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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The stress-strain behaviour of dry granular material subjected to repeated loading in a hollow cylinder apparatus

Richardson, Ian R. January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
2

Wellbore stability analysis based on a new true-triaxial failure criterion

Al-Ajmi, Adel January 2006 (has links)
A main aspect of wellbore stability analysis is the selection of an appropriate rock failure criterion. The most commonly used criterion for brittle failure of rocks is the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. This criterion involves only the maximum and minimum principal stresses, s1 and s3, and therefore assumes that the intermediate stress s2 has no influence on rock strength. When the Mohr-Coulomb criterion had been developed, it was justified by experimental evidence from conventional triaxial tests (s1>s2=s3). Based on triaxial failure mechanics, the Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been extensively used to represent rock failure under the polyaxial stress state (s1>s2>s3). In contrast to the predictions of Mohr-Coulomb criterion, much evidence has been accumulating to suggest that s2 does indeed have a strengthening effect. In this research, I have shown that Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion only represents the triaxial stress state (s2=s3 or s2=s1), which is a special case that will only occasionally be encountered in situ. Accordingly, I then developed a new true-triaxial failure criterion called the Mogi-Coulomb criterion. This failure criterion is a linear failure envelope in the Mogi domain (toct-sm,2 space) which can be directly related to the Coulomb strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle. This linear failure criterion has been justified by experimental evidence from triaxial tests as well as polyaxial tests. It is a natural extension of the classical Coulomb criterion into three dimensions. As the Mohr-Coulomb criterion only represents rock failure under triaxial stress states, it is expected to be too conservative in predicting wellbore instability. To overcome this problem, I have developed a new 3D analytical model to estimate the mud pressure required to avoid shear failure at the wall of vertical, horizontal and deviated boreholes. This has been achieved by using linear elasticity theory to calculate the stresses, and the fully-polyaxial Mogi-Coulomb criterion to predict failure. The solution is achieved in closed-form for vertical wellbores, for all stress regimes. For deviated or horizontal wellbores, Mathcad programs have been written to evaluate the solution. These solutions have been applied to several field cases available in the literature, and the new model in each case seems to be consistent with the field experience. / QC 20100629
3

Modélisation du comportement des sables sous la condition de cisaillement simple et applications au calcul des pieux / Mechanical modelling of sand considering simple shear condition and its application to pile foundation

Wu, Zexiang 13 December 2017 (has links)
La thèse vise à étudier le comportement mécanique des sables sous la condition de cisaillement simple et à son application au calcul des pieux. Tout d'abord, un modèle de sable récemment développé (SIMSAND) prenant en compte l'état critique est introduit avec une procédure directe de détermination des paramètres. Le modèle est implanté dans un code de calcul aux éléments finis qui a fait l’objet de différentes validations. Ensuite, le modèle est amélioré en considérant l'anisotropie inhérente lors de la rotation des contraintes principales sous la condition de cisaillement simple et a été validé en utilisant les résultats des essais tri axiaux et de cisaillement simple sur le sable de Fontainebleau. Les essais de cisaillement simple sont analysés en imposant les conditions de sollicitations réelles tridimensionnelles appliquées par l’appareillage utilisé. L'inhomogénéité de l'échantillon avec l'effet de la taille de l'échantillon est également étudiée. Puis, des essais de cisaillement simple cycliques drainés et non-drainés sur le sable de Fontainebleau sont effectués pour étudier les caractéristiques sous charges cycliques, telles que la dégradation de la contrainte normale effective et l'accumulation de la déformation volumique, compte tenus de certains facteurs comme l’indice des vide initial, la contrainte normale appliquée, le rapport de contrainte de cisaillement cyclique et le rapport de contrainte de cisaillement moyenne. Sur la base de ces résultats, deux modèles analytiques sont proposés pour prédire la dégradation à long terme de la contrainte normale effective et l'accumulation des déformations volumiques en fonction du nombre de cycles. En outre, les essais cycliques de cisaillement simple sont simulés par le modèle SIMSAND amélioré en utilisant une technique d'inversion de contrainte. Enfin, on simule une série de pieux modèles sous charges monotone et cyclique pour laquelle la résistance en pointe du pieu est évaluée ainsi que la réponse du sol entourant le pieu. / The thesis aims to study the mechanical behaviour of sand under simple shear condition and to apply the results to the numerical simulation of pile foundation. First, a recently developed critical state sand model (SIMSAND) is introduced with a straight forward procedure of parameters determination, implemented into a finite element code and then subjected to a series of validations. Then, the model is enhanced by considering the inherent anisotropy during the principal stress rotation under the simple shear condition and validated by using results of both triaxial tests and simple shear tests on Fontainebleau sand. Simple shear tests are analysed by simulating in three-dimensions the real conditions imposed by the simple shear apparatus. The inhomogeneity of the samples with the effect of sample size is also investigated. Furthermore, undrained and drained cyclic simple shear tests on Fontainebleau sand are conducted to investigate the cyclic responses, such as the effective normal stress degradation and the volumetric strain accumulation, respectively, considering some impact factors such as the initial void ratio, the normal stress, the cyclic shear stress ratio and the average shear stress ratio. Based on these results, two analytical models are proposed to predict the long-term degradation of the effective normal stress and the accumulation of the volumetric strain with the number of cycles. Moreover, the cyclic simple shear tests are simulated by the enhanced SIMSAND model by incorporating the stress reversal technique. Finally, a series of model pile tests under monotonic and cyclic loadings are simulated based on which the cone resistance of the piles is evaluated as well as the response of the soil surrounding the pile.
4

Marble decay caused by thermal expansion: microstructure-based mathematical and physical modeling

Shushakova, Victoria 19 April 2013 (has links)
No description available.
5

Development of a Failure Criterion for Rock Masses Having Non-Orthogonal Fracture Systems

Mehrapour, Mohammad Hadi, Mehrapour, Mohammad Hadi January 2017 (has links)
Two new three-dimensional rock mass strength criteria are developed in this dissertation by extending an existing rock mass strength criterion. These criteria incorporate the effects of the intermediate principal stress, minimum principal stress and the anisotropy resulting from these stresses acting on the fracture system. In addition, these criteria have the capability of capturing the anisotropic and scale dependent behavior of the jointed rock mass strength by incorporating the effect of fracture geometry through the fracture tensor components. Another significant feature of the new rock mass strength criterion which has the exponential functions (equation 6.7) is having only four empirical coefficients compared to the existing strength criterion which has five empirical coefficients; if the joint sets have the same isotropic mechanical behavior, the number of the empirical coefficients reduces to two in this new strength criterion (equation 6.10). The new criteria were proposed after analyzing 452 numerical modeling results of the triaxial, polyaxial and biaxial compression tests conducted on the jointed rock blocks having one or two joint sets by the PFC3D software version 5. In this research to have several samples with the same properties a synthetic rock material that is made out of a mixture of gypsum, sand and water was used. In total, 20 joint systems were chosen and joint sets have different dip angles varying from 15 to 60 at an interval of 15 with dip directions of 30 and 75 for the two joint sets. Each joint set also has 3 persistent joints with the joint spacing of 42 mm in a cubic sample of size 160 mm and the joints have the same isotropic mechanical behavior. The confining stress combination values were chosen based on the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) value of the modeled intact synthetic rock. The minimum principal stress values were chosen as 0, 20, 40 and 60 percent of the UCS. For each minimum principal stress value, the intermediate principal stress value varies starting at the minimum principal stress value and increasing at an interval of 20 percent of the UCS until it is lower than the strength of the sample under the biaxial loading condition with the same minimum principal stress value. The new rock mass failure criteria were developed from the PFC3D modeling data. However, since the joint sets having the dip angle of 60 intersect the top and bottom boundaries of the sample simultaneously, the joint systems with at least one of the joint sets having the dip angle of 60 were removed from the database. Thus, 284 data points from 12 joint systems were used to find the best values of the empirical coefficients for the new rock mass strength criteria. λ, p and q were found to be 0.675, 3.16 and 0.6, respectively, through a conducted grid analysis with a high R2 (coefficient of determination) value of 0.94 for the new criterion given by equation 6.9 and a and b were found to be 0.404 and 0.972, respectively, through a conducted grid analysis with a high R2 value of 0.92 for the new criterion given by equation 6.10. The research results clearly illustrate how increase of the minimum and intermediate principal stresses and decrease of the joint dip angle, increase the jointed rock block strength. This dissertation also illustrates how different confining stress combinations and joint set dip angles result in different jointed rock mass failure modes such as sliding on the joints, failure through the intact rock and a combination of the intact rock and joint failures. To express the new rock mass strength failure criteria, it was necessary to determine the intact rock strengths under the same confining stress combinations mentioned earlier. Therefore, the intact rock was also modeled for all three compression tests and the intact rock strengths were found for 33 different confining stress combinations. Suitability of six major intact rock failure criteria: Mohr-Coulomb, Hoek-Brown, Modified Lade, Modified Wiebols and Cook, Mogi and Drucker-Prager in representing the intact rock strength was examined through fitting them using the aforementioned 33 PFC3D data points. Among these criteria, Modified Lade, Modified Mogi with power function and Modified Wiebols and Cook were found to be the best failure criteria producing lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of 0.272, 0.301 and 0.307, respectively. Thus, these three failure criteria are recommended for the prediction of the intact rock strength under the polyaxial stress condition. In PFC unlike the other methods, macro mechanical parameters are not directly used in the model and micro mechanical parameter values applicable between the particles should be calibrated using the macro mechanical properties. Accurate calibration is a difficult or challenging task. This dissertation emphasized the importance of studying the effects of all micro parameter values on the macro mechanical properties before one goes through calibration of the micro parameters in PFC modeling. Important effects of two micro parameters, which have received very little attention, the particle size distribution and the cov of the normal and shear strengths, on the macro properties are clearly illustrated before conducting the said calibration. The intact rock macro mechanical parameter values for the Young’s modulus, uniaxial compression strength (UCS), internal friction angle, cohesion and Poisson's ratio were found by performing 3 uniaxial tests, 3 triaxial tests and 5 Brazilian tests on a synthetic material made out of a mixture of gypsum, sand and water and the joint macro mechanical parameter values were found by conducting 4 uniaxial compression tests and 4 direct shear tests on jointed synthetic rocks with a horizontal joint. Then the micro mechanical properties of the Linear Parallel Bond Model (LPMB) and Modified Smooth Joint Contact Model (MSJCM) were calibrated to represent the intact rock and joints respectively, through the specific procedures explained in this research. The similar results obtained between the 2 polyaxial experiments tests of the intact rock and 11 polyaxial experimental tests of the jointed rock blocks having one joint set and the numerical modeling verified the calibrated micro mechanical properties and further modification of these properties was not necessary. This dissertation also proposes a modification to the Smooth Joint Contact Model (SJCM) to overcome the shortcoming of the SJCM to capture the non-linear behavior of the joint closure varying with the joint normal stress. Modified Smooth Joint Contact Model (MSJCM) uses a linear relation between the joint normal stiffness and the normal contact stress to model the non-linear relation between the joint normal deformation and the joint normal stress observed in the compression joint normal stiffness test. A good agreement obtained between the results from the experimental tests and the numerical modeling of the compression joint normal test shows the accuracy of this new model. Moreover, another shortcoming associated with the SJCM application known as the interlocking problem was solved through this research by proposing a new joint contact implementation algorithm called joint sides checking (JSC) approach. The interlocking problem occurs due to a shortcoming of the updating procedure in the PFC software related to the contact conditions of the particles that lie around the intended joint plane during high shear displacements. This problem increases the joint strength and dilation angle and creates unwanted fractures around the intended joint plane.
6

Hauptspannungstrajektorien in der numerischen Festkörpermechanik / Principal Stress Trajectories in Numerical Solid Mechanics: An Algorithm for the Visualisation of Structural Element's Stress States in Two and Three Dimensions

Beyer, Frank R. 23 October 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Für die anschauliche Darstellung der Ergebnisse mechanischer Untersuchungen von Bauteilbeanspruchungen existieren diverse Visualisierungsformen. Eine solche Visualisierungsform ist die Darstellung von Hauptspannungstrajektorien, vorwiegend der Hauptnormalspannungstrajektorien des Spannungszustandes eines Bauteils. Trajektorienbilder sind im Bereich des Bauingenieurwesens insbesondere im Massivbau nach wie vor von großem Interesse. So werden beispielsweise die in der Stahlbetonnormung fest verankerten Stabwerkmodelle in erster Linie auf der Basis von Hauptspannungstrajektorien entwickelt. Aus diesem Grund gehören Trajektorienbilder heute nicht nur zum akademischen Standardlehrstoff, sondern werden auch in wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen gern zur Erläuterung von komplexen Spannungszuständen herangezogen. Unglücklicherweise finden sich in der einschlägigen Fachliteratur und in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten nicht selten grundlegende Fehldarstellungen. Diese Arbeit stellt einen geeigneten Algorithmus zur korrekten Darstellung von Trajektorienbildern auf der Basis numerisch (beispielsweise mit der Finite-Elemente-Methode) berechneter Spannungslösungen bereit. Anhand von systematischen Untersuchungen zu verschiedenen Bauteilgeometrien und Beanspruchungs-konstellationen konnte eine Reihe von immer wieder zu findenden Fehlinterpretationen von Trajektorienbildern aufgezeigt werden. Die oft angenommene Analogie von Spannungstrajektorien zu Stromlinien von Fluidströmungen im Sinne eines „Kraftflusses“ wurde widerlegt. Das Problem bei herkömmlichen Trajektorienbildern, dass diese nicht imstande sind, Auskunft über die Größe der Spannungen zu geben, führte mitunter zu der bisweilen verbreiteten Annahme, die Verdichtung von Trajektorien in einem Trajektorienbild bedeute eine Spannungskonzentration an entsprechender Stelle. Anhand von Beispielen wird dies eindeutig widerlegt. Zur Vermeidung dieses Fehleindrucks wurde eine neue Darstellungsform eingeführt, die neben den Richtungen auch die Größen der Hauptspannungen anhand eines Farbmaßstabes ablesbar macht. Mithilfe einer variablen Schrittweitensteuerung konnte die Genauigkeit bei der Pfadverfolgung der Trajektorien gegenüber festen Schrittweiten maßgeblich verbessert werden. Geeignete Abbruchkriterien gewährleisten das zuverlässige Auffinden von äußeren sowie innenliegenden Bauteilbegrenzungen und die Detektion geschlossener Trajektorien. Einen wesentlichen Punkt stellen mögliche Singularitäten wie isotrope Punkte, isotrope Grenzen oder isotrope Gebiete dar, in denen die Hauptspannungsrichtungen mithilfe der Lösung des Eigenwertproblems nicht eindeutig ermittelbar sind. Deren Nichtbeachtung ist eine wesentliche Ursache für Fehldarstellungen in der Literatur. Die an solchen Stellen auftretenden Effekte und entstehenden Probleme bei der Ermittlung und Interpretierbarkeit von Trajektorienbildern wurden systematisch analysiert und entsprechende Lösungsvorschläge erarbeitet. Bisher blieb die Verwendung von Trajektorienbildern praktisch auf zweidimensionale Probleme beschränkt. Das Potenzial von Spannungstrajektorien zur Visualisierung dreidimensionaler Spannungszustände war bislang noch unerforscht. Daher wurde das Verfahren zur Berechnung von Spannungstrajektorien auf dreidimensionale Spannungszustände übertragen. Während sich einige Teilbereiche des entwickelten Algorithmus, wie beispielsweise die Schrittweitensteuerung, problemlos unter Hinzuziehung einer weiteren Richtungskomponente für dreidimensionale Probleme erweitern lassen, hat sich gezeigt, dass diese Erweiterung auch diverse Nichttrivialitäten enthält. Bei den aus der Berechnung erhaltenen Trajektorien handelt es sich im dreidimensionalen Fall um räumliche Kurven. Eine wesentliche Erkenntnis aus berechneten dreidimensionalen Trajektorienbildern ist, dass sich diese Raumkurven im Unterschied zum ebenen Fall in der Regel nicht schneiden und somit keine Maschen zwischen den Trajektorien wie im Zweidimensionalen aufspannen. Eine noch verbleibende Schwierigkeit bei der Anwendung dreidimensionaler Trajektorienbilder besteht in deren interpretierbarer Darstellung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden hierzu einige Vorschläge erarbeitet sowie deren Anwendbarkeit getestet und bewertet. Um die Möglichkeit der eigenständigen Berechnung von Trajektorienbildern einem breiten Nutzerkreis zugänglich zu machen, können aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen dieser Arbeit leicht bedienbare Softwarelösungen mit grafischer Benutzeroberfläche entwickelt werden. Der Algorithmus zur Trajektorienermittlung wurde mit diesem Ansinnen in allen Details beschrieben. Auf dem Gebiet der Trajektorien dreidimensionaler Spannungszustände hat sich darüber hinaus noch weiterer Forschungsbedarf herausgestellt, hierzu werden in der Arbeit an den entsprechenden Stellen einige Vorschläge zur Weiterentwicklung gemacht. Der entwickelte Algorithmus ermöglicht darüber hinaus auch direkt auch die Ermittlung von Trajektorien materiell oder geometrisch nichtlinearer sowie dynamischer und sonstiger Probleme, sofern der entsprechende Spannungszustand vorliegt. Außerdem kann der Algorithmus prinzipiell auch zur Bestimmung von Hauptschubspannungstrajektorien oder Hauptmomentenlinien angewandt werden. / There are several kinds of visualisation for the illustration of the results of mechanical investigations of structural elements’ load bearing behaviour. The illustration of the stress state via principal stress trajectories, mainly principal normal stress trajectories, is one of them. In the field of civil engineering, trajectory plots are still of notable interest, particularly in solid construction. Thus, the truss models as part of the European engineering standards for steel-reinforced concrete are primarily developed using principal stress trajectories. For this reason, trajectory plots are not only part of the academic subjects taught at university, but they are also used in scientific publications for the illustration of complex stress states. Unfortunately, fundamental misrepresentations are not rare in the relevant literature and scientific works. This work provides a suitable algorithm for accurate trajectory plots based on numerically computed stress solutions (e.g. using the finite element method). By means of systematic investigations of several structural element’s geometries and loading situations, a number of prevalent misinterpretations was identified. The analogy often assumed between stress trajectories and streamlines of fluid flow in terms of “load flow” has been disproved. A property of traditional trajectory plots is not able to indicate the level of stress. Thus, in areas of narrowing trajectories stress concentrations are often assumed. By means of examples this assumption was clearly disproved. To prevent the appearance of such misimpressions, the stress levels are represented using a colour scale known from contour plots. An adaptive incrementation during path tracing allows a significant increase of accuracy compared with uniform incrementation. Suitable stop criteria ensure reliable detection of outer and inner borders as well as closing of trajectories. One important aspect is the appearance of singularities like isotropic points, isotropic borders and isotropic areas, where the principal stress directions in terms of eigenvectors are not unique. Non-observance is one of the main causes of misrepresentations of trajectory plots in literature. The effects due to the appearance of isotropic points and the arising problems for calculation and interpretation of stress trajectories were systematically analysed, and proposals for a solution were made. Up to now, the usage of trajectory plots was limited to two-dimensional problems. The potential of stress trajectories for the visualisation of three-dimensional stress states was still unexplored. Therefore, the algorithm for the calculation of stress trajectories was augmented in three dimensions. Some parts of the two-dimensional algorithm like adaptive incrementation could be directly translated simply considering the third coordinate, whereas the necessary modifications of some parts turned out to be non-trivial. The stress trajectories of three-dimensional stress states prove to be space curves. An essential finding from the calculated three-dimensional trajectory plots was, that three-dimensional trajectories – compared to two-dimensional trajectories – generally do not intersect each other. According to this, three-dimensional trajectories generally do not build meshes. The interpretable display of three-dimensional trajectories is still a difficulty. In this work, the applicability of some methods has been tested and assessed. To enable a large group of users to create stress trajectory plots individually, easily operated software solutions with a graphical user interface should be developed. For this purpose, the developed algorithm for tracing trajectories is described in every detail. In the field of three-dimensional stress trajectories need of further research came to light, which is specified in the corresponding parts of this work. In addition, the developed algorithm allows also the calculation of stress trajectories of geometrical and material non-linear as well as dynamic and other problems, if only the stress state is available. Furthermore, the algorithm can be applied for the calculation of principal shear stress trajectories and principal moment trajectories.
7

Srovnávací analýza napětí součástí s vruby pomocí fotoelasticimetrie a MKP / Comparative analysis of notched machine parts using photoelasticity and FEM

Bittner, Jiří January 2008 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with comparative analysis of stress and strain of notched machine parts using photoelasticity and finite element method (FEM). Experimental and numerical comparative analyses were performed on three models: hook, J shaped bracket and 3-point bending beam with notch. Equivalent stresses, principal stresses and its directions were analyzed. The emphasis is given on photoelasticity, the theory and principles of photoelasticity are described in more detail. FEM analysis was performed using software ANSYS 11. The work presented includes the preparation of polariscope in the laboratory of Institute of machine and industrial design in order to use it in tutorials focused on experimental stress analysis using photoelasticity.
8

Hauptspannungstrajektorien in der numerischen Festkörpermechanik: Ein Algorithmus zur Visualisierung der Bauteilbeanspruchung in zwei und drei Dimensionen

Beyer, Frank R. 16 March 2015 (has links)
Für die anschauliche Darstellung der Ergebnisse mechanischer Untersuchungen von Bauteilbeanspruchungen existieren diverse Visualisierungsformen. Eine solche Visualisierungsform ist die Darstellung von Hauptspannungstrajektorien, vorwiegend der Hauptnormalspannungstrajektorien des Spannungszustandes eines Bauteils. Trajektorienbilder sind im Bereich des Bauingenieurwesens insbesondere im Massivbau nach wie vor von großem Interesse. So werden beispielsweise die in der Stahlbetonnormung fest verankerten Stabwerkmodelle in erster Linie auf der Basis von Hauptspannungstrajektorien entwickelt. Aus diesem Grund gehören Trajektorienbilder heute nicht nur zum akademischen Standardlehrstoff, sondern werden auch in wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen gern zur Erläuterung von komplexen Spannungszuständen herangezogen. Unglücklicherweise finden sich in der einschlägigen Fachliteratur und in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten nicht selten grundlegende Fehldarstellungen. Diese Arbeit stellt einen geeigneten Algorithmus zur korrekten Darstellung von Trajektorienbildern auf der Basis numerisch (beispielsweise mit der Finite-Elemente-Methode) berechneter Spannungslösungen bereit. Anhand von systematischen Untersuchungen zu verschiedenen Bauteilgeometrien und Beanspruchungs-konstellationen konnte eine Reihe von immer wieder zu findenden Fehlinterpretationen von Trajektorienbildern aufgezeigt werden. Die oft angenommene Analogie von Spannungstrajektorien zu Stromlinien von Fluidströmungen im Sinne eines „Kraftflusses“ wurde widerlegt. Das Problem bei herkömmlichen Trajektorienbildern, dass diese nicht imstande sind, Auskunft über die Größe der Spannungen zu geben, führte mitunter zu der bisweilen verbreiteten Annahme, die Verdichtung von Trajektorien in einem Trajektorienbild bedeute eine Spannungskonzentration an entsprechender Stelle. Anhand von Beispielen wird dies eindeutig widerlegt. Zur Vermeidung dieses Fehleindrucks wurde eine neue Darstellungsform eingeführt, die neben den Richtungen auch die Größen der Hauptspannungen anhand eines Farbmaßstabes ablesbar macht. Mithilfe einer variablen Schrittweitensteuerung konnte die Genauigkeit bei der Pfadverfolgung der Trajektorien gegenüber festen Schrittweiten maßgeblich verbessert werden. Geeignete Abbruchkriterien gewährleisten das zuverlässige Auffinden von äußeren sowie innenliegenden Bauteilbegrenzungen und die Detektion geschlossener Trajektorien. Einen wesentlichen Punkt stellen mögliche Singularitäten wie isotrope Punkte, isotrope Grenzen oder isotrope Gebiete dar, in denen die Hauptspannungsrichtungen mithilfe der Lösung des Eigenwertproblems nicht eindeutig ermittelbar sind. Deren Nichtbeachtung ist eine wesentliche Ursache für Fehldarstellungen in der Literatur. Die an solchen Stellen auftretenden Effekte und entstehenden Probleme bei der Ermittlung und Interpretierbarkeit von Trajektorienbildern wurden systematisch analysiert und entsprechende Lösungsvorschläge erarbeitet. Bisher blieb die Verwendung von Trajektorienbildern praktisch auf zweidimensionale Probleme beschränkt. Das Potenzial von Spannungstrajektorien zur Visualisierung dreidimensionaler Spannungszustände war bislang noch unerforscht. Daher wurde das Verfahren zur Berechnung von Spannungstrajektorien auf dreidimensionale Spannungszustände übertragen. Während sich einige Teilbereiche des entwickelten Algorithmus, wie beispielsweise die Schrittweitensteuerung, problemlos unter Hinzuziehung einer weiteren Richtungskomponente für dreidimensionale Probleme erweitern lassen, hat sich gezeigt, dass diese Erweiterung auch diverse Nichttrivialitäten enthält. Bei den aus der Berechnung erhaltenen Trajektorien handelt es sich im dreidimensionalen Fall um räumliche Kurven. Eine wesentliche Erkenntnis aus berechneten dreidimensionalen Trajektorienbildern ist, dass sich diese Raumkurven im Unterschied zum ebenen Fall in der Regel nicht schneiden und somit keine Maschen zwischen den Trajektorien wie im Zweidimensionalen aufspannen. Eine noch verbleibende Schwierigkeit bei der Anwendung dreidimensionaler Trajektorienbilder besteht in deren interpretierbarer Darstellung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden hierzu einige Vorschläge erarbeitet sowie deren Anwendbarkeit getestet und bewertet. Um die Möglichkeit der eigenständigen Berechnung von Trajektorienbildern einem breiten Nutzerkreis zugänglich zu machen, können aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen dieser Arbeit leicht bedienbare Softwarelösungen mit grafischer Benutzeroberfläche entwickelt werden. Der Algorithmus zur Trajektorienermittlung wurde mit diesem Ansinnen in allen Details beschrieben. Auf dem Gebiet der Trajektorien dreidimensionaler Spannungszustände hat sich darüber hinaus noch weiterer Forschungsbedarf herausgestellt, hierzu werden in der Arbeit an den entsprechenden Stellen einige Vorschläge zur Weiterentwicklung gemacht. Der entwickelte Algorithmus ermöglicht darüber hinaus auch direkt auch die Ermittlung von Trajektorien materiell oder geometrisch nichtlinearer sowie dynamischer und sonstiger Probleme, sofern der entsprechende Spannungszustand vorliegt. Außerdem kann der Algorithmus prinzipiell auch zur Bestimmung von Hauptschubspannungstrajektorien oder Hauptmomentenlinien angewandt werden. / There are several kinds of visualisation for the illustration of the results of mechanical investigations of structural elements’ load bearing behaviour. The illustration of the stress state via principal stress trajectories, mainly principal normal stress trajectories, is one of them. In the field of civil engineering, trajectory plots are still of notable interest, particularly in solid construction. Thus, the truss models as part of the European engineering standards for steel-reinforced concrete are primarily developed using principal stress trajectories. For this reason, trajectory plots are not only part of the academic subjects taught at university, but they are also used in scientific publications for the illustration of complex stress states. Unfortunately, fundamental misrepresentations are not rare in the relevant literature and scientific works. This work provides a suitable algorithm for accurate trajectory plots based on numerically computed stress solutions (e.g. using the finite element method). By means of systematic investigations of several structural element’s geometries and loading situations, a number of prevalent misinterpretations was identified. The analogy often assumed between stress trajectories and streamlines of fluid flow in terms of “load flow” has been disproved. A property of traditional trajectory plots is not able to indicate the level of stress. Thus, in areas of narrowing trajectories stress concentrations are often assumed. By means of examples this assumption was clearly disproved. To prevent the appearance of such misimpressions, the stress levels are represented using a colour scale known from contour plots. An adaptive incrementation during path tracing allows a significant increase of accuracy compared with uniform incrementation. Suitable stop criteria ensure reliable detection of outer and inner borders as well as closing of trajectories. One important aspect is the appearance of singularities like isotropic points, isotropic borders and isotropic areas, where the principal stress directions in terms of eigenvectors are not unique. Non-observance is one of the main causes of misrepresentations of trajectory plots in literature. The effects due to the appearance of isotropic points and the arising problems for calculation and interpretation of stress trajectories were systematically analysed, and proposals for a solution were made. Up to now, the usage of trajectory plots was limited to two-dimensional problems. The potential of stress trajectories for the visualisation of three-dimensional stress states was still unexplored. Therefore, the algorithm for the calculation of stress trajectories was augmented in three dimensions. Some parts of the two-dimensional algorithm like adaptive incrementation could be directly translated simply considering the third coordinate, whereas the necessary modifications of some parts turned out to be non-trivial. The stress trajectories of three-dimensional stress states prove to be space curves. An essential finding from the calculated three-dimensional trajectory plots was, that three-dimensional trajectories – compared to two-dimensional trajectories – generally do not intersect each other. According to this, three-dimensional trajectories generally do not build meshes. The interpretable display of three-dimensional trajectories is still a difficulty. In this work, the applicability of some methods has been tested and assessed. To enable a large group of users to create stress trajectory plots individually, easily operated software solutions with a graphical user interface should be developed. For this purpose, the developed algorithm for tracing trajectories is described in every detail. In the field of three-dimensional stress trajectories need of further research came to light, which is specified in the corresponding parts of this work. In addition, the developed algorithm allows also the calculation of stress trajectories of geometrical and material non-linear as well as dynamic and other problems, if only the stress state is available. Furthermore, the algorithm can be applied for the calculation of principal shear stress trajectories and principal moment trajectories.
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Studie vlivu úprav konstrukce panelové budovy / Study of Influence of Structure Changes of Panel Building

Malý, David January 2016 (has links)
This thesis deals with influence on structure changes of panel building. It is about type B70/R, to which was collected necessary design documentation. Static analysis is performed by ANSYS software. 29 models was created to focus on stress and displacements. Verification of selected wall according to Eurocode is also included.
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The load carrying unit of articulated haulers : Analysis of the welded connections

Lindholm, Martin, Uçar, Metin, Dzanic, Nermin January 2009 (has links)
Detta examensarbete handlar om finita element analys av svetsade förband i korgen på Volvo dumpern A40E. Det genomfördes i samarbete med Volvo CE i Braås. Uppgiften var att ge företaget en lämplig lösning för att minska mängden svetsskarvar på den främre delen av lastenheten. För att uppnå detta har en rad analyser genomförts med hjälp av CATIA och ANSYS på både de befintliga och de justerade (potentiella ersättare) svetsade förbanden. Analyserna visar att utmatningshållfastheten av svetsade förband huvudsakligen beror på inbränningsdjupet. Med andra ord, förstärka svetsförband genom större inbränning är mer fördelaktigt än att använda mer svets på utsidan. Slutsatsen blev att både produktionstid och kostnad kan minskas genom justering av de svetsade förbanden. Eftersom svetsförband på lastenheten är sammankopplade bör mer omfattande studier som inkluderar alla svetsar genomföras för att uppskatta effekterna av liknande justeringar. / The work presented in this master thesis is about the finite element analysis of the welded connections in load carrying unit of the articulated hauler, Volvo A40E. It was performed in cooperation with Volvo CE in Braås. The task was to provide the company with an appropriate solution to reduce the amount of weld used on the front part of the load carrying unit. To accomplish this, a series of analyses utilising CATIA and ANSYS was performed on both existing and adjusted (potential replacement) welded connections. The analyses brought to light the fact that the fatigue resistance of welded connections significantly depends on the penetration depth. In other words, reinforcing the welded connections by deeper penetration is more beneficial than providing support from outside through thicker weld. It was concluded that applying adjusted welds lessens both the production time and cost. Nevertheless, since the welds on the load carrying unit are correlated; more extensive studies covering all welds should be carried out to estimate the impacts of similar replacements.

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