O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever e caracterizar o relise - produto textual realizado pelas assessoria de imprensa para divulgação de seus clientes na mídia - como um novo gênero da esfera de produção jornalística. Optamos pelo enfoque discursivo sobre os gêneros formulado por Bakhtin: os discursos são constituídos sócio-historicamente e determinados pelos diferentes modos de produção, assim como pelas relações estabelecidas entre os interlocutores. Para analisar esse gênero pouco conhecido do grande público, foi necessário, num primeiro momento, situar o leitor deste trabalho no universo das assessorias de imprensa, contando um pouco da história de seu surgimento e do importante papel do relise no dia-a-dia dos escritórios de comunicação. Calcado nas teorias da corrente bakhtiniana sobre gênero e suas aplicações nos estudos de lingüistas contemporâneos, buscou-se apresentar uma conceituação detalhada dos gêneros discursivos, como apoio para a caracterização do relise, evidenciando os recursos persuasivos que permeiam os textos produzidos pelos assessores de imprensa. A análise de cinco relises produzidos por diferentes escritórios de AI, abordando temas variados, revelou que, apesar de cada um deles focar em um público específico, o conjunto deles apresenta aspectos em comum, configurando um gênero com função comunicativa e estilo próprio. Trazemos ainda, ao final, matérias publicadas na imprensa sobre um sexto texto analisado, exemplos de como o relise é aproveitado pelos jornalistas nas redações e qual tipo de notícias ele é capaz de produzir na mídia, tendo como base este caso específico de divulgação. / The present study has as objective to describe and to characterize the release - textual product accomplished by the press consultantships for their customers\' popularization in the media - as a new gender of the sphere of journalistic production. We opted for the focus discursive on the gender formulated by Bakhtin: the speeches are constituted social and historically and determined in agreement with their different production manners, such as the established relationships among the speakers. To analyze this little known gender by the great public, it was necessary, in a first moment, to place the reader of this work in the universe of the press consultantships, describing a little of the history of its appearance and of the important paper of the release in the day by day of the communication offices. Stepped on in the theories of the Bakhtin´s trend about gender and their applications in the contemporary linguists\' studies, it was possible to present a more detailed formulation on the discursive genders, as a support to the characterization of the release, evidencing the persuasive resources that permeate the texts produced by the press assistants. The analysis of five relises produced by different press consultantships, approaching varied themes, revealed that, in spite of each one of them to focus in a specific public, their group presents aspects in common, configuring a gender with communicative function and own style. We still offer, at the end of this work, on a sixth analyzed text, through articles published in the press, examples as the journalists take advantage of the release in their articles and the kind of news they are able to produce in the media, based on this specific case of publicizing.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever e caracterizar o relise - produto textual realizado pelas assessoria de imprensa para divulgação de seus clientes na mídia - como um novo gênero da esfera de produção jornalística. Optamos pelo enfoque discursivo sobre os gêneros formulado por Bakhtin: os discursos são constituídos sócio-historicamente e determinados pelos diferentes modos de produção, assim como pelas relações estabelecidas entre os interlocutores. Para analisar esse gênero pouco conhecido do grande público, foi necessário, num primeiro momento, situar o leitor deste trabalho no universo das assessorias de imprensa, contando um pouco da história de seu surgimento e do importante papel do relise no dia-a-dia dos escritórios de comunicação. Calcado nas teorias da corrente bakhtiniana sobre gênero e suas aplicações nos estudos de lingüistas contemporâneos, buscou-se apresentar uma conceituação detalhada dos gêneros discursivos, como apoio para a caracterização do relise, evidenciando os recursos persuasivos que permeiam os textos produzidos pelos assessores de imprensa. A análise de cinco relises produzidos por diferentes escritórios de AI, abordando temas variados, revelou que, apesar de cada um deles focar em um público específico, o conjunto deles apresenta aspectos em comum, configurando um gênero com função comunicativa e estilo próprio. Trazemos ainda, ao final, matérias publicadas na imprensa sobre um sexto texto analisado, exemplos de como o relise é aproveitado pelos jornalistas nas redações e qual tipo de notícias ele é capaz de produzir na mídia, tendo como base este caso específico de divulgação. / The present study has as objective to describe and to characterize the release - textual product accomplished by the press consultantships for their customers\' popularization in the media - as a new gender of the sphere of journalistic production. We opted for the focus discursive on the gender formulated by Bakhtin: the speeches are constituted social and historically and determined in agreement with their different production manners, such as the established relationships among the speakers. To analyze this little known gender by the great public, it was necessary, in a first moment, to place the reader of this work in the universe of the press consultantships, describing a little of the history of its appearance and of the important paper of the release in the day by day of the communication offices. Stepped on in the theories of the Bakhtin´s trend about gender and their applications in the contemporary linguists\' studies, it was possible to present a more detailed formulation on the discursive genders, as a support to the characterization of the release, evidencing the persuasive resources that permeate the texts produced by the press assistants. The analysis of five relises produced by different press consultantships, approaching varied themes, revealed that, in spite of each one of them to focus in a specific public, their group presents aspects in common, configuring a gender with communicative function and own style. We still offer, at the end of this work, on a sixth analyzed text, through articles published in the press, examples as the journalists take advantage of the release in their articles and the kind of news they are able to produce in the media, based on this specific case of publicizing.

Neste trabalho os retornos de ativos financeiros são modelados com base em dados não-estruturados de notícias aperiódicas. O cerne do tratamento de tais dados está na Recuperação da Informação, que se importa em aplicar uma transformação suficientemente representativa das estruturas de contexto gramatical para o algébrico. Trabalhos anteriores mostram que não só o timing (GOODHART, HALL, et al., 1993), tipo (ÄIJÖ, 2008), ou contexto no momento de publicação da notícia (BEBER e BRANDT, 2010), mas também o conteúdo léxico (WÜTHRICH, PERMUNETILLEKE, et al., 1998; LAVRENKO, SCHMILL, et al., 2000; SCHUMAKER e CHEN, 2009) explicam movimentos de mercado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estender a discussão já fundamentada sobre a semântica das publicações, com a proposta de aprofundar a avaliação da sensibilidade paramétrica do ajuste de modelos já encontrados na literatura. Questões sobre a metodologia de pré-processamento dos textos são exploradas por meio de diversos experimentos. Por fim, corrobora-se os resultados prévios sobre a possibilidade de aplicar-se uma classificação preditiva sobre movimentos do mercado acionário norte-americano, particularmente dentro da janela de 15 a 25 minutos após a publicação de um press release. Contudo, não são encontradas evidências com de que regressão tenha a mesma capacidade, nem de que exista antecipação pelo mercado da informação a ser anunciada. / In this paper the returns of financial assets are modeled based on data from unstructured aperiodic news. The core processing of such data in is information retrieval, which deals with applying a transformation sufficiently representative from structures of grammatical to algebraic contexts. Previous works show that not only the news timing (GOODHART, HALL, et al., 1993), its type (ÄIJÖ, 2008), or its context in the moment of announcement (BEBER e BRANDT, 2010), but also its lexical content (WÜTHRICH, PERMUNETILLEKE, et al., 1998; LAVRENKO, SCHMILL, et al., 2000; SCHUMAKER e CHEN, 2009) explain movements on the market. This work aims to extend the ongoing discussion over the semantics of publications, with the proposal of further evaluating the sensitivity of the model\'s parametric fitting found in the literature. Questions raised about the methodology of pre-processing of texts are explored through various experiments. Finally, previous results on the possibility of applying a predictive classification of the U.S. stock market movements are corroborated, particularly inside a time frame from 15 to 25 minutes after the publication of a press release. However, no evidence is found with ? <= 0.01 that regression has the same capacity, nor that there is anticipation of market information to be announced.

Neste trabalho os retornos de ativos financeiros são modelados com base em dados não-estruturados de notícias aperiódicas. O cerne do tratamento de tais dados está na Recuperação da Informação, que se importa em aplicar uma transformação suficientemente representativa das estruturas de contexto gramatical para o algébrico. Trabalhos anteriores mostram que não só o timing (GOODHART, HALL, et al., 1993), tipo (ÄIJÖ, 2008), ou contexto no momento de publicação da notícia (BEBER e BRANDT, 2010), mas também o conteúdo léxico (WÜTHRICH, PERMUNETILLEKE, et al., 1998; LAVRENKO, SCHMILL, et al., 2000; SCHUMAKER e CHEN, 2009) explicam movimentos de mercado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estender a discussão já fundamentada sobre a semântica das publicações, com a proposta de aprofundar a avaliação da sensibilidade paramétrica do ajuste de modelos já encontrados na literatura. Questões sobre a metodologia de pré-processamento dos textos são exploradas por meio de diversos experimentos. Por fim, corrobora-se os resultados prévios sobre a possibilidade de aplicar-se uma classificação preditiva sobre movimentos do mercado acionário norte-americano, particularmente dentro da janela de 15 a 25 minutos após a publicação de um press release. Contudo, não são encontradas evidências com de que regressão tenha a mesma capacidade, nem de que exista antecipação pelo mercado da informação a ser anunciada. / In this paper the returns of financial assets are modeled based on data from unstructured aperiodic news. The core processing of such data in is information retrieval, which deals with applying a transformation sufficiently representative from structures of grammatical to algebraic contexts. Previous works show that not only the news timing (GOODHART, HALL, et al., 1993), its type (ÄIJÖ, 2008), or its context in the moment of announcement (BEBER e BRANDT, 2010), but also its lexical content (WÜTHRICH, PERMUNETILLEKE, et al., 1998; LAVRENKO, SCHMILL, et al., 2000; SCHUMAKER e CHEN, 2009) explain movements on the market. This work aims to extend the ongoing discussion over the semantics of publications, with the proposal of further evaluating the sensitivity of the model\'s parametric fitting found in the literature. Questions raised about the methodology of pre-processing of texts are explored through various experiments. Finally, previous results on the possibility of applying a predictive classification of the U.S. stock market movements are corroborated, particularly inside a time frame from 15 to 25 minutes after the publication of a press release. However, no evidence is found with ? <= 0.01 that regression has the same capacity, nor that there is anticipation of market information to be announced.

This study seeks to understand the scope and types of public relations practices in Japan, how public relations practices of Japanese and foreign companies differ, how media respond differently to the public relations activities of Japanese and foreign companies, and how "foreignness" affects public relations activities of multinational enterprises in Japan. The sole academic journal in the field of public relations in Japan and the single commercially published public relations industry magazine were submitted to an empirical content analysis. Additionally, three cases of contest for corporate control, two of which were between an American activist fund and a Japanese company, and one between a Japanese investment fund and a Japanese company, were analyzed using a case study approach. Press releases and newspaper articles about these cases were also content analyzed. The results show that among public relations activities, crisis category appeared the most frequently in the public relations industry journal and corporate communication category appeared the most frequently in the public relations academic journal. The analysis of the cases shows that the American fund at first faced problems communicating with its stakeholders but improved its communication activities in subsequent years with better results. The content analysis of the press releases shows that American fund uses more quotes and persuasive messages in the press releases and Japanese newspapers do not treat domestic and foreign entities differently. The overall results confirm the importance of culture in public relations practices.

This qualitative analysis of the framing of health issues by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one of the world’s premier health organizations, and by major U.S. newspapers analyzes the frames present in a sample of the CDC’s press releases, and the frames present in the contemporaneous (and often resulting) press coverage. This study focuses on communication surrounding public health events that occurred in the six-year period 2002–2007.

This study examines whether corporate transparency about a restatement influences the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) decision to issue an enforcement action. I consider corporate transparency to be higher when firms initiate an independent investigation into the restatement, display the restatement in a more prominent press release location, and/or report the restatement in a more visible SEC filing (i.e., Form 8-K). My sample of restatement observations spans nine years, 1997-2005, and is taken from the databases compiled by the General Accounting Office. For each restatement observation, I hand-collect information on SEC enforcement actions from the SEC's website and information on corporate transparency from company press releases and SEC filings. In order to determine the influence of corporate transparency, I develop a model predicting which restatement firms will be sanctioned by the SEC that includes measures of restatement severity, restatement characteristics, firm characteristics, and all three measures of corporate transparency. I find that, on average, greater restatement transparency increases the likelihood of an SEC sanction. This result is strongest before the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), where all three proxies for corporate transparency are positive and significant predictors of SEC enforcement actions. After SOX, however, more visible SEC filings decrease the likelihood of an SEC sanction, suggesting that the SEC rewards this type of transparent behavior. In addition, the SEC also rewards corporate transparency by reducing monetary penalties when an enforcement action is issued. These results extend prior research (Bowen et al. 2005; Files et al. 2008; Gordon et al. 2008; Myers et al. 2008) by providing the first evidence on how corporate transparency affects the SEC's decision to issue an enforcement action. The results may be useful to managers of restating firms and academics researching SEC enforcement actions.

ix, 69 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / In this dissertation I investigate whether managers alter the linguistic tone of their earnings announcements to increase the value of their stock options. Empirical research finds evidence that managers use optimistic tone to signal future firm performance. However, prior literature also finds a positive relation between optimistic tone in earnings announcements and short-window abnormal returns. The market reaction to optimistic tone suggests that managers can profit from using pessimistic tone to lower the firm's stock price prior to option grants and optimistic tone to increase the stock price prior to option exercises. I hypothesize that managers adjust the tone of their earnings announcements to increase the value of their stock options. In addition, I hypothesize that managers will alter the tone to increase option payouts when the costs of doing so (proxied by litigation risk) are low and when the financial reporting incentives to do so (proxied by earnings management) are high. I test these predictions using 17,211 firm-quarter observations from 1998-2006. In my tests I regress the tone of the earnings announcement on its known determinants and indicators for a stock option grant or exercise shortly following the announcement. I do not find evidence that managers, on average, alter the tone of earnings announcements prior to option grants or exercises. However, I find that managers decrease optimistic tone prior to option grants when they also record low discretionary accruals, which suggests that altering tone and managing earnings are complementary strategies to move stock price. I also find that managers increase optimistic tone prior to option exercises when litigation risk is low, but decrease optimistic tone prior to option exercises when litigation risk is high. Further analysis indicates the litigation risk results hold only after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Overall, my evidence suggests that managers increase optimistic tone prior to option exercises except when a high threat of litigation constrains such opportunism. When managers do alter tone, the average financial gain is small relative to their total compensation. / Committee in charge: Steven Matsunaga, Chairperson, Accounting; Angela Davis, Member, Accounting; David Guenther, Member, Accounting; Jeremy Piger, Outside Member, Economics

- English version The diploma thesis, in the form of a case study, deals with the issue of media presentation of the Liberec region as a state institution. The study focuses on the period from 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2020. The evaluation is limited to printed reports generated by the regional authority and contributions to the social networks Facebook and Instagram. The work includes the specifics of communication at the regional level, which is located exactly between the municipal and governmental levels and has not yet been typified. The main goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze the communication of the region on the example of the Liberec region and for further research to provide such a study that will offer insight into how the region communicates. The thesis places the region in the context of state administration and defines the basic concepts and customs that characterize communication at this level through an extensive theoretical part.

The ongoing Covid- 19 pandemic has globally affected aspects such as health, economy and welfare all around the world. The demand for effective communication is to a very high degree a priority from the leading actors in society, such as the media, government and authorities, in order to respond to the spread of infection. The purpose of this bachelor’s essay is therefore, to study how countries like Sweden and Denmark communicate the crisis of Covid- 19, based on Arjen Boins theoretical framework of meaning-making. The frame functions consist of the following: explaining what happened, offering guidance, instilling hope, showing empathy and state responsibility. Meaning making is an important function in crisis communication to reduce political and public uncertainty through crisis communication by the political leaders in crisis management. The political leaders seeks to convince the general public by formulating a convincing message.  The design of this essay is comparative, where the methods consist of a qualitative approach through the use of text analysis. Prime ministers and state epidemiologists will be analyzed on the basis of their participation in press releases. The time period was selected between march-may 2020. The reason for the selected time period is based on the first wave of the virus.  The conclusion of this essay was that there were many similarities and differences in the countries application of meaning making. The noticeable similarities was that both countries have similar characteristics in their communication by helping the nations make sense of the crisis situation. Both countries provide the nation with guidelines which includes, social distancing, good hand hygiene and participation restrictions. However, it differs in how they communicate it. Sweden communicates the providing of guidelines through the assessment of the public health authority, which relies on the responsibility of the individual. Denmark, on the other hand, communicates the guidelines by the Prime Minister deciding on mandatory restrictions, through a total shutdown on society. Furthermore, communication differs on state responsibility, where Sweden used a different strategy which was intended to slow down the spread of infection by not shutting down society. Denmark communicated state responsibility by saying that strict measures are necessary in such types of situations, which allowed for the restriction of civil liberties and rights. The use of empathy and instilling hope were less salient, but both countries did use the strategy by informing that they will beat the spread of the virus together.