Bakgrund Trycksår är en sårskada i huden som är vanligt förekommande inom hälso- och sjukvården. Det finns många effektiva åtgärder gällande trycksår som används för att undvika onödigt lidande och vårdskador. Därför behöver sjuksköterskor förbättra förebyggandet och hanteringen av trycksår genom ökad förståelse för sårläkningsprocessen, genom preventiva åtgärder och nutritionsbehandlingar. Syfte Syftet är att undersöka hur effektivt god nutrition är vid läkning av trycksår. Ett sekundärt syfte är att mäta samband mellan nutrition och trycksår. Metod En litteraturöversikt besvarar syftet genom en sammanställning av vetenskapliga artiklar. Databaserna CINAHL och PubMed har använts för att söka artiklar. Resultatet baseras på 17 relevanta artiklar. Nästan alla artiklar som analyserades var kvantitativa, en var kvalitativ med starka kvantitativa drag. Resultat Litteraturöversikten resulterade i fem underrubriker: Användandet av riskbedömningsinstrument, Effekten på kroppens biokemiska mått, Effekter av typen av näringsintag: Peroral, enteral och parenteral, Näring förbättrar sårläkning och Sambandet mellan undernäring och trycksår. Resultatet från denna litteraturöversikt visar att god nutrition är en viktig faktor för att förebygga trycksår men påvisar även att nutrition inte ensamt läker trycksår. Slutsats Näringsinterventioner har en viktig roll för trycksårets läkning. Särskilt lyfts vikten av att undvika undernäring, vilket inte bara är en riskfaktor för trycksår utan medför även negativa hälsoeffekter för patienterna. Slutligen visar resultaten att det behövs en helhetssyn med många olika aspekter för att behandla trycksår. För att bedöma exakt hur nutritionen påverkar trycksår behövs ytterligare forskning. / Background Pressure ulcers is a skin wound, which is commonly occurring within health services, with the severity of wounds varying. There are many effective measures regarding pressure ulcers that are needed to avoid unnecessary suffering and healthcare-related injuries.Therefore, nurses need to improve the prevention and control of pressure ulcers through increased understanding of the wound healing process, through preventative measures and nutritional treatments. Aim The aim is to investigate the effectiveness of good nutrition in healing pressure ulcers. A secondary aim is to measure the connection between nutrition and pressure ulcers. Method A review that answers the aim through a compilation of scientific articles. The databases CINAHL and PubMed were used to search for articles. The result is based on 17 relevant articles. Almost all articles analyzed were quantitative, one was qualitative with strong quantitative traits. Results The reviews resulted in five subheadings: The use of risk assessment instruments, The effects on the body’s biochemical measures, The effect of the type of nutritional intake: Peroral, enteral and parentral, Nutrition improving wound healing and The connection between malnutrition and pressure ulcers. The result of this review shows that good nutrition is an important factor in preventing pressure ulcers but also shows that nutrition cannot on its own heal wounds. Conclusions Nutritional interventions have an important role in the healing of pressure ulcers. In particular, the importance of avoiding malnutrition is highlighted, which is not only a riskfactor but also gives negative health effects for patients. Finally, the results are showing that a holistic view with many aspects is needed to treat pressure ulcers. To determine the exact effects of nutrition on pressure ulcers, more research is needed.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-25T13:06:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Mendes Faria - 2017.pdf: 5733284 bytes, checksum: bf9f3e985b0d7d92864841ce15120506 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-25T13:07:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Mendes Faria - 2017.pdf: 5733284 bytes, checksum: bf9f3e985b0d7d92864841ce15120506 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-25T13:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Mendes Faria - 2017.pdf: 5733284 bytes, checksum: bf9f3e985b0d7d92864841ce15120506 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / At the treatment sites of people who are bedridden, usually in Intensive Care Units, Long-Term Care Facilities for the Elderly and in the home environment due to the diffusion of home care, the incidence of Pressure Injury (LPP) is common. In order to reduce suffering and increase the life expectancy of patients with this problem, alternative methods are needed that can be introduced into the care of nursing teams to achieve the eradication or minimization of LPP. This paper presents a proposal of an innovative and low cost solution for LPP prevention. Applying concepts of automation and control, through existing technologies and low-cost components, the development of a device is developed that aims to assist the medical team and all those who have the responsibility of caring for individuals bedridden in LPP care. The device consists of pressure, humidity and temperature sensors, with a consequent real-time performance on these three variables at points with a higher probability of involvement of LPP. / Nos locais de tratamento de pessoas acamadas, comumente em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo, Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos e no próprio ambiente familiar devido à difusão do home care, é corriqueira a incidência de Lesões por Pressão (LPP). De modo a diminuir o sofrimento e aumentar a expectativa de vida dos enfermos com este problema são necessários métodos alternativos que possam ser introduzindo-os aos cuidados das equipes de enfermagem para alcançar a erradicação ou minimização das LPP. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de solução inovadora e de baixo custo para a prevenção da LPP. Aplicando conceitos de automação econtrole, por meio de tecnologias existentes e componentes de baixo custo, é realizado o desenvolvimento de um dispositivo que visa auxiliar a equipe médica e todas as pessoas que têm a responsabilidade de cuidar de indivíduos acamados nos cuidados relacionados às LPP. O dispositivo é composto por sensores de pressão, umidade e temperatura, com consequente atuação em tempo real sobre essas três variáveis em pontos com maior probabilidade de acometimento das LPP.

Introduktion: Patienter som genomgår en operation har en ökad risk att drabbas av en tryckskada då patienten är immobiliserad under en längre tid. Tryckskada påverkar patientens livskvalitet och ger ett ökat lidande samtidigt ökar det kostnader för samhället. Operationsoch anestesisjuksköterskan har båda ett omvårdnadsansvar för patienten som genomgår en operation. I omvårdnadsansvaret ligger prevention av tryckskada. Tidigare forskning är begränsad avseende operations- och anestesisjuksköterskans gemensamma erfarenheter vid prevention av tryckskada. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva erfarenheter av prevention av tryckskada pre- och intraoperativt, ur operations- och anestesisjuksköterskans perspektiv.Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats. Enskilda intervjuer med sex operationssjuksköterskor och fyra anestesisjuksköterskor. Analys av data utifrån innehållsanalys. Resultat: Operations- och anestesisjuksköterskans erfarenheter av prevention av tryckskada presenteras i fem huvudkategorier: Erfarenheter av omvårdnadsansvar vid prevention av tryckskada, Erfarenheter av samarbete vid prevention av tryckskada, Erfarenheter av riskbedömning vid prevention av tryckskada, Erfarenheter av att förebygga identifierade risker för tryckskada samt Erfarenheter av positioneringsrutiners inverkan på patienten. Konklusion: Operations- och anestesisjuksköterskan har en samsyn vid prevention av tryckskada att omvårdnadsansvaret är gemensamt dock blir det uppdelat intraoperativt. Operations- och anestesisjuksköterskan samlar information om patienten och skapar en riskbedömning utifrån vilken de sedan utför förebyggande åtgärder. Positioneringsrutinerna sågs både som stöd och hinder vid prevention av tryckskada. Kommunikationen var viktig i samarbetet mellan operations- och anestesisjuksköterskan. / Introduction: Patients undergoing surgery have an increased risk of suffering a pressure injury as the patient is immobilized for a long time. Pressure injury affects the patient's quality of life and causes increased suffering, while at the same time it increases costs for society. The operating room nurse and anesthesia nurse both have a nursing responsibility for the patient undergoing surgery. The responsibility for nursing lies in the prevention of pressure injury. Previous research is limited regarding the operating room nurse’s and anesthesia nurse’s common experiences in the prevention of pressure injury. Aim: The aim was to deskribe experiences of prevention of pressure injury pre- and intraoperatively, from the perspective of the operating room nurse and anesthesia nurse. Method: Qualitative interview study with inductive approach. Individual interviews with six operating room nurses and four anesthesia nurses. Analysis of data based on content analysis. Results: The experience of the operating room nurse and anesthesia nurse in the prevention of pressure injury is presented in five main categories: Experience in nursing responsibilities in the prevention of pressure injury, Experience of cooperation in the prevention of pressure damage, Experience in risk assessment in the prevention of pressure damage, Experience in preventing identified risks of pressure injury and Experience in the impact of positioning procedures on the patient. Conclusion: The operating room nurse and anesthesia nurse has a common understanding when preventing pressure injury that nursing responsibilities are common, however it becomes divided intraoperatively. The operating room nurse and anesthesia nurse collects information about the patient and creates a risk assessment based on which they then carry out preventive measures. The positioning procedures were seen as both support and obstacles in the prevention of pressure injury. Communication was important in the collaboration between the operating room nurse and anesthesia nurse.

Bakgrund: Trycksår kan uppkomma i samband med operation och påverka patientens livskvalité. Uppkomsten av trycksår kan vara orsakade av en kombination av flera faktorer och operationssjuksköterskornas ansvar är att minimera uppkomsten av trycksår i den pre- och intraoperativa omvårdnaden.Syfte: Syftet var att belysa operationssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av det trycksårsförebyggande arbetet i den pre- och intraoperativa omvårdnaden.Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor som analyserats genom konventionell innehållsanalys. Deltagarna bestod av 12 operationssjuksköterskor, alla kvinnor, på tre sjukhus i Mellansverige.Resultat: Resultatet visade att operationssjuksköterskorna inhämtade information inför operationen för att utföra adekvata omvårdnadsåtgärder. När trycksårsförebyggande åtgärder utfördes användes olika tryckavlastande material. Erfarenhet gav operationssjuksköterskorna kunskap för att hantera de utmaningar som det trycksårsförebyggande arbetet innebar. Samarbetet i operationslaget kring patienten belystes som en viktig del i det trycksårsförebyggande arbetet.Konklusion: Operationssjuksköterskorna hade tillsammans med operationslaget en del utmaningar i det trycksårsförebyggande arbetet. Utmaningarna bemötte operationssjuksköterskorna med sin kunskap för att göra operationen så bra som möjligt för patienten. Uppmärksamhet på patientens pre- och intraoperativa positionering borde lyftas fram eftersom komplikationer från positionering fortfarande existerar, särskilt hos patienter med flera riskfaktorer. Därför är rutindokument och uppföljning av patientens pre- och intraoperativa positionering betydelsefull. / Background: Pressure ulcers may occur in connection with surgery and affect the patient's quality of life. The occurrence of pressure ulcers may be caused by a combination of several factors and the responsibility of the operating nurses is to minimize the occurrence of pressure ulcers in the pre- and intraoperative nursing care.Aim: The aim was to elucidate the operation nurses’ experiences of the pressure ulcerprevention work in pre- and intraoperative nursing.Method: A qualitative interview study with semi-structured questions analyzed through conventional content analysis. The participants consisted of 12 operating nurses, all women, at three hospitals located in the middle of Sweden.Result: The result showed that the operating nurses obtain information before the operationto be able to perform adequate measures. To carry out pressure ulcer prevention they used various pressure-relieving materials. Through experience, the operating nurses developed knowledge of the pressure ulcer prevention work so they could handle the challenges that occurs in a better way. The collaboration in the operating room around the patient was highlighted as an important part of the pressure ulcer prevention work.Conclusion: The operating nurses, together with the operating team, had some challenges in the pressure ulcer prevention work. To make the surgery as good as possible for the patient the operating nurses used their nursing knowledge. Attention to patients pre- and intraoperative positioning should be kept emphasized as patients still are suffering from complications due to pressure ulcer. Especially patients with multiple risk factors. Therefore, the use of routine documents and follow-up of the patient's pre- and intraoperative positioning are important.

Introduction et objectifs: La survenue d’une lésion traumatique de la moelle épinière (LTME) entraine des conséquences dévastatrices. Afin de pallier les déficits encourus, les patients entreprennent un processus de réadaptation qui se déroule en quatre phases : l’hospitalisation aigüe, la réadaptation fonctionnelle intensive, la réintégration communautaire et le maintien des acquis. L’hospitalisation aigüe représente une partie cruciale du cheminement clinique puisqu’elle représente une période unique afin de minimiser les complications médicales et d’optimiser la récupération fonctionnelle tôt dans le processus de réadaptation. Ainsi, l’évolution clinique lors de la phase de réadaptation aigüe ne doit pas être négligée puisqu’il a été démontré que celle-ci influence l’issue à moyen et long terme. Notamment, la prévention des plaies de pression (PP) est primordiale puisque l’hospitalisation aigue représente la période ayant le risque le plus élevé de développer une PP et la survenue de celle-ci influence négativement la récupération fonctionnelle à long terme. Or, l’impact de multiples facteurs sur la survenue de plaies de pression (PP) lors de la phase aigüe spécifiquement ainsi que les objectifs qui doivent être priorisés par l’équipe de réadaptation aigüe afin d’optimiser l’issue fonctionnelle au congé de l’hospitalisation aigüe demeurent imprécis. Ainsi l’objectif principal de ce travail est d’identifier comment l’équipe de réadaptation aigüe peut optimiser la récupération fonctionnelle lors de l’hospitalisation aigüe et diminuer la survenue de PP suite à une LTME. Méthodes et résultats: Une étude de cohorte prospective de soixante et un patients et la revue d’une banque de données prospective de 301 patients avec une LTME aigüe admis dans un centre tertiaire de traumatologie spécialisé ont été complétées. Le pointage SCIM total moyen au congé des soins aigus était de 42.1 + 25.2 après une durée de séjour moyenne de 22.7 ±14.4 jours. Les analyses de régression linéaire multivariée hiérarchique ont démontré que lorsqu’ajustée pour la sévérité de la LTME, une durée de séjour plus longue en soins aigus était associée à des résultats fonctionnels plus faibles au congé de ceux-ci. Les analyses de régression logistique multivariées hiérarchiques ont démontré que lorsqu’ajustées pour le niveau et la sévérité de la LTME, la survenue d'une pneumonie (OR = 2.1, IC = 1.1 à 4.1) était significativement associée à la survenue de PP. Un délai d’admission plus long dans notre centre tertiaire de traumatologie spécialisé, la survenue de complications médicales (PP, pneumonie et infection urinaires) et un temps de thérapie (physiothérapie et ergothérapie) moyen inférieur étaient associés à un plus long séjour en soins aigus lorsqu’ajustés pour les possibles facteurs confondants non modifiables. Conclusions: Afin d’optimiser l’issue fonctionnelle au congé des soins aigus, l’équipe de réadaptation aigüe doit adresser les facteurs ayant un impact sur la durée de l’hospitalisation aigüe, notamment le transfert rapide des patients vers un centre spécialisé en LTME, la prévention des complications médicales (PP, pneumonie, infection urinaire) et l’optimisation du temps de thérapie, afin de diminuer la durée de séjour en soins aigus et ainsi d’optimiser l’évolution clinique du patient. Puisque les patients avec des LTME ayant des niveaux neurologiques plus hauts et plus sévères, ainsi que ceux développant une pneumonie sont à plus haut risque de développer une PP, nous croyons que ceux-ci devraient être priorisés afin de recevoir un volume de thérapie plus important et faire l’objet de protocoles de prévention plus agressifs. Enfin, le SCIM pourrait sous-estimer les gains fonctionnels rencontrés lors de l'hospitalisation aigüe, puisque les objectifs de cette phase visent plutôt de s’assurer que le patient dispose de bases solides (ex. : équilibre du tronc) lui permettant d’entreprendre une RFI efficace. / Introduction and objectives: Traumatic Spinal cord injuries (TSCI) have devastating consequences. To minimise the deficits incurred, patients undertake a rehabilitation process consisting of four phases: acute care hospitalization, intensive functional rehabilitation, community reintegration and maintenance of gains. The acute care hospitalization represents an important part of the clinical pathway as many important decisions about the subsequent rehabilitation plan are taken. It also represents a unique period to minimize medical complications and optimize functional recovery early in the rehabilitation process. Thus, the clinical evolution during the acute care shouldn’t be neglected as it has been shown to influence medium to long term outcome. In particular, pressure injuries (PI) prevention is essential as the acute hospitalization represents the period with the highest PI risk and its occurrence adversely affects long-term functional recovery.Yet, the impact of multiple factors on the occurrence of PI during acute care specifically as well as the goals that must be prioritized by the acute rehabilitation team to optimize the functional outcome at discharge from acute care remain imprecise. Thus, the main objective of this work is to identify how the acute rehabilitation team may optimize functional recovery during acute care and decrease the occurrence of PI following a TSCI. Methods and results: A prospective cohort study of sixty-one patients and the review of a prospective database of 301 patients with acute TSCI admitted to a SCI-specialized level-1 trauma center were completed. The mean total spinal cord independence measure (SCIM) score at discharge was 42.1 ±25.2 after a mean acute care length of stay (LOS) of 22.7 ±14.4 days. Hierarchical multivariate linear regression analyses showed that when controlled for the severity of the TSCI, longer LOS was significantly associated with poorer functional outcome at discharge from acute care. Hierarchical multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that when controlling for the level and severity of the TSCI, the occurrence of pneumonia (OR=2.1, CI= 1.1-4.1) was significantly associated with the occurrence of PI. Greater admission delay to our SCI-specialised level-1 trauma center, the occurrence of medical complications (PI, pneumonia and urinary tract infection) and lesser total daily therapy (physiotherapy and occupational therapy) resulted in significantly longer acute care LOS when controlled for possible non-modifiable cofounding factors. Conclusions: In order to optimize functional outcome at discharge from acute care, the rehabilitation team must address factors that influence acute care LOS, particularly early transfer to SCI-specialized trauma centers, medical complications prevention (PI, pneumonia, urinary tract infection) and the optimization of therapy time, in order to decrease acute care length of stay and thus optimize the patient’s clinical evolution. As patients with higher and more severe TSCI, as well as those developing a pneumonia during acute care are at higher risk of developing PI, we believe they should be prioritized to receive a larger volume of therapy and more aggressive prevention protocols. Finally, functional gains during the acute care hospitalisation may be underestimated by the SCIM, which do not measure interventions during acute rehabilitation that are aimed towards ensuring strong foundations (e.g. trunk balance) to undertake efficient IFR.

BACKGROUND Cardiac surgery patients have some of the highest reported incidence and prevalence of pressure injuries (PI). A growing subset of cardiac surgery include patients with end-stage heart failure who undergo ventricular assist device (VAD) or total artificial heart (TAH) surgery. The risk of PI and their natural history of development in this population are unknown and the specific risk factors for PI development remain unexplored. OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review of the literature to identify the incidence and risk factors of PI development in patients undergoing VAD-TAH surgery and thereby inform study design and variables in an eight-year retrospective study of all patients undergoing VAD-TAH surgery at a large academic university medical center. METHODS The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses or PRISMA statement guided this systematic review. Quality of evidence was determined using the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Rating Scale. Two reviewers independently appraised manuscripts matching the eligibility criteria for study inclusion. Four databases including PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and hand searches of journals based on reference lists from included studies were utilized. Initial results of this primary search revealed zero studies that met inclusion and this search methodology was confirmed by medical librarian consultation. Therefore, a follow up retrospective study was necessary to identify incidence of PI in the VAD-TAH population. However, a secondary search, dropping keywords of VAD-TAH and instead focusing on studies of on-pump cardiac surgery and mixed surgical studies where cardiac surgery patients were included, was conducted to establish variables to guide a retrospective study of all VAD-TAH surgeries between 2010-2018. The retrospective study evaluated the incidence of pressure ulcers by case, patient and incidence density for each of the respective 1000 patient days during the study period. Univariate statistics are reported by four different VAD-TAH devices. Variables significant in bivariate analysis were entered in a stepwise logistic regression model. RESULTS In the systematic review, 312 articles were identified from the databases with eight additional articles from hand searches. Following abstract review, 208 were excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria or study quality metrics. 77 articles were read in full, with 61 excluded, leaving 16 articles for inclusion. 31 risk factors were identified for PI development in on-pump cardiac surgery patients with 11 risk factors which were identified as significant in multivariate analysis for inclusion in the retrospective study.