A sobrevivência e o sucesso reprodutivo de um indivíduo estão diretamente relacionados à sua capacidade de atender à demanda por nutrientes e energia. Estudos em Ecologia Nutricional, que adotam o Modelo Geométrico para nutrição, evidenciam que, mais do que maximizar a ingestão de energia, os animais procuram regular a ingestão de múltiplos nutrientes de maneira independente, almejando um balanço específico entre esses nutrientes. Neste trabalho, empregamos análises de conteúdo nutricional e o Modelo Geométrico para investigar os parâmetros nutricionais da dieta de duas populações de macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.), em dois biomas distintos: Sapajus libidinosus, numa área de ecótono Cerrado/Caatinga, a Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV), no Estado do Piauí; e Sapajus nigritus, numa área de Mata Atlântica, o Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), no Estado de São Paulo. Estudos anteriores sugeriram que a qualidade e a disponibilidade dos alimentos explorados por S. libidinosus no semi-árido são superiores aos dos explorados por S. nigritus na Mata Atlântica. Porém, afirmações sobre a qualidade de dieta dependem de investigações sobre o balanço nutricional obtido pelo organismo e quais as estratégias nutricionais adotadas para atingir esse balanço. Assim, os objetivos desta tese foram (1) analisar as estratégias nutricionais de um grupo de Sapajus libidinosus na FBV e (2) comparar a qualidade nutricional da dieta dessa população com a da população de Sapajus nigritus do PECB. Foram analisadas amostras de 176 itens alimentares. Para estimar o consumo de nutrientes, foram realizados 134 focais contínuos diários em que foram registrados os itens alimentares consumidos pelo indivíduo e a quantidade ingerida. Os macacos da FBV regulam a ingestão de um balanço específico entre energia proteica e energia não proteica (advinda de lipídeos e/ou carboidratos), priorizando a ingestão de energia não proteica quando a disponibilidade desse nutriente nos itens alimentares diminui. Assumindo que o objetivo nutricional de S. nigritus é o mesmo de S. libidinosus, os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que a qualidade da dieta na FBV é superior à do PECB, área em que os alimentos dos macacos apresentam menores concentrações de energia não proteica. O Modelo Geométrico para nutrição permitiu rever afirmações feitas em estudos anteriores de que na FBV a sazonalidade dos recursos mais consumidos não é um fator limitante para esses animais. Neste estudo, mostramos que há variações sazonais na qualidade nutricional dos alimentos, o que tem um impacto na ingestão de nutrientes pelos macacos da FBV / The survival and reproductive success of an individual are directly related to its ability to meet the demand for nutrients and energy. Studies in Nutritional Ecology, adopting the Geometric Framework for Nutrition, show that more than maximize energy intake, the animals seek to regulate the intake of multiple nutrients independently, targeting a specific balance between these nutrients. In this study, we used nutritional content analysis and the Geometric Framework to investigate the diet nutritional parameters of two populations of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) in two different biomes: Sapajus libidinosus in the ecotone Cerrado/Caatinga, at Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV) in Piauí state; and Sapajus nigritus in an Atlantic Forest area, at Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), in São Paulo state. Previous studies suggest that the quality and availability of food exploited by S. libidinosus in the semi-arid region are higher than those of the exploited by S. nigritus in the Atlantic Forest. However, statements about diet quality depend on investigating the nutrient balance obtained by individuals and which nutrition strategies are adopted to achieve this balance. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were (1) to analyze the nutritional strategies of a group of Sapajus libidinosus in the FBV and (2) to compare the nutritional quality of the diet of this population with that of Sapajus nigritus in PECB. We analyzed samples of 176 food items eaten by the animals. To estimate nutrient daily intake, we conducted 134 continuous focal follows recording the item consumed and the amount ingested by individuals. The monkeys in FBV regulate the intake of a specific balance between protein energy and non-protein energy (lipids and / or carbohydrates), and prioritize non-protein energy intake when the availability of this nutrient in food items decreases. Assuming that the nutritional goal of S. nigritus is the same as S. libidinosus, the results confirmed the hypothesis that diet quality in FBV is superior than in PECB, where foods contain lower non-protein energy concentrations. The Geometric Framework allowed to review previous studies claims that in FBV seasonality of resources availability is not a limiting factor for these animals. In this study we have shown seasonal variations in the nutritional quality of foods, which impact nutrient intake by monkeys in FBV

<p>Only in primates is permanent male-female association the most widespread social structure of all. The continuous presence of resident males in the social group can have significant impacts on female fitness, both in forms of costs and benefits. In this study I investigate particular short-term benefits and costs of resident males to females in a population of ursine colobus (<em>Colobus vellerosus</em>). I hypothesise that for females permanent association with males result in certain benefits and certain costs, exceeding those provided or imposed by other females. The results indicate that female derive greater benefits from males than from females during intergroup encounters and in the form of vigilance since males were the main participants in intergroup encounter and were more vigilant than females. I could not confirm any type of behaviour employed by resident males that is costly to females. However, the rarity and subtleness of some costly male behaviours imply that more data is needed before making a conclusion on their absence or occurrence in this population and I purpose that herding behaviour could occur at my study site. Moreover, multi-male groups (MM-groups) showed higher rates of vigilance than single-male groups (SM-groups) and had a tendency to experiencing fewer intergroup encounters than SM-groups. I interpret the former as a result of the demanding social conditions in the MM-groups. The latter indicate that females may benefit from MM-group living through a decrease in intergroup encounters.</p>

Only in primates is permanent male-female association the most widespread social structure of all. The continuous presence of resident males in the social group can have significant impacts on female fitness, both in forms of costs and benefits. In this study I investigate particular short-term benefits and costs of resident males to females in a population of ursine colobus (Colobus vellerosus). I hypothesise that for females permanent association with males result in certain benefits and certain costs, exceeding those provided or imposed by other females. The results indicate that female derive greater benefits from males than from females during intergroup encounters and in the form of vigilance since males were the main participants in intergroup encounter and were more vigilant than females. I could not confirm any type of behaviour employed by resident males that is costly to females. However, the rarity and subtleness of some costly male behaviours imply that more data is needed before making a conclusion on their absence or occurrence in this population and I purpose that herding behaviour could occur at my study site. Moreover, multi-male groups (MM-groups) showed higher rates of vigilance than single-male groups (SM-groups) and had a tendency to experiencing fewer intergroup encounters than SM-groups. I interpret the former as a result of the demanding social conditions in the MM-groups. The latter indicate that females may benefit from MM-group living through a decrease in intergroup encounters.

付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22300号 / 理博第4614号 / 新制||理||1662(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 平田 聡, 教授 幸島 司郎, 教授 伊谷 原一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

This study is the first to quantify pelage sexual dichromatism (PelSD) across the order Primates. The hypothesis that PelSD evolves as a consequence of sexual selection on the pelage color of male primates is considered. Color-corrected high-resolution photographs were taken of primate pelts taken from museum collections, representing primate 83 species. Two measures of color, luminance and hue, were taken for the dorsal and ventral aspects of the trunk of each specimen. These measurements are proxies for the absolute and relative concentrations of melanin(s) in primate pelage. Highly-dichromatic species were identified and the evolution of luminance and hue in males and females of those species was analyzed. Species where male luminance or hue was under selection without concomitant selection on females were considered to be under sexual selection. There was little clear evidence of sexual selection on male luminance in highly-dichromatic species. However, there was substantial evidence of sexual selection on male hue. To determine if male pelage color is an ornament that signals quality and is used by females in choosing mates, fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a proxy for mate choice, was regressed against PelSD. Evidence of trunk pelage as ornamentation (i.e., significant correlation between FA and PelSD) was only observed among platyrrhines. Sexual selection on male hue and a trend toward yellower pelage in males of highly-dichromatic species suggests a shift to phaeomelanin production in those males. Explanations for the observed shift to yellow pelage/phaeomelanin production are explored. / Anthropology

Diet and female feeding competition was examined within two groups of free-ranging ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar. The first group’s home range was located within a protected gallery forest, the second is in a degraded forest and human-occupied area. The diets of the females were found to vary between groups; females fed on different plant species, and those in the unprotected area frequently consumed human food scraps and domestic animal fecal matter. Contest and scramble competition were detected within both groups. Rates of feeding competition were found to increase according to the type of food being consumed; feeding on fruits and leaves correlated with increased competition in the reserve group, and feeding on human foods and animal fecal matter correlated with increased competition with the non-reserve group. These dietary and competitive differences highlight the need for continued, and possibly additional, protection of L. catta in this region.

Diet and female feeding competition was examined within two groups of free-ranging ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar. The first group’s home range was located within a protected gallery forest, the second is in a degraded forest and human-occupied area. The diets of the females were found to vary between groups; females fed on different plant species, and those in the unprotected area frequently consumed human food scraps and domestic animal fecal matter. Contest and scramble competition were detected within both groups. Rates of feeding competition were found to increase according to the type of food being consumed; feeding on fruits and leaves correlated with increased competition in the reserve group, and feeding on human foods and animal fecal matter correlated with increased competition with the non-reserve group. These dietary and competitive differences highlight the need for continued, and possibly additional, protection of L. catta in this region.

No description available.

Behaviour (activity budget, degree of terrestriality, intergroup sociality) and diet, and the impact of proximity to forest edge on both, were compared between two populations of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) inhabiting rocky outcrop/anthropogenic savannah-surrounded forest fragments in south-central Madagascar. Both sites—a fragment in the Tsaranoro Valley local to Andringitra National Park, and a fragment at Anja Special Reserve, adjacent to National Route 7 in the Ambalavao area—are considered sacred forests (sites of human burial) by the local people living in these regions, and are therefore subject to traditional protective prohibitions (fady). Both sites attract tourists, but are managed differently, and the resources available to the L. catta differ between sites, affecting the behaviour of the lemur populations: L. catta at Tsaranoro spent more time feeding, and less time resting and engaging in social behaviour compared with those at Anja, where introduced fruiting trees were available and resource abundance appeared to be relatively higher. Also, L. catta at Tsaranoro were less edge-avoidant, with some groups travelling over 400 meters beyond outside the forest in order to utilize resources at the tourist establishment local to the site. L. catta at Anja were never observed more than nine meters outside the forest. Although the fragments are of similar size and were expected to differ little, many significant behavioural dissimilarities were observed, suggesting the importance of the refinement of rapid assessment techniques for judging the habitat suitability and conservational value of small forest fragments.