Il s’agit d’examiner la possibilité d’introduire l’histoire des sciences dans l'enseignement scientifique secondaire français afin de travailler l’image de la nature des sciences. Pour cela, nous avons élaboré, et mis en œuvre dans une classe de terminale S, une séquence à caractère historique basée sur sept textes. Elle porte sur le passage du modèle géocentrique au modèle héliocentrique, et vise à mettre en valeur l’existence et l’évolution de présupposés au sein de la physique. La reprise de cette expérience encadrée par trois questionnaires nous a permis de mieux appréhender l’image de la nature des sciences des élèves. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants quant à l’évolution de leur représentation de l’observation, plus précisément de sa place dans la démarche scientifique et de son ancrage théorique et métaphysique. Par ailleurs, il semble subsister une vision réaliste « naïve » (les savoirs existent dans le monde) et une difficulté à différencier les registres mis à l’œuvre dans l’activité scientifique en sciences physiques. / The idea is to introduce some elements of the History of Science in the French secondary scientific education in order to give a more authentic view of the Nature of Science (NoS). To do so, a historical inquiry based on seven texts was built and tested in a scientific grade 12 class. This pedagogical unit was about the way scientists switched from geocentric models to heliocentric ones. The purpose was to point out the existence and evolution of presuppositions in physics. This unit was implemented again, this time coupled with three questionnaires that enabled us to explore the image students get of science. The results obtained are encouraging as regards to the evolution of their representations of the observation, more precisely of its metaphysical and theoretical anchoring. Moreover, there seems to be a "naive" realistic vision (knowledge exists in the world) and a difficulty in differentiating the registers used in scientific activity in physics.

Étude de maîtrise sponsorisée par le Fonds québécois de recherche Société et Culture (gouvernement du Québec), le programme Renforcement du secteur langagier au Canada (gouvernement du Canada), ainsi que par diverses bourses octroyées par l'Université de Montréal. / Cette étude traductologique a pour cadre l’approche « skopos plus loyalty » (Nord [1997] 2007 : 123). Elle illustre l’important potentiel heuristique et didactique de cette méthode lorsque appliquée de manière contrastive à des traductions philologiques, en démontrant clairement que des intentions différentes commandent des techniques et procédés différents pour la résolution de problématiques similaires (ibid. : 115 116). Trois traductions ont été choisies pour leur fonctionnalité. Leur consigne de traduction (Nord [1997] 2007 : 30) a été inférée, puis les interventions (Chesterman 1997; Gagnon 2006) délibérées (Bastin 2007) qui ont favorisé leur réception ont été relevées et qualifiées. Leurs effets sur l’articulation de certains passages probants et sur la « triple loyauté du traducteur » ont été jaugés, et celles qui se sont avérées malencontreuses ont été commentées selon les présupposés et mésinterprétations culturels de Ke (1999). / The theoretical framework of this study is Nord’s "skopos plus loyalty" approach ([1997] 2007 : 123). It exemplifies its heuristic and didactic potential when applied to philological translations, following Nord’s saying that "Comparing translations of various texts in various situations at various moments in history we find that different purposes can very often explain why translators have chosen different techniques or procedures to solve similar or analogous problems." (ibid. : 115 116) Three translations were selected for their functionality; their translation brief (Nord ibid. : 30) has been inferred, and the deliberate (Bastin 2007) translation shifts (Chesterman 1997; Gagnon 2006) which contributed to their functionality were identified. The "distribution" of the "translator’s threefold loyalty" has been evaluated, and those shifts which proved to be "unfortunate" were explained in terms of Ke's cultural presuppositions and misreadings (1999).

Cette thèse développe un formalisme théorique pour la sémantique du discours. Il s'appuie sur l'extension des grammaires de Montague, sur la notion de continuation et sur les mécanismes de levée et de traitement des exceptions. Le formalisme permet de traiter des phénomènes dynamiques tels que les anaphores d'une phrase à l'autre, les présuppositions déclenchées par des référents et les projections présuppositions. / This thesis develops a theoretical formalism that takes into account semantical discourse dynamics. It focuses on the extension of Montague semantic with the notion of continuation and an exception handling and raising mechanism. The formalism allows to handle dynamic phenomena such as cross-sentential anaphora, presuppositions triggered by referring expressions and presupposition projection.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Goldman.pdf: 621850 bytes, checksum: 226938b602a57bd4e2d7cb879788e8dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-20 / After almost five centuries since the Scientific Revolution, the symptoms of a severe paradigmatic change are finally visible to the eyes of science. Until then, the mechanicist model that lead the scientific attitude was based on general laws os nature, which were able to determine the behaviour of beings in any given space and time. Its epistemological presuppositions consisted in the concepts of order, time symmetry, stability, objectivism and universalism; that scientific approach presupposed, above all, the possibility of dividing an object in smaller parts, of which quantification and following comprehension would cause the comprehension of the phenomenon as a whole, in terms of certainty. Since the discoveries of the modern physics, expressed over all by quantum and relativity theories, a new field of possibilities is revealed refering to the behaviour of beings, causing the emergence of a new model of scientific approach. In the new paradigm, the concepts of probability, indeterminism, evolution, accident, limited previsibility, instability and subjectivism prevail. In that model, a less limited comprehension of the object presuppose the concepts of complexity and systemic integration, and the results are assumed in terms of probability. We tried to demonstrate in the present work that the quantum law, concept created by Professor Goffredo da Silva Telles Jr. in his homonimous book, is the theory that corresponds to the application of the new paradigm epistemological presuppositions over the range of legal phenomenon. In short, the quantum concept of law is the transposition of the post-modern epistemology to the legal universe. Therefore, we tried to demonstrate it through the reanalysis of some subjects broached by the author, emphasizing its points of connection with the emergent epistemology concepts; we tried finally, through the hypothetical application of quantum law presuppositions over some institutes and mechanisms of contemporary law, to point in which grade these concepts are harmonized with the model of the rising paradigm / Tendo-se passado quase cinco séculos desde a Revolução Científica, tornam-se finalmente visíveis aos olhos da ciência, a partir do século XX, os sintomas de uma significativa mudança de paradigma. Até então, o modelo mecanicista que norteava a postura científica tinha por principais fundamentos supostas leis gerais da natureza, capazes de determinar o comportamento dos seres em qualquer espaço e tempo. Seus pressupostos epistemológicos consistiam nas ideias de ordem, simetria temporal, estabilidade, objetivismo e universalismo; tal abordagem científica pressupunha, acima de tudo, a possibilidade de dividir o objeto em partes menores, cuja quantificação e posterior compreensão implicariam a compreensão do fenômeno integralmente, em termos de certeza. A partir das descobertas da física moderna, sobretudo expressas pelas teorias quântica e da relatividade, desvenda-se um novo campo de possibilidade no tocante ao comportamento dos seres, suscitando a emergência de um modelo renovado de abordagem científica. No novo paradigma, prevalecem as noções de probabilidade, indeterminismo, evolução, acidente, previsibilidade limitada, instabilidade e subjetivismo; por tal modelo, uma compreensão menos limitada do objeto pressupõe as noções de complexidade e de integração sistêmica, e os resultados passam a ser assumidos em termos de probabilidade. Pretendeu-se demonstrar no presente trabalho que o direito quântico, conceito formulado pelo Prof. Goffredo da Silva Telles Jr. em sua obra homônima, é a teoria correspondente à aplicação dos pressupostos epistemológicos do novo paradigma no âmbito do fenômeno jurídico. A concepção quântica do direito é, em suma, a transposição da epistemologia pósmoderna para o universo jurídico. Buscou-se portanto demonstrá-lo mediante a reanálise de alguns temas abordados pelo autor, relevando seus pontos de conexão com as concepções da epistemologia emergente; buscou-se, enfim, por meio da aplicação hipotética dos pressupostos da teoria quântica do direito a alguns institutos e mecanismos do direito contemporâneo, apontar em que medida estes encontram-se afinados com o modelo do paradigma nascente

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosana Oleinik Pasinato.pdf: 1144683 bytes, checksum: 0546ce45be9a0934ab89c0a5d42b0603 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study intends to establish parameters of law taxes interpretation, denominated conditional presuppositions. Understanding the law as a language phenomenon and exegesis activity as a meaning construction done by the interpreter, does not implicate empowering the individual with an absolute subjectivity, which dispenses the observance of the meaning expectations present at the historical and cultural context where it is done. After defining the philosophical premises that will support our dogmatic investigations, the conditional presuppositions of law taxes interpretation are defined, as well as the concept of law interpretation as a prescriptive language system, his relevance and the study of the clauses about the subject that are in the legal system and about the methods of exegesis traditionally conceived by doctrine that support the arguments used in the Court begins / O presente estudo visa estabelecer parâmetros para a interpretação do direito tributário, que denominamos de pressupostos condicionantes. Conceber o direito como fenômeno de linguagem e a atividade exegética como construção de sentido realizada pelo intérprete não implica conferir-lhe uma subjetividade soberana, que prescinde da observância das expectativas de significados presentes no contexto histórico-cultural em que é realizada. Após a fixação de premissas filosóficas que respaldam a investigação dogmática, definem-se os pressupostos que condicionam a exegese do direito tributário, o conceito de interpretação do direito como um sistema de linguagem, a importância dos pressupostos para a exegese, e, a partir de então, inicia-se o estudo das disposições sobre o tema presentes no ordenamento jurídico e dos métodos de exegese tradicionalmente concebidos pela doutrina e que servem de argumentos para decisões de nossos Tribunais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariangela Lima de Almeida.pdf: 2104312 bytes, checksum: cd06831d3845b02c3b9890f794a76e86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-27 / Investiga os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos e epistemológicos da pesquisa-ação utilizados na produção acadêmica, na área da Educação Especial/inclusão escolar. Analisa teses e dissertações defendidas, em âmbito nacional, no período de 1999 a março de 2008. Mapeia 45 estudos que se constituem no corpus de análise. Desenvolve-se a partir da pesquisa da pesquisa , tomando a análise epistemológica como perspectiva disparadora das discussões acerca dos aspectos implícitos e explícitos na dialética entre pergunta e resposta, nos estudos analisados. Como instrumento de organização dos textos, utiliza o quadro esquemático inspirado nos princípios do esquema paradigmático. Como perspectiva teórico-metodológica, fundamenta-se nos pressupostos Teoria da Ação Comunicativa elaborados, por Jürgen Habermas com o objetivo de compreender e analisar os pressupostos e saberes da pesquisa-ação assumidos nos estudos e o modo como são empregados pelos autores. Constrói diálogos baseados em processos argumentativos entre os autores-pesquisadores, na busca por entendimentos e acordos. Observa mediante o estado da arte, que a abordagem metodológica da pesquisa-ação é incorporada a um número expressivo de estudos na perspectiva da inclusão escolar que problematiza, sobretudo, a formação continuada de professores e a prática docente. Faz emergir do diálogo entre os autores-pesquisadores os argumentos teórico-metodológicos para a pesquisa-ação: as relações entre autores (pesquisadores) e atores (participantes do contexto), os papéis atribuídos a esses sujeitos, a constituição do problema de pesquisa, a dinâmica da pesquisa-ação e a diáletica entre compreensão e transformação da realidade. Através da discussão entre os autores, revela que esses pressupostos são utilizados de diferentes formas durante os momentos da pesquisa, devido aos diferentes modos de esses autores conceberem a ação, na processualidade da pesquisa-ação. Evidencia que, quando as ações são conduzidas pelo agir comunicativo, há busca por entendimentos mútuos, que podem evoluir para acordos normativos pela via de uma intersubjetividade partilhada. Nesse caso, o processo de pesquisa-ação é conduzido pela autorreflexão crítica e colaborativa. Em outra perspectiva, quando as ações são guiadas pelo agir estratégico, são conduzidas com base em interesses individuais que se materializam em planos de intervenção com foco em resultados predefinidos. Constata que, na primeira perspectiva as mudanças ocorridas se iniciam em processo e tendem a transcender o imediato, atingindo o âmbito sociopolítico, e , na segunda perspectiva, as mudanças tendem a ser imediatas e pragmáticas. Possibilita considerar que, na área de Educação Especial, na perspectiva da inclusão escolar, a pesquisa-ação contribui, sobretudo, para a viabilidade de um trabalho colaborativo e coletivo no contexto escolar. Para efeito de análises futuras, mostra a importância da construção de conhecimentos a partir de reflexões e ações com o outro, com vistas a compreender os meandros do processo de pesquisa / This study investigates the theoretical-methodological and epistemological presuppositions of the action research used in academic production in the field of Special Education/school inclusion. It analyzes the theses and dissertations defended all over the country in the period between 1999 and March 2008. It maps 45 studies that constitute the analysis corpus. This study is developed from the idea of research on research , using epistemological analysis as a trigger for discussions about the implicit and explicit aspects in the dialectics between question and response in the studies analyzed. The scheme chart inspired on the principles of paradigmatic scheme was used as an instrument to organize the texts. From a theoretical-methodological perspective, the study is based on the Theory of Communicative Action created by Jürgen Habermas in order to understand and analyze the presuppositions and knowledge of the action research assumed in the study, as well as the way they are approached by the authors. It builds dialogues based on argumentation between authors and researchers so as to achieve agreement and understanding. It observes that the methodological approach of the action research is incorporated into a significant number of studies from the perspective of school inclusion that mainly problematizes the continuing education of teachers and the teaching practice. It makes the theoretical-methodological arguments for the action research emerge from the dialogue between the authors and researchers: the relationship between authors (researchers) and actors (context participants); the roles attributed to these subjects; the constitution of the research question; the action research dynamics; and the dialectics between the understanding and transformation of reality. Through discussions among the authors, the study reveals that these presuppositions are used in different ways during the investigation, because of the different ways in which these authors conceive action in the action research process. It shows that, when the actions are carried out through communicative acting, there is a search for mutual understanding that can evolve into normative agreements by means of shared intersubjectivity. In this case, the action research process is carried out through critical and collaborative self-reflection. From a different perspective, when the actions are guided by the strategic acting, they are carried out based on individual interests materialized at intervention levels which focus on predefined results. The study verifies that, from the first perspective, the occurring changes begin as a process and tend to transcend immediacy, achieving the socio-political sphere. From the second perspective, the changes tend to be immediate and pragmatic. It is possible to consider that, in the Special Education field and from the school inclusion perspective, action research contributes mainly to a feasible collaborative and collective work in the school context. As far as future analyses are concerned, the study shows the importance of constructing knowledge based on reflections and actions with the other so as to understand the path of the research process

Cette étude traductologique a pour cadre l’approche « skopos plus loyalty » (Nord [1997] 2007 : 123). Elle illustre l’important potentiel heuristique et didactique de cette méthode lorsque appliquée de manière contrastive à des traductions philologiques, en démontrant clairement que des intentions différentes commandent des techniques et procédés différents pour la résolution de problématiques similaires (ibid. : 115 116). Trois traductions ont été choisies pour leur fonctionnalité. Leur consigne de traduction (Nord [1997] 2007 : 30) a été inférée, puis les interventions (Chesterman 1997; Gagnon 2006) délibérées (Bastin 2007) qui ont favorisé leur réception ont été relevées et qualifiées. Leurs effets sur l’articulation de certains passages probants et sur la « triple loyauté du traducteur » ont été jaugés, et celles qui se sont avérées malencontreuses ont été commentées selon les présupposés et mésinterprétations culturels de Ke (1999). / The theoretical framework of this study is Nord’s "skopos plus loyalty" approach ([1997] 2007 : 123). It exemplifies its heuristic and didactic potential when applied to philological translations, following Nord’s saying that "Comparing translations of various texts in various situations at various moments in history we find that different purposes can very often explain why translators have chosen different techniques or procedures to solve similar or analogous problems." (ibid. : 115 116) Three translations were selected for their functionality; their translation brief (Nord ibid. : 30) has been inferred, and the deliberate (Bastin 2007) translation shifts (Chesterman 1997; Gagnon 2006) which contributed to their functionality were identified. The "distribution" of the "translator’s threefold loyalty" has been evaluated, and those shifts which proved to be "unfortunate" were explained in terms of Ke's cultural presuppositions and misreadings (1999). / Étude de maîtrise sponsorisée par le Fonds québécois de recherche Société et Culture (gouvernement du Québec), le programme Renforcement du secteur langagier au Canada (gouvernement du Canada), ainsi que par diverses bourses octroyées par l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis develops a theoretical formalism of formal semantics of natural language in the spirit of Montague semantics. The developed framework satisfies the principle of compositionality in a simple and elegant way, by being as parsimonious as possible: completely new formalisms or extensions of existing formalisms with even more complex constructions to fit particular linguistic phenomena have been avoided; instead, the framework handles these linguistic phenomena using only basic and well-established formalisms, such as simply-typed lambda calculus and classical logic. Dynamics is achieved by employing a continuation-passing technique and an exception raising and handling mechanism. The context is explicitly represented by a term, and, therefore, can be easily accessed and manipulated. The framework successfully handles cross-sentential anaphora and presuppositions triggered by referring expressions and has potential to be extended for dealing with more complex dynamic phenomena, such as presuppositions triggered by factive verbs and conversational implicatures.

Enbart en liten del av forskningen berör kunskapsdelning i syfte att möta kompetensförsörjningsutmaningar utifrån en förändrad demografi, till följd av en åldrande befolkning. Således har denna kvalitativa studie syftat till att bidra med kunskap om hur en organisation, genom kunskapsdelning, kan ta vara på äldre medarbetares kunskap. För att besvara studiens syfte genomfördes sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda inom en statlig organisation. Studiens titel belyser utmaningar för äldre medarbetare att dela kunskap och förmågor som förvärvats genom tidigare erfarenheter. Med inslag från empirisk fenomenologi, ett abduktivt tillvägagångssätt, tematisk analys samt inspiration från Ipes (2003) förutsättningar för kunskapsdelning, synliggjordes ytterligare en förutsättning för äldre medarbetare att dela kunskap; kartläggning av erfarenheter. Genom att kartlägga tidigare erfarenheter kan äldre medarbetares kunskap synliggöras, vilket kan bidra till upplevelsen av att deras kunskap tas vara på inom organisation. / Only a small part of the research concerns knowledge sharing to meet skills supply challenges based on a changing demographic, because of an aging population. Thus, this qualitative study has aimed to contribute with knowledge about how an organization, through knowledge sharing, can seize older employees’ knowledge. To answer the purpose of this study, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees within state owned organization. The title of this study highlights challenges for older employees to share knowledge and abilities acquired through previous experiences. With influence of empirical phenomenology, an abductive approach, thematic analysis and inspiration from Ipe’s (2003) presuppositions for knowledge sharing, another presupposition for older employees to share knowledge was made visible, mapping of experiences. By mapping experiences, older employees’ knowledge can be made visible, which can contribute to the experience that their knowledge is being seized within the organization.

The Russian Evangelical Soteriology as a phenomenon was evaluated in the dissertation. The original Russian Evangelical confessions of faith and some other historical documents of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries are used to present the following hypothesis. The historic fluidity of Soteriology of Russian Evangelica1s may only be understood in the light of their consistent adherence to the principles of Sola Scriptura and the Priesthood of all believers. We come to conclusion that the existence of Russian Evangelical Soteriology is not a question to be discussed, but a clear historical fact. We show that it has its past and present, a well-defended subject of study with clear presuppositions, rather developed vision, and it is unique as a phenomenon. The major principles of this theology strictly devoted to the Scripture and a flexible formulation of doctrines. We strongly insist that it is impossible without being eclectic combine the Evangelical Soteriology of Scripture with the Orthodox Soteriology of Tradition. The additional result of the study is the attempt to evaluate the possibility for a reconstruction of Russian Evangelical Soteriology as a part of a self-identification process. / Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)