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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Essais sur les principes de transferts dans un cadre welfariste-parétien avec séparabilité forte / Essays on transfers principles in a welfarist-paretian framework with strong separability

Dubois, Marc 16 September 2016 (has links)
A partir de l’articulation entre le bien-être comparable inter-personnellement et l’équité basée sur la séparation des personnes, la thèse présente un cadre théorique dans lequel les préférences éthiques sont représentées par des fonctions de bien-être social additivement séparables. Nous avons deux objectifs ; en décelant les jugements distributifs nécessairement sous-tendus par les fonctions qui respectent des principes de transferts de revenus, le premier objectif est d’offrir des critères de comparaison entre ces fonctions et celles qui respectent les principes de transferts d’utilité (fonctions prioritaristes). Le second objectif est d’exposer la pluralité des jugements distributifs et des degrés d’adhésion qu’ils peuvent susciter. A ces fins, il faut postuler la comparabilité de l’utilité et des valeurs éthiques (utilités transformées). Cette comparabilité à deux niveaux est postulée lorsque les ratios d’utilité entre ménages aux besoins différents sont supposés comparables. Dans ce cadre, les fonctions de bien-être social qui respectent le principe de transferts de revenus de Pigou-Dalton ne sont pas forcément prioritaristes. De plus, les fonctions défendent potentiellement deux définitions du degré d’adhésion à l’aversion aux inégalités. Premièrement, une fonction qui tolère une perte d’utilité totale plus grande afin de réduire les inégalités est dite plus averse aux inégalités. Cette définition est caractérisée par les principes de transferts proportionnels qui s’adaptent bien à la comparabilité en ratios d’utilité. Deuxièmement, le degré d’adhésion est présenté par l’aversion plus forte aux inégalités entre les moins bien lotis. Les hypothèses informationnelles entravent l’exposé des degrés d’adhésion selon la seconde définition, elles limitent aussi les jugements distributifs. En passant outre, nous étudions les interactions entre un nombre quelconque de principes de transferts d’utilité et de revenus définis de manière récursive. Enfin, quatre jugements distributifs sont caractérisés par le respect et/ou le non-respect d’un ensemble de principes de transferts. La disposition à négliger l’évolution de bien-être d’une fraction donnée de la population au profit de l’évolution de bien-être d’une minorité d’individus représente le degré d’adhésion à l’un de ces jugements. / From the linkage between interpersonally comparable well-being and equity based on the separateness of persons, the Ph. D. dissertation introduces a theoretical framework in which ethical preferences are represented by additively separable social welfare functions. The thesis has two goals ; by exhibiting distributive judgments necessarily embodied by the functions that fulfil income transfer principles, the first aim is to provide comparison cirteria between these functions and those that fulfill utility transfer principles (prioritarian functions). The second aim is to expose a plurality of distributive judgments and of degrees of adhesion they can rise. For such purposes, interpersonal comparability of utility as well as that of ethical values (transformed utilities) are needed. This two-level comparability is granted when inter-household utility ratios are supposed to be comparable. In this framework, the social welfare functions satisfying the Pigou-Dalton principle of income transfer are not necessarily prioritarian. Moreover, the functions potentially support two meanings of adhesion for inequality aversion. First, if a function is willing to endorse a inequality-reducing transfer entailing a greater loss in the transferred benefit to be socially desirable, then it is more inequality averse. This definition is characterized by proportional transfer principles well-adapted to ratio-scale comparability of utility. Second, the degree of adhesion for inequality aversion is presented as a downside inequality aversion. Informational hypothesis rule out parts of the exposition of the plurality of degrees, they put limits to distributive judgments too. By going beyond that, the Ph. D. dissertation studies the interplay between any number of income and utility transfer principles all defined recursively. Finally, four distributive judgments are characterized by the fulfilment and/or non-fulfilment of a set of transfer principles. The willingness to neglect the welfare evolution of a given proportion of population to take into account that of a minority represents the degree of adhesion for one of those judgments.
2

Les justes bornes de la richesse : fondements normatifs et mise en oeuvre d'une richesse maximale / Just limits of wealth : normative foundations and implementation of the idea of maximal wealth

Jobin, Christian 02 February 2018 (has links)
Dans cette thèse, je tente d’établir les fondements normatifs d’une richesse maximale qui comprend deux mesures complémentaires : un revenu maximal qui peut être mis en œuvre au moyen d’un impôt sur le revenu et un capital maximal, au moyen d’un impôt sur les successions, dont le taux marginal est de 100 % dans les deux cas. Je soutiens en effet qu’une telle mesure est juste, puisqu’elle respecte les principes développés au sein de trois théories principales : le libertarisme, le suffisantisme et le prioritarisme. Puis, je soutiens aussi qu’une telle mesure est efficace d’un point de vue économique, puisqu’elle permet de mieux diffuser les incitations financières, ce qui peut avoir des effets positifs sur la production et la répartition de la richesse. D’abord, je soutiens qu’une richesse maximale respecte le principe fondamental défendu par les libertariens, c’est-à-dire la propriété de soi. Pour ce faire, je m’appuie surtout sur deux arguments : le proviso et la théorie des marchés où le gagnant rafle la mise. D’abord, je montre que si l’on associe les ressources naturelles au capital, l’application d’un proviso au principe d’acquisition interdit l’appropriation illimitée des ressources naturelles, ce qui permet de justifier un capital maximal. Ensuite, je montre que si l’on associe les fruits du travail au revenu, les marchés où le gagnant rafle la mise permettent à certains individus de recevoir des revenus qui sont supérieurs aux fruits de leur travail, ce qui viole par excès le principe de la propriété de soi et permet de justifier un revenu maximal. Ensuite, je soutiens qu’une richesse maximale respecte les principes développés au sein de deux théories faisant partie de la tradition égalitariste : le suffisantisme et le prioritarisme. Pour ce faire, je montre que ces deux théories ne sont acceptables que si elles intègrent une autre théorie que l’on appelle le limitarianisme. Selon cette théorie, toute richesse supérieure à celle dont un individu a besoin pour s’épanouir pleinement dans la vie peut être qualifiée d’immorale. Par conséquent, une telle théorie permet de justifier une richesse maximale, puisqu’elle ajoute un seuil de richesse au seuil de pauvreté que défendent déjà les suffisantistes et les prioritaristes.Enfin, je réponds à l’une des principales objections qui peuvent être soulevées contre une richesse maximale et qui porte sur l’efficacité économique du plafonnement des incitations financières. Je montre en effet qu’une richesse maximale, contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait croire, pourrait avoir des effets positifs sur la production et la distribution de la richesse. Pour ce faire, je m’appuie surtout sur trois arguments. D’abord, les incitations ont une importance surestimée en sciences économiques. Ensuite, il existe plusieurs formes d’incitations qui ne se réduisent nullement aux seules incitations financières. Enfin, il est préférable de diffuser largement les incitations financières plutôt que de les concentrer exagérément auprès d’une minorité d’individus. / In this thesis, I try to establish the normative foundations for a maximum limit on wealth that includes two complementary measures: a maximum on income that can be implemented by means of an income tax, and a maximum on capital, which can be attained through a tax on inheritance; the marginal rate being 100% in both cases. Indeed, I argue that such a measure is fair, since it respects the principles developed in three main theories : libertarianism, sufficientarianism, and prioritarianism. Next, I argue that such a measure is economically efficient, since it allows to better spread financial incentives, which can have positive effects on the production and distribution of wealth. First, I maintain that a maximum limit on wealth respects the fundamental principle defended by libertarians, that is, self-ownership. To do this, I rely mainly on two arguments: the proviso and the theory of winner-takes-all markets. First, I show that if we associate natural resources with capital, the application of a proviso to the principle of acquisition prohibits the unlimited appropriation of natural resources, which justifies a maximum on capital. Then, I show that if the fruits of labor are associated with income, winner-takes-all markets allow certain individuals to receive incomes that are superior to the fruits of their labor, which violates the principle of self-ownership, and thus justifies a maximum on income. Secondly, I maintain that a maximum wealth respects the principles developed within two theories within the egalitarian tradition: those of sufficientarianism and prioritarianism. To do this, I show that these two theories are acceptable only if they integrate another theory named limitarianism. According to this theory, any wealth superior to that which an individual needs to live a flourishing life can be qualified as immoral. Consequently, such a theory makes it possible to justify a maximum wealth, since it adds a wealth threshold to the poverty threshold already defended by sufficientarians, and prioritarians. Finally, I respond to one of the main objections that can be raised against maximum wealth and which deals with the economic efficiency of the capping of financial incentives. In fact, I show that maximum wealth, contrary to what one might believe, could have positive effects on the production and distribution of wealth. To do this, I rely mainly on three arguments. First, incentives are overestimated in economics. Second, there are several forms of incentives that are not limited to financial incentives alone. Finally, it is preferable to disseminate financial incentives widely rather than to exaggeratedly concentrate them on a minority of individuals.
3

Ethical Aspects of Radiation Risk Management

Wikman-Svahn, Per January 2012 (has links)
This thesis is based on the assumption that the intersection of moral philosophy and practical risk management is a rewarding area to study. In particular, the thesis assumes that concepts, ideas, and methods that are used in moral philosophy can be of great benefit for risk analysis, but also that practices in risk regulation provide a useful testing ground for moral philosophical theories. The thesis consists of an introduction and five articles. Article I is a review article on social and ethical aspects of radiation protection related to nuclear power generation. The paper concludes that four areas of social and ethical issues stand out as central: The first is uncertainty and the influence of value judgments in scientific risk assessments. The second is the distributions of risks and benefits between different individuals, in both space and time. The third is the problem of setting limits when there is no known level of exposure associated with a zero risk. The fourth is related to stakeholder influence and risk communication. Article II discusses ethical issues related to the proposal that doses (or risks) below a certain level should be excluded from the system of radiation protection, without any regard for the number of people exposed. Different arguments for excluding small radiation doses from regulation are examined and a possible solution to the problem of regulating small risks is proposed in the article: Any exclusion of small doses (or risks) from radiation protection ought to be based on a case-by-case basis, with the condition that the expected value of harm remains small. Article III examines what makes one distribution of individual doses better than another distribution. The article introduces a mathematical framework based on preference logic, in which such assessments can be made precisely in terms of comparisons between alternative distributions of individual doses. Principles of radiation protection and from parallel discussions in moral philosophy and welfare economics are defined using this framework and their formal properties analyzed. Article IV argues that the ethical theory of “responsibility-catering prioritarianism” is well positioned to deal with the reasonable requirements in an ethical theory of risk. The article shows how responsibility-catering prioritarianism can be operationalized using a prioritarian social welfare function based on hypothetical utilities. For this purpose, a hypothetical utility measure called ‘responsibility-adjusted utility’ is proposed, which is based on the utility that would normally be expected given circumstances outside of the control of the individual. Article V was written as a response to the Fukushima disaster. Several authors have called the Fukushima disaster a ‘black swan.’ However, the article argues that the hazards of large earthquakes and tsunamis were known before the accident, and introduces and defines the concept of a ‘black elephant,’ as (i) a high-impact event that (ii) lies beyond the realm of regular expectations, but (iii) is ignored despite existing evidence. / QC 20120816
4

Les justes bornes de la richesse : fondements normatifs et mise en œuvre d’une richesse maximale

Jobin, Christian 04 1900 (has links)
No description available.

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