virginia Cooperative Extension. / Master of Science

Résumé : Problématique: Les comportements alimentaires à la petite enfance pourraient influencer le gain de poids. Alors que les enfants d’âge préscolaire passent beaucoup de temps dans des milieux de garde, peu d’études ne rapportent les liens entre leurs comportements alimentaires dans ces milieux et leur composition corporelle. De plus, les recherches dans ce domaine sont basées sur des données subjectives des parents. Les objectifs étaient donc de développer un outil de mesure objectif des comportements alimentaires et de l’utiliser afin d’examiner le lien entre ceux-ci en milieu de garde et la composition corporelle des enfants d’âge préscolaire. Méthodes : Cette étude transversale a été menée auprès de 309 enfants de 3 à 5 ans dans 24 milieux de garde. Le comportement alimentaire a été mesuré en effectuant l’évaluation des restes au repas du dîner. Les données de ces évaluations ont été utilisées pour développer un score représentant la réticence alimentaire et un représentant l’affinité. Des corrélations intra-classes ont été utilisées afin de déterminer la fidélité des nouvelles mesures. Des corrélations de Spearman ont été utilisées afin de comparer les nouvelles mesures aux comportements alimentaires rapportés par les parents. Des régressions linéaires multivariées ont été utilisées pour examiner la relation entre les scores de comportement alimentaire mesurées objectivement et le tour de taille et l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) ajusté à l’âge des enfants. Résultats : La nouvelle mesure de réticence alimentaire a démontré une excellente fidélité inter-juge (ICC= 0,970 à 0,998, p<0.0001), intra-juge (ICC=0,975 à 0,998, p<0.0001) et une bonne fidélité test-retest (ICC=0,723, p<0.0001). Elle corrélait également avec une mesure subjective précédemment validée (rho= 0,534, p<0.0001). La nouvelle mesure d’affinité alimentaire n’était toutefois pas valide (rho= -0,182, p=0,2). Le score de réticence alimentaire était positivement associé à l’IMC ajusté à l’âge des enfants (bêta ajusté= 1,41, IC à 95%=0,15, 2,67), mais non avec leur tour de taille (bêta ajusté=0,60, IC à 95%= -0,86, 2,06). Conclusion : La nouvelle mesure de réticence alimentaire démontre une excellente fidélité et validité chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire en milieu de garde. Plus il y avait de la réticence alimentaire, plus l’IMC ajusté à l’âge abaisse. Les milieux de gardes pourraient donc être des milieux propices pour l’implantation d’interventions pour réduire la réticence alimentaire, et contrer l’insuffisance pondérale chez les jeunes affectés. / Abstract : Background: Eating behaviours could be associated with weight gain during early childhood. Although a majority of preschoolers spend most of their active day-time hours in daycare centres, associations between their eating behaviours at daycare and their body composition have been limitedly studied. Further, research on eating behaviours of children mainly relies on parent-reported measures. The objective of this study was to develop an objective measure of eating behaviours and to use it to assess the relationship between these behaviours and body mass index and waist circumference among preschoolers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 309 children aged 3 to 5 in 24 daycare centres. Eating behaviours were measured through weighted digital plate waste analysis. Data from this evaluation was used to create a food reluctance score and a food affinity score. Intraclass correlations (ICC) were used to determine the reliability of the new measure. Spearman correlations were used to compare the new measures with parental report of eating behaviours. Multivariate linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between objectively measured food behaviours and children’s waist circumference and age-adjusted body mass index (BMI). Results: The new measure of food reluctance demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC= 0.970 to 0.998, p<0.0001), intra-rater reliability (ICC=0.975 to 0.998, p<0.0001), and good test-retest reliability (ICC=0.723, p<0.0001). It also provided evidence of concurrent validity through correlation with a validated subjective measure (rho= 0.534, p<0.0001). The new measure of food affinity was however not valid (rho= -0.182, p=0.2). The food reluctance score was positively associated with children’s age-adjusted BMI (adjusted bêta; 95% CI= 1.41, 0.15, 2.67), but not with their waist circumference (0.60; -0.86, 2.06). Conclusion: The objective measure of food reluctance demonstrated evidence of reliability and validity. Greater demonstration of food reluctance at the daycare center was associated with a lower BMI. This suggests that daycare centers could represent promising settings for integrating strategies to counter food reluctance and counter inadequate weight gain among affected preschoolers.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether large groups of preschool children means lower quality of child development and learning. From six preschool teachers perspective we also wanted to find out the large groups of children positive and negative sides. The reason behind our choice of purposes is both our own experiences of mostly negative opinions of large groups of children among preschool teachers, as well as the news reports about the negative consequences that large groups of preschoolers may cause. The study draws on a approach of the term constructionism in the understanding of the teachers’ perceptions of larger groups of preschoolers. We applied a qualitative method based on interviews with six preschool teachers working on two different preschools. The result of our study shows that the interviewed preschool teachers sees mostly advantages rather than disadvantages with large groups of preschoolers. The preschool teachers describe that to be able to work with large groups of preschoolers there has to be a good structure and organization guaranteeing that the pedagogues have the right competence and that the preschools environment is well designed. The conclusion we have been able to draw is that the preschool teachers in our study is not sharing the same negative view that previous research and media reports have shown. Instead the preschool teachers in our study sees more positive than negative aspects of large groups of preschoolers, as long as there is a good structure and organization.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the significance of preschool teachers´ view of shy children in preschool, based on their perceptions and related attitudes and support for shy children in daily activities. This study is based on a qualitative hermeneutical methodological approach, where the empirical material is gathered from four focus group discussions with groups from four different preschools. There were three preschool teachers´ participating in each group. The theoretical framework consists of symbolic interactionism put together with a relational perspective, which guides the interpretation of the empirical material. The results of this study show that shyness is complex and difficult to interpret. It is a social phenomenon where perceptions, attitudes and also applied support are interlinked.Shyness in children can be perceived based on this and with regard to a subjective dimension, but where the subjective understanding of shyness is also affected by the views of others. Fundamental is the preschool teachers' awareness and sensitivity to these children in the daily activities. In order to build lasting and secure relationships in the group of children it is required to understand the entire environment. Therefore, an important conclusion is that shyness in children in preschool only can be understood by looking at the children’s social environment rather than focusing at the behavior of each individual child.