<p><font size="3"> <p>In South Africa, as in most jurisdictions, the presumption of innocence is a guaranteed constitutional right. The rationale of the presumption lies in the protection which it offers, since a person charged with a criminal offence stands to lose dearly in personal liberty, in social life and psychological well-being. The presumption is, therefore, a pivotal element of a culture of democracy and human rights. This study is prompted by the realisation that the presumption of innocence, which ought to constitute one of the most fundamental rights in any criminal justice system, is being eroded steadily in South Africa. In this regard, a significant area of concern is the current bail laws which, in my estimation, make a big dent into the right to be presumed innocent. The bail laws are part of government&rsquo / s policies directed at fighting crime. However, the pre-occupation with crime control measures threatens to reverse the hard-won rights of the accused and threatens to undermine individual liberty. Also, these measures are incompatible with the constitutional commitment to a culture of human rights.</p> </font></p>

<p><font size="3"> <p>In South Africa, as in most jurisdictions, the presumption of innocence is a guaranteed constitutional right. The rationale of the presumption lies in the protection which it offers, since a person charged with a criminal offence stands to lose dearly in personal liberty, in social life and psychological well-being. The presumption is, therefore, a pivotal element of a culture of democracy and human rights. This study is prompted by the realisation that the presumption of innocence, which ought to constitute one of the most fundamental rights in any criminal justice system, is being eroded steadily in South Africa. In this regard, a significant area of concern is the current bail laws which, in my estimation, make a big dent into the right to be presumed innocent. The bail laws are part of government&rsquo / s policies directed at fighting crime. However, the pre-occupation with crime control measures threatens to reverse the hard-won rights of the accused and threatens to undermine individual liberty. Also, these measures are incompatible with the constitutional commitment to a culture of human rights.</p> </font></p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Breslau.

Baigiamasis magistro darbas buvo rašomas apie įmonės vadovų interesus, kai įmonės nemokumo būsenoje atsiskaitymai buvo vykdomi pažeidžiant nustatytą mokėjimų eiliškumą, ko pasekoje yra preziumuojamas tyčinis bankrotas. Atliekant tyrimą buvo iškeltas tikslas atsakyti į klausimą: ar tyčinio bankroto prezumpcija dėl mokėjimų eiliškumo nepažeidžia įmonės vadovų interesų? Darbe buvo nustatyta, kad tyčinis bankrotas yra įmonės privedimas prie bankroto sąmoningai blogai valdant įmonę ir buvo žinoma, kad tokiais veiksmai bus pažeisti kreditorių reikalavimai. Siekiant palengvinti tyčinio bankroto įrodomumą buvo priimta tyčinio bankroto prezumpcija. Taip pat darbe ištirta, jog įmonės vadovui yra keliami aukštesni atidumo bei rūpestingumo standartai, 2012 m. balandžio 18 d. įstatymu Nr. XII-237 įstatymų leidėjas praplėtė įmonės vadovo atsakomybės ribas, iš vadovo bus galima išsireikalauti žalą, kuri kilo dėl jo tyčinių veiksmų. Tai gali turėti įtakos verslo plėtrai. Atsiradus įmonės nemokumo požymiams, vadovo tikslas yra atstatyti įmonės mokumą, kad būtų išsaugota įmonė ir galėtų toliau vykdyti veiklą, o vykdant veiklą būtų išsaugomos darbo vietos. Tačiau įmonės vadovo interesai esant įmonės nemokumo požymiams bei nemokumo būsenai, šiek tiek skiriasi. Esant nemokumo požymiams tikslas yra atstatyti mokumą, o esant pačiam nemokumui, kai nebėra galimybės atstatyti mokumo, iškelti įmonei bankroto bylą ir užtikrinti kreditorių reikalavimų pusiausvyrą. Atlikus tyrimą pasitvirtino iškelta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master Thesis was being written about the Heads of the companies interests when in the mood of company’s insolvency all money transfers were done not in the right way. Finally as a result of that company is being presumed for intentional bankrupt. The relevance of the investigation is determined with intentional bankrupt presumption, when money transfers were done not in the right way / order, appeared less than one year ago. This thing is totally new and it’s not being investigated neither in scientific literature nor in case law. The development of the business is important for whole Lithuanian economics and because of that it’s actual to investigate whether the law of companies’ bankrupt, intentional bankrupt’s 20th article, 2012 year 18th of April changes which have identified intentional bankrupt presumption do not violate the Head of company’s interests. The latter could have a big impact for direct business development. In the first part was identified that the intentional bankrupt is in advance planned company’s bankrupt by managing the company incorrectly and when it was well known that the request of the creditors will be violated. Trying to make the proof of the intentional bankrupt more easier it was accepted the presumption. In the second part was investigated that there are subjects for higher standards of attention and care to the Head of the company. By the law of 2012, 18th of April, Nr. XXII-237 the limits of responsibility for the Head of company were... [to full text]

La lutte contre la récidive est un phénomène récent dans l’histoire du droit criminel. Depuis l’abolition de la peine de mort, des châtiments corporels et de la relégation ainsi que de la tutelle pénale, aucune réponse pénale définitive ne protège la société contre le risque zéro de récidive. Des procédures rapides, des peines aggravées et complémentaires violent les droits fondamentaux de la présomption d’innocence, du procès équitable et des droits de la défense. Les critères objectifs et subjectifs des instruments mettent en œuvre une répression brutale menée par le parquet. Dans une Société qui se prétend moderne et humaine, les chances de réhabilitation sont limitées. Elle ne sait ni punir ni pardonner. La fonction rétributive de la peine supplante systématiquement les enjeux préventifs et utilitaires de la réinsertion. La Société est complice d’instruments contre-productifs qui alimentent la récidive. L’adoption récente de la contrainte pénale amorce doucement un changement de paradigme nécessaire. D’inspiration anglo-saxonne, cette probation à la française devra reformer une organisation judiciaire incohérente. Le partenariat, l’individualisation renforcée et la justice restaurative guident activement le délinquant sur le chemin de la désistance. Canaliser la portée vengeresse des instruments implique de placer sur un pied d’égalité l’impératif de punition et de réinsertion. Les fondements incertains et aléatoires des instruments limitent la portée des principes directeurs du droit pénal. L’incorrigibilité et la dangerosité sont-elles des présomptions irréfragables ? Le condamné peut-il opposer à l’administration pénitentiaire un droit créance à la réinsertion? / Fighting repeat offense is a new trend within History of the Criminal Law. Since the end of the death penalty: physical punishment, relegation and criminal guardianship, there are no absolute penal response, protecting the nation against recidivism. Rapid procedures and further made worse punishments breach fundamental rights, according the presumption of innocence, fair trial and defense rights. Tool's objectives and subjective criteria allow the implementation of a brutal crackdown by the Prosecutor. In a country that claims to be modern and human, chances of rehabilitation are actually limited. We know neither punish nor forgive. The aim of retribution always outpaces preventive measures challenges for preparing rehabilitation. Society is an accomplice of tools that feed counterproductive repeat offense. The recent adoption of criminal coercion gently begins a necessary paradigm shift. Inspired by Anglo-Saxon, the French probation will have an inconsistent reformer judiciary. Partnership, the enhanced individualization and restorative justice actively guide the offender on the path of desistance. To channel revenge of tools involves putting on equal punishment and rehabilitation imperative. The unsure and hazard bases of tools limit the scope of guiding principles on criminal law and effective rights of defense. Are incorrigibleness and hazardousness irrebuttable presumptions? Can recidivist claim a right to get rehabilitation against penitentiary administration?

Magister Legum - LLM / In South Africa, as in most jurisdictions, the presumption of innocence is a guaranteed constitutional right. The rationale of the presumption lies in the protection which it offers, since a person charged with a criminal offence stands to lose dearly in personal liberty, in social life and psychological well-being. The presumption is, therefore, a pivotal element of a culture of democracy and human rights. This study is prompted by the realisation that the presumption of innocence, which ought to constitute one of the most fundamental rights in any criminal justice system, is being eroded steadily in South Africa. In this regard, a significant area of concern is the current bail laws which, in my estimation, make a big dent into the right to be presumed innocent. The bail laws are part of government’s policies directed at fighting crime. However, the pre-occupation with crime control measures threatens to reverse the hard-won rights of the accused and threatens to undermine individual liberty. Also, these measures are incompatible with the constitutional commitment to a culture of human rights.

Magister Legum - LLM / This paper attempts a comprehensive analysis of the offence of illicit enrichment in Zambia. It focuses on how the offence fits into the broader legislative framework in Zambia. More importantly, the paper addresses aspects of the offence related to the presumption ofinnocence, the protection against self-incrimination and the presumption of legality in the light of the Zambian Constitution to determine whether the concerns raised are legitimate. Also, considering the potential effectiveness of criminalising illicit enrichment by public officials, this study investigates whether the law in Zambia can be implemented to balance the constitutional rights of the accused and the right of society to recover illicitly obtained wealth. Finally, the research seeks to determine the possible challenges of implementing and prosecuting the offence, and its efficacy in the fight against corruption in Zambia.

The primary goal of the courts in deciding which parent (if any) should be awarded custody of the child is complicated by the presence of domestic violence. Children are direct and indirect victims of domestic violence. As well as the possibility of being physically injured, they are psychologically impacted by the trauma of witnessing violence in the household and may continue a cycle of violence into adulthood. States vary on the weight that is given to domestic violence as a factor in custody decisions. Judges have discretion in the options available to them in making custody determinations. Judges need to be educated on the dynamics of domestic violence to create a more informed judiciary. This paper examines the current law in Florida and gives recommendations for improvements in the way Florida handles custody of children

Nekaltumo prezumpcija – pamatinis ir visuotinai pripažįstamas baudžiamosios teisės principas, įtvirtintas tarptautiniuose teisės tiek nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose. Šio principo postulatas reikalauja asmenį laikyti nekaltu, jei neįrodoma priešingai ir suponuoja būtinų procesinių taisyklių laikymąsi nustatant tam tikras proceso dalyvių teises ir pareigas. Tačiau nekaltumo prezumpcijos principas turi tam tikrų prieštaravimų, kurių esminis yra tai, kad baudžiamajame procese greta nekaltumo prezumpcijos egzistuoja jos antipodas - kaltumo prezumpcija. Jei tokios nebūtų, būtų neįmanomą prieš asmenį pradėti baudžiamąjį procesą ir taikyti jam procesines prievartos priemones. Vadinasi nekaltumo prezumpcija nėra ir negali būti suabsoliutinama baudžiamajame procese, tačiau visgi ji būtina kaip asmens teisių garantas. Šiuolaikinėje baudžiamojoje teisėje, nors ir suvokiama nekaltumo prezumpcijos svarba žmogaus teisių užtikrinimo kontekste ir vienų mokslininkų laikoma objektyvia ir visuotinai privaloma teisine nuostata, visgi yra manančių, kad nekaltumo prezumpcija yra viso labo tik fikcija, neturinti praktinės reikšmės. Be to nekaltumo prezumpcija nebegalioja tik nuo to momento kai įsiteisėja kaltumą konstatuojantis teismo nuosprendis. Vadinasi kol vyksta ikiteisminis tyrimas, ar teismo procesas, daugelis aplinkybių dar nėra pilnutinai ištirtos, taigi nesibaigus teisminiam nagrinėjimui išlieka didėlė tikimybė nekaltai apkaltinti asmenį. Todėl praktikoje dažnai kyla nekaltumo prezumpcijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The presumption of innocence is the fundamental and general principle in the criminal law which is recognized both: internationally and nationally. The presumption of innocence - is the principle that one is considered innocent until proven guilty. This principle implies that there should be the certain and strict rules followed in the process while settling the rights and obligations of the participants of the criminal procedures. However this principle has some contradictions with other principles. The essential contradiction is with the presumption of guilt. Without the presumption of guilt there would be impossible to start the criminal proceedings and to impose coercive measures against any person. So the presumption of innocence is not and can not be considered as absolute principle, but the one which guarantees the implementation of certain rights of the person in criminal proceedings. Even though in modern criminal law the importance of the presumption of innocence to ensure human rights is realized and principle is considered as universally binding legal provision by many researchers, some researches express the opinion that presumption of innocence is pure fiction and that it has no practical significance. The presumption of innocence proceeds until someone is found guilty by final and valid court decision. Taking into the consideration mentioned above during the pre-trial investigation or during the trial many factors have not yet been fully explored and... [to full text]

This thesis examines the processes the American and Norwegian press go through when identifying (or not) private citizens who are suspected of or arrested for a crime. Four central principles are explored in detail and elaborated upon as they relate to the press and individuals in the criminal justice system: the public's right to know, the right to privacy, protection of reputation, and presumption of innocence. Three Norwegian newspaper editors and an independent consultant to the Norwegian Institute of Journalism elaborated on how identification of criminal suspects is determined in Norway. The Norwegian case study provides an alternative approach to identification. Both legal and ethics solutions are proposed as a way to help protect the privacy, reputation, and presumption of innocence of private individuals suspected of or arrested for a crime but without unconstitutionally intruding on press freedom.