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­^¤åºK­n After the 11th National Conference of China in December 1978 and the reform of economic policy of China,the private enterprises have dramatically changed the economic scale and industrial structure of Mainland China.Until late 1998,the ptivate-run businesses have transformed its shape role from a subordinate to a major one.However,the private enterprises have also suffered a lot of difficulties,such as capital shortaqe. The development of private enterprises has become an important factor in changing the Chinese society.It has also critically affected the politics,economy,ideology,and the state enterprises in China.Therefore,there is a need to study the issues which include the progress and the development of Chinese economy systematically.Under this research we can find some potentials of private enterprises in Chinese economcy and present some proposals to solve them.From this research,we have a clear picture about the economic policy and means of China.Using these proposals,we also can help our goverment and Taiwan businessmen in China to develop more competitive strategy in dealing with cross-strait economic affairs.

After the 11th National Conference of China in December 1978 and the reform of economic policy of China, the private enterprises have dramatically changed the economic scale and industrial structure of Mainland China. The timing for opening to private banks. The risks for China¡¦s state-owned business banks are too concentrated, the pace for reforms in China¡¦s state-owned business banks is slow, the lack of adequate competitive environment is the main reason for state-owned business banks¡¦ lack of motivation for reforms. Competition mechanism can be gradually established in China¡¦s financing area¡AIt is a way that do small and medium-sized private enterprises find it very difficult to secure a loan when the balance is great between the interest rates for depositors and those for borrowers in bank. It is exist definitely after calculated the fund gap of private enterprises, and will the adverse impacts be on China¡¦s financial industry upon China¡¦s entry into WTO. To know the relationship between private banks and opening of financial sector. Pose the main points of prepare opening to private banks in Mainland China

abstract: 摘要 在复杂多变的商业环境中，企业传统的人力资源管理已经难以应对日益频发的员工职业倦怠、人际间矛盾冲突、频繁跳槽等局面与问题。企业员工工作的价值与意义早已不再是传统的雇佣模式下，通过出卖劳动力或智力从而获得工资以实现“养家糊口”的目的那么单纯与简单，员工也希望通过辛勤的工作，以获得个体的幸福感、荣誉感与认同感等。对于现代企业的管理者而言，员工追求事业的提升、个人价值的实现，不仅体现在薪酬、福利待遇的提升，更重要的是员工个人的成长以及潜能和竞争力的提升。 随着组织行为学和心理学的不断发展与演变，与员工幸福感相关的研究备受关注。对现代企业而言，管理者借助制度设计对员工幸福积极管理，可以最大限度地发挥员工的积极性、主动性与创造性，实现员工与企业之间的利益相趋同，从而更为高效地实现组织的目标。基于此，本文以民营企业员工工作幸福感作为研究的切入点，借助理论分析、问卷调查和实证分析相结合的研究方法，系统深入地研究我国民营企业员工工作幸福感的构成、可控前因和绩效后果等问题。 本文研究发现： 第一，员工薪酬的提高有助于员工工作幸福感的提升，薪资对基层员工幸福感的影响显著高于其对高层员工幸福感的影响； 第二，完善的晋升机制对于中层员工而言更能提升其幸福感，完善的晋升机制更有利于中层员工； 第三，公平性的提高有助于提高员工工作幸福感，而且这种正效应更多体现在基层员工群体之中； 第四，高层员工更注重自我价值的实现，高层员工的工作挑战性越高，其自我实现需求获得的满足感则约高，但是对于基层员工和中层员工而言，其效果则恰恰相反，基础员工和高层员工更多地将工作挑战性和压力看作是一种负面的因素； 第五，员工幸福感的确会给企业带来正向的绩效。 本文的研究框架和实证结论不仅可以丰富学术界有关员工工作幸福感的研究，而且为企业管理者进行绩效管理以及员工工作质量的提升提供理论和实证借鉴。 / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2019

Since the inception of economic reform, China has undergone comprehensive changes which have stimulated substantial research on various aspects of Chinese society. In recent years, research on management and organisation in China has grown rapidly, but with relatively little attention being devoted to the ethnographic analysis of private enterprises, despite the fact that such enterprises play a crucial role in China’s economy and make a significant contribution to labour employment. A lack of close, personal and meaningful access to everyday organisational activities is often cited as one of the main reasons preventing such research. This thesis attempts to fill the gap through investigating the everyday nature of management and managerial work in seven large private shipbuilding enterprises in China. In so doing it seeks to provide ethnographic answers to one main question – what are the characteristic features of the emerging management systems employed in private enterprises in contemporary China? In so doing the research investigates how such systems have evolved and the ways in which they impact on the nature of everyday managerial work.Research that seeks to understand the reality of management and managerial work however is not research that deals exclusively with static or structural organisational phenomena. Instead it is also research that requires sensitivity to changing events and processes – ones that interact constantly with elements of a complex and dynamic environment. It is argued here that such research demands a theoretical framework capable not only of appreciating the diversity of formal management systems in contemporary China, but which can also incorporate informal social and cultural factors into its analysis. To establish sensitivity both to structural and cultural phenomena the research approach developed here is one that combines two, very different, sociological theories - labour process theory (LPT, derived from Braverman, 1974) and Chaxugeju theory (derived from Fei, 1947). On the one hand, LPT offers a framework for appreciating structural forces stimulating changes to management systems and managerial work. On the other hand, Chaxugeju theory facilitates appreciation of how cultural, historical and social factors are synthesized in rules and principles that characterise the operation of society and the values and logics that guide human action, Taken together, the combination of LPT and Chaxugeju facilitates the analytical connection of micro and macro forms of analysis, and thus the appreciation of a range of interacting systems (economic, ideological, social etc.) of relevance to understanding the nature of management and work organization in contemporary China.Given the nature and form of both the research questions and theoretical framework, a research design based on ethnography is chosen as the primary methodological approach. As the research not only studies the systems of management in China’s private enterprises, but also managerial experiences, behaviour and subjectivity in relation to changing circumstances, an ethnographic approach that commits extensive time to the field, interacts extensively with actors, generates rich data, and detailed and ‘thick’ description of the observed works well for this research. As to the case study organisations, shipbuilding companies were chosen for three main reasons: (i) the importance of shipbuilding industry to the Chinese economy, (ii) the rapid growth and significance of private enterprises in the industry, and (iii) (at a more personal level) the extensive connections and previous work experience of the researcher in the shipbuilding sector. At a general level, the findings reported in the thesis reflect that the evolution of management systems in China’s private enterprises is the product of the interaction of a range of internal factors specific to the firm and many external forces related to China’s transitional economy. As such, issues of cultural, social and historical inheritance are assessed together with those of economic interaction/processes of globalisation to document how these forces influence events at the organisational level. On the one hand, the research describes trends towards convergence with the status and nature of ‘global’ managerial work, despite a Chinese firm’s specific ownership origins, current ownership status, and (re)structuring strategies. In so doing the data demonstrate how managerial work in China’s private enterprises is experiencing fundamental changes; for example, the on-set of greater job scope, knowledge/skill levels, organizational control, responsibilities, incentive mechanisms, and relationship-based managerial ethics. On the other hand, the findings also suggest that within China’s transitional economy, private firms still incorporate aspects of traditional Chinese management. Such methods are often reminiscent of erstwhile state-owned practices and can function as a strategy for minimizing internal resistance to change. Findings suggest that the current ‘hybrid’ character of management in private enterprises in China will endure for a considerable period of time. China’s traditional management and its values still have a strong influence on firm practices, especially in terms of people management. In many respects the social character of the workplace functions in the spirit of Chaxugeju, with the fundamental organisational rules and behavioural patterns remaining largely unchanged, as individual-based social relationships substitute for formal institutions in the firm. These findings are all explained through detailed ethnographic description and analysis. Finally, perhaps the major contribution of the research which underpins this thesis is to reduce the gap between the perception and reality of management and managerial work in China’s private firms. Insights into the daily working lives of managers are provided which reveal the deep philosophies underlying apparently rationalized practices and behaviours. Research on such intimate management phenomena is of benefit to organizational research in that it supplements the more ‘global’ style of analysis common in appreciations of Chinese corporate behaviour. The study thus adds a deeper, qualitative level of analysis to the mainstream managerial research landscape on China. Theoretically it shows the practicability and value of combining an indigenous Chinese theory (Chaxugeju) with an established western paradigm (LPT) to analyze and interpret ethnographic organisational phenomena. It thus reminds us of the importance of looking beyond the boundary of specific academic theories when developing and applying our ideas, especially when exploring international and transitional economies.

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Text in Afrikaans / The study investigates legal and administrative aspects of the interaction between public sector and private enterprise effected by state procurement of goods and services. South African government contracts are, despite their elaborate regulation by statutory and administrative prescription, regarded as the subject matter of the private law of contract. In this regard, they may be distinguished from the contrats administratif of the French and related legal systems and resemble their British and, more closely, federal American counterparts. Important aspects of government procurement, notably the contractual capacity of organs of the state, those administrative procedures which precede the conclusion of agreements with contractors, and the right reserved to the state to rescind, in the public interest, a contract duly entered into, are nevertheless to be determined by the principles of administrative law. The budgeting, audit and parliamentary control of procurement expenditure, along with the invitation of suppliers' bids and the award of contracts, are the principal administrative aspects of the study and are analysed in Chapters III and IV. The pricing of government contracts in South Africa is, with scant exception, determined by competitive tender. Restrictive trade practices and bid preferences awarded by procuring agencies in the pursuit of socio-economic policies were found, in Chapter V, to impede the operation of free market forces. The law of contract features most prominently in the performance of contracts and is examined in Chapter VI. The discussion, depicting the essential provisions of six standard form contracts commonly employed by government for stores and works, is fairly concise. References to British and American procurement law and practice, a consistent feature of the study, are, however, extensive. In South Africa, the settlement of procurement disputes is generally entrusted to the ordillary courts. Chapter VII deals with a number of special remedies accorded to the state, procedural prerequisites for the institution of civil actions against the state, and alternatives to litigation, especially arbitration and administrative appeal. The final chapters survey the efficacy of procurement as an instrument of socio-economic policy, and advance a few recommendations regarding the proper law and more efficient administration of government procurement. / Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law / 1 online resource (306 leaves) / LL. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Antero Aguiar Peres.pdf: 322879 bytes, checksum: 17ddecf64808646f5255787694b06de8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-05 / This study aims to investigate the differences in organizational culture between public and private enterprises in the manufacturing and service sectors as well as to highlight some features that have been identified as typical of public organizations, to enable the distinction between public enterprises and private. However, this effort should not be regarded as an interest to criticize the enterprise public, as both have been identified in the literature. The study is structured in ten chances from the results of research of scholars in the area. Was used as a tool to search a wide Brazilian, already validated, to measure the values and organizational practices embedded in organizational culture. The data were analyzed using SPSS in the Student's t-test and linear correlation coefficient of Pearson, allowing the testing of hypotheses of the study. The results revealed significant differences between public and private enterprise regarding the adoption of values and practices of organizational culture. Unlike the results between enterprises of the sectors of manufacturing and service, with no differences in organizational culture. I conclude that there are significant differences in organizational culture between public and private enterprises, which indicate the need for attention by the managers of these organizations. Thus, in comparison, three issues deserve attention: the practice of integrating foreign, practices of training and professionalism and reward competitive and individualistic. / Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar as diferen?as na cultura organizacional entre empresas p?blicas e privadas nos setores de servi?o e manufatura, bem como dar destaque a algumas caracter?sticas que t?m sido apontadas como t?picas de organiza??es p?blicas, de modo a permitir a distin??o entre empresas p?blicas e privadas. Entretanto, tal esfor?o n?o deve ser considerado como um interesse de criticar a empresa p?blica, como tanto tem sido identificado na literatura. O estudo est? estruturado em dez hip?teses a partir de resultados de pesquisas de estudiosos da ?rea. Adotou-se como instrumento de pesquisa uma escala brasileira, j? validada, para medir os valores e as pr?ticas organizacionais inseridas na cultura organizacional. Os dados foram analisados no SPSS utilizando o Teste t de Student e o Coeficiente de Correla??o Linear de Pearson, permitindo testar as hip?teses do estudo. Os resultados revelaram haver diferen?as significativas entre empresas p?blicas e privadas em rela??o ? ado??o de valores e pr?ticas da cultura organizacional. Ao contr?rio dos resultados encontrados entre empresas dos setores de manufatura e servi?o, que n?o apresentaram diferen?as quanto ? cultura organizacional. Concluo que h? diferen?as significativas na cultura organizacional entre empresas p?blicas e privadas, que indicam a necessidade de aten??o por parte dos gestores dessas organiza??es. Assim, nesta compara??o, tr?s aspectos merecem destaque: a pr?tica de integra??o externa, as pr?ticas de recompensa e treinamento e o profissionalismo competitivo e individualista.

Text in Afrikaans / The study investigates legal and administrative aspects of the interaction between public sector and private enterprise effected by state procurement of goods and services. South African government contracts are, despite their elaborate regulation by statutory and administrative prescription, regarded as the subject matter of the private law of contract. In this regard, they may be distinguished from the contrats administratif of the French and related legal systems and resemble their British and, more closely, federal American counterparts. Important aspects of government procurement, notably the contractual capacity of organs of the state, those administrative procedures which precede the conclusion of agreements with contractors, and the right reserved to the state to rescind, in the public interest, a contract duly entered into, are nevertheless to be determined by the principles of administrative law. The budgeting, audit and parliamentary control of procurement expenditure, along with the invitation of suppliers' bids and the award of contracts, are the principal administrative aspects of the study and are analysed in Chapters III and IV. The pricing of government contracts in South Africa is, with scant exception, determined by competitive tender. Restrictive trade practices and bid preferences awarded by procuring agencies in the pursuit of socio-economic policies were found, in Chapter V, to impede the operation of free market forces. The law of contract features most prominently in the performance of contracts and is examined in Chapter VI. The discussion, depicting the essential provisions of six standard form contracts commonly employed by government for stores and works, is fairly concise. References to British and American procurement law and practice, a consistent feature of the study, are, however, extensive. In South Africa, the settlement of procurement disputes is generally entrusted to the ordillary courts. Chapter VII deals with a number of special remedies accorded to the state, procedural prerequisites for the institution of civil actions against the state, and alternatives to litigation, especially arbitration and administrative appeal. The final chapters survey the efficacy of procurement as an instrument of socio-economic policy, and advance a few recommendations regarding the proper law and more efficient administration of government procurement. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / 1 online resource (306 leaves) / LL. D.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyze the gradual disappearance of private enterprise in Czechoslovakia in the years 1948 - 1964 based on the analysis of relevant laws and regulations. The theoretical part deals with the analysis of legislation giving effect to nationalization, these laws puts into political and economic framework of the former Czechoslovakia. Thesis will concentrate not only on the second wave of nationalization and the state interventions in the economy that occurred after February 1948, but it emphasizes that the first significant changes in the national economy appear in the Czechoslovakia in the period before February 1948 through presidential decrees from October 1945. The analytical part of thesis evaluates the progress of the nationalization on the example of the eight selected enterprises. Thesis brings finding that the conduct of the nationalization of chosen companies largely meet legal requirements on nationalization. On the other hand, it is necessary to take into account that the legislation governing the nationalization was strongly influenced by the political means that their aim was to destroy private enterprise.