M.Comm. (Economics) / The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of privatising local government functions, with special reference to the Johannesburg City Council. Privatisation is defined as the systematic transfer of appropriate functions, activities or property from the public to the private sector, where services, production and consumption can be regulated more efficiently by die market and price mechanisms. The purpose of privatisation is to improve the performance of the economy through the effective use of production factors, optimising market forces and by increasing the percentage of net fixed investment in the private sector. The study was carried out in two stages. In the first, the theory of the firm, namely perfect competition; monopoly; monopolistic competition; oligopoly; duopoly; price discrimination; monopsony and bilateral monopoly was discussed. Consequently a function evaluation programme was activated to determine which functions and activities of the Johannesburg City Council could possibly be privatised. In the second part of the study, the methods for privatisation, namely the 'Sale of public sector enterprises and assets; leasing of business rights and contracting out, were empirically analysed by discussing three case studies in the Johannesburg City Council.

The South African economy went through drastic changes since the new democratic government took power in 1994. Different programmes were changed through the process of transition from the old apartheid regime to a new democratic government. The first programme introduced was the RDP, followed by GEAR and then ASGISA, but all these programmes were not enough to circumvent all the challenges experienced by the South African economy. This is the context within which the debate around privatization occurred in the ANC. All the programmes that were changed favoured privatization in one way or other. Through these changes privatization was one of the policies envisaged to be a possible means to address past inequalities. This thesis focuses on the impact of privatization on the electricity industry in South Africa with specific reference to Gauteng. The paper is based on the fact that Gauteng is believed to be the centre of business in South Africa. However because, competition in the South African electricity industry did not exist, this resulted in poor service delivery. The electricity industry in South Africa is divided into three sectors namely generation, transmission and distribution. Eskom controls almost the entire electricity industry from generation to distribution with a few private players here and there. The only private player in the generation sector is the Kelvin power plant, which holds almost 30 percent of the generation sector. Privatization in the South African electricity industry still has a far way to go before a desirable level of competition is achieved. In order to recommend how increased competition can be injected, the privatization of electricity in developed, developing and transitional countries such as UK, Greece, Chile, Hungary and Argentina was explored. The thesis recommends how the government can further expand privatization by learning from these countries. / Mr. Arnold Wentzel

A dissertation interim report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Building. / Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are a unique model for countries that wish to deliver infrastructure services to the communities they serve. This unique form of procurement combines the efforts of both the public and private sectors. PPP procurement allows governments with resource constraints to access private sector funds to implement their infrastructure and services delivery programmes. South Africa has taken a decision to adopt PPP’s as an alternative to the traditional form of infrastructure delivery. PPP’s are however a fairly new way of procurement for government departments. The delivery of PPP’s has therefore come with its own unique challenges that need to be addressed in order to make this type of procurement effective. South Africa has adopted world-class PPP procurement guidelines which are on par with those of established PPP markets. The PPP procurement process is outlined in the National Treasury’s PPP Manual and Standardised PPP Provisions. The PPP Manual provides guidelines for the implementation of the full project life-cycle of a PPP. PPP procurement forms an important part of the project lifecycle, and ensures that the outcomes of a PPP are met, being affordability, value for money, and equitable risk transfer for the contracting parties. The aim of this research was two-fold. Firstly, this research aims to investigate the time performance of the procurement process for PPP projects in South Africa. Secondly, the research aims to determine the factors that influence the time performance of the procurement process for these projects. The case study research strategy was identified as the most suitable method of addressing the research aims. The justification of the use of the case study strategy was based on the type of research questions posed, the extent of control the researcher had over behavioural events, and the ability of case studies to address the contemporary as opposed to historical events. In addition, the case study strategy was considered advantageous because it follows a rigorous methodical path that protects against threats of construct, internal and external validity. To this end, four cases were selected for the research. The cases selected were as follows:  Maropeng and Sterkfontein PPP Project;  Department of Statistics South Africa (DSSA) New Head Office Accommodation PPP Project;  Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) New Head Office Accommodation PPP Project; and  Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR) New Head Office Accommodation PPP Project. The cases were initially analysed individually, and thereafter a cross-case analysis was conducted. The cross-case analysis was used to identify trends and associations across cases, together with any differences worth highlighting. Analytical procedures were used to analyse the time performance of the PPP procurement process from Request for Qualification (RFQ) to Financial Close. Planned and actual procurement timelines were collected from the PPP procurement documentation (i.e. RFQ and RFP documentation) and the interview respondents respectively. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect qualitative information on the factors that the respondents deemed to have influenced the time performance of the procurement process for the selected cases. The interview questions were based on insights gained from the literature review related to the factors that influence the time performance of the PPP procurement process. It is envisaged that the insights gained from the research will go a long way to improving the time performance of the procurement process for PPP projects in South Africa. An improved time performance of the procurement process can lead to quicker delivery of PPP projects to marginalised communities where the need for infrastructure services is the highest. Keywords: Construction, Procurement, Public Private Partnerships, Time Performance, South Africa.

Cette thèse étudie les réformes de privatisation des infrastructures dans les pays en voie de développement (PED) d’Afrique Sub-Saharienne (ASS). Son objectif est de comprendre les raisons de la longévité de ces réformes qui, initiées au milieu des années 1990, sont encore d’actualité aujourd’hui (Figure 1) alors que leurs effets sont controversés. La privatisation est entendue au sens de l’OCDE (2004) comme la participation du secteur privé dans la gestion, le financement et la propriété d’une entreprise publique. Le concept d’infrastructures fait référence à toute installation utilisée pour fournir de l’électricité, de l’eau et de l’assainissement, des télécommunications et des services de transports (Estache, 2007). Il y a deux raisons majeures de s’intéresser aux réformes de privatisation des infrastructures dans les pays d’ASS. La première tient à l’importance des enjeux politiques et économiques associés au développement des infrastructures en ASS. Les infrastructures sont d’une importance cruciale pour le développement économique des PED car elles contribuent sensiblement à la croissance économique et à la réduction de la pauvreté via l’accès des entreprises et des particuliers aux services d’eau, d’électricité, de transports et de télécommunications. Or, en raison d’un manque d’investissement les réseaux d’infrastructures africains sont les moins développés au monde. Les pays d’ASS sont aujourd’hui confrontés au besoin urgent de les financer. Depuis les années 1980, l’écart se creuse entre l’offre qui stagne et la demande d’infrastructures qui augmente fortement ; cela génère un manque à gagner en termes de croissance économique pour l’Afrique dont l’importance s’accroit au fil des ans. Le développement des infrastructures africaines est donc impératif et implique le besoin de politiques de développement efficaces. […] / No English summary available.

The diploma thesis deals primarily with the so-called first stage of the nationalization process in Czechoslovakia, which took place between 1945 - 1948, and the post-war confiscations of the same period, as well. The objective of the thesis is particularly to describe and analyze the then relevant legal regulations and place them adequately in the historical context. The content of the five thematic chapters is adapted to this topic. First, it attempts to define the basic concepts of nationalization, appropriation, socialization, expropriation and confiscation. Subsequently, it examines the basic historical roots of the concept of nationalization. It does so especially by comparing the approaches to proprietary rights through the prism of two dominant ideologies, namely liberalism and socialism. The core of the thesis consists of the nationalization and confiscation decrees themselves and the issues related. The National Institute of Administration was closely associated with this issue, as well. From the legislator's point of view, it was also necessary to distinguish which assets were to be confiscated and which, on the other hand, nationalized. The film industry first, followed by mines and large industrial enterprises, the food industry, banking and insurance companies were subject to...

Orientador: Giovanni Antonio Pinto Alves / Resumo: A reestruturação que o ensino superior privado vem experimentado nos últimos anos impactou nas instituições criadas pós 1968 e 1996. Os paradigmas da gestão flexível foram introduzidos no mercado educacional “graças” a entrada do capital especulativo, representado pelos grandes conglomerados do setor. As instituições “locais” e as fundações, tiveram que promover uma reengenharia nas instituições para concorrer nesse mercado. Essas mudanças afetaram sobre maneira o trabalho do docente, que viu seus ganhos minorados, e suas condições de trabalhos precarizadas, além é claro de conviverem com o medo constante da demissão, fruto da instabilidade do negócio da educação. O adoecimento, que seria resultado esperado do aviltamento das condições de trabalho, no entanto, não são expressos no número de absenteísmo no setor. Isso em razão da privatização do sofrimento, etos requerido do docente pelo ramo da educação privada. Essa privatização do sofrimento é a forma de permanecer em atividade num setor que valoriza o discurso gerencialista da proatividade e resiliência. A privatização do sofrimento é expressa através do silenciamento dos docentes, que mesmo em face de precarização e rebaixamento do trabalho e das condições de vida, se resignam as condições laborativas apresentadas. / Abstract: The restructuring that private higher education has undergone in recent years has impacted the institutions created after 1968 and 1996. The paradigms of flexible management were introduced into the educational market "thanks" to the entry of speculative capital, represented by the great conglomerates of the sector. The "local" institutions and the foundations had to promote a re-engineering in the institutions to compete in that market. These changes affected in a way the work of the teacher, who saw his gains reduced, and his conditions of precarious work, besides of course of living with the constant fear of dismissal, fruit of the instability of the education business. Illness, which would be expected from the degradation of working conditions, however, are not expressed in the number of absenteeism in the sector. This is due to the privatization of the suffering, required by the teacher in private education. This privatization of suffering is the way to remain active in a sector that values the managerialist discourse of proactivity and resilience. The privatization of suffering is expressed through the silencing of teachers, who, even in the face of precariousness and relegation of work and living conditions, resign themselves to the working conditions presented. / Doutor

O objetivo da dissertação é analisar a atual estrutura de provisão dos serviços de saneamento básico no Brasil e o quadro institucional, buscando identificar os principais fatores que limitam a expansão dos serviços, a retomada dos investimentos e o aumento da eficiência, na tentativa de encontrar soluções possíveis para a superação dos problemas do setor de saneamento, por exemplo, a maior participação privada e/ou formas de ampliação da eficiência na provisão pública. Procura-se também apresentar possíveis ações e medidas saneadoras do setor, bem como, necessidades que o mesmo demanda para universalizar abastecimento de água e ampliar a coleta e tratamento de esgoto no país, seja com uma maior participação privada (com investimento) ou por meio de políticas e ações dos gestores do setor, bem como do governo. A análise realizada contemplou temas como os baixos índices de cobertura de abastecimento de água, coleta e tratamento de esgotos, os motivos e as expectativas para o setor, a entrada do setor privado com investimentos em de infra-estrutura, e em especial no saneamento básico, bem como os instrumentos legais para tanto. Com base nos dados do SNIS foi possível analisar a performance dos prestadores de serviços de saneamento básico do Sudeste do Brasil (públicos e privados), verificando qual é a tendência de cada grupo de prestadores. Foram ainda selecionadas algumas experiências de gestão privada, pública e um caso de empresa pública de capital aberto, sendo as cidades estudadas: Limeira, Jaboticabal, Serrana, Ribeirão Preto e Campinas, todas do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que os prestadores dos serviços de saneamento básico privados obtiveram uma performance melhor do que os públicos, tanto em questões administrativas, financeiras, operacionais e técnicas. Mas isso, não significa que os prestadores públicos não possuam condições de prestar bons serviços e que a privatização seja a condição única de solucionar o problema, tendo em vista os casos de Campinas, Jaboticabal e Serrana. Porém é necessário que o poder público adote várias medidas com o objetivo de propiciar maiores investimentos no setor. Além disso, foi possível verificar que o melhor desempenho dos prestadores privados está ligado a um aumento tarifário, o que causa um problema de acesso à população de baixa renda. / The objective of the dissertation is to analyze the current structure of provision of the services of basic sanitation in Brazil and the lawful picture, searching to identify the main factors that limit the expansion of the services, retaken of the investments and the increase of the efficiency, in the attempt to find possible solutions for the overcoming of the problems of the sanitation sector, for example, the biggest private participation and/or forms of magnifying of the efficiency in the public provision. It is also looked to present possible actions and improving measures of the sector, as well as, necessities that the same demand to public water supply and to extend the collection and treatment of sewer in the country, either with a bigger private participation (with investment) or by means of politics and action of the managers of the sector, as well as of the government. The carried through analysis contemplated subjects as the low indices of covering of water supply, collects and treatment of sewers, the reasons and the expectations for the sector, the entrance of the private sector with investments in of infrastructure, and special in the basic sanitation, as well as the legal instruments for in such a way. On the basis of the data of the SNIS were possible to analyze the performance of the rendering of services of southeastern basic sanitation of Brazil (public and private), verifying which are the trend of each group of rendering. Still some experiences of private administration, public had been selected and a case of public company of opened capital, being the studied cities: Limeira, Jaboticabal, Serrana, Ribeirão Preto and Campinas, all of the State of São Paulo. The presented results demonstrate that the rendering of the private services of basic sanitation had gotten a better performance of what the public, as much in administrative, financial, operational questions and techniques. But this, does not mean that the public rendering do not possess conditions to give good services and that the privatization is the only condition to solve the problem, in view of the cases of Campinas, Jaboticabal and Serrana. However it is necessary that the public power adopts some measures with the objective to propitiate greaters investments in the sector. Moreover, it was possible to verify that optimum performance of the private rendering is on to a tariff increase, what cause a problem of access to the low income population.

Constitui o escopo deste trabalho o estudo da privatização, em regime de concessão, dos Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique (CFM), no quadro do ajustamento da economia moçambicana, recorrentemente dependente, imposto pelo Banco Mundial e pelo FMI, como forma de a integrar no mundo globalizado dominado pelo neo-liberalismo, no período pós-guerra civil. O caso do CFM permite-nos iluminar uma realidade mais ampla e complexa, que é a dinâmica histórica, económica e social de Moçambique, realidade marcada por fortes tensões sociais num contexto de permanente e inquietante mudança. / The scope of the present work comprises the study on privatization under the concessioning regime of the Ports and Railways of Mozambique within the context of economic structural adjustment recurrently dependent, imposed by the World Bank and IMF as a way to integrate it in a globalized world dominated by neo-liberal policies. The CFM case study allows us to scrutinize a wide and complex reality that is the historic, economic and social changes, a reality highlighted by social tensions in the context of permanent and changes.

There has been a stunning build-up of prisons and a growing trend in prison privatization in the last 30 years, including the rise of maximum security units. The goal of my dissertation is to understand the ideological, historic, political, and economic processes behind the changes in the criminal justice system of the United States. I analyze this problem from multiple angles—labor and policy history, discourse and public opinion, and race in America. The aim of this analysis is to uncover the reasons why crime legislation became progressively more punitive, reaction to African Americans gains in post-Civil Rights more hostile, and the manifold ways in which these phenomena drive the expansion of the prison system and its increasing privatization. In the process of this expansion, a racial caste system which oppresses young African Americans and people of color has become recast and entrenched. Specifically, I offer the notion that in the last three decades, punitive crime legislation focused on African Americans and served to deal with labor needs and racial conflict with harsher penal legislation; in doing so, it depoliticized race, institutionalized racial practices, and served the interests of private prison businesses in new ways oppressive ways. Using interdisciplinary methods which weave together qualitative and quantitative analysis, I find that punitive crime policies in the last thirty years used the concept of crime as political currency by government officials in order to appear tough on crime, and by business representatives interested in exploiting the prison industry. The conflation of business and political interests, and the recasting of crime as a race problem, served to taint public institutions and media dissemination with racist imperatives which stereotyped poor African Americans. The end result is a constant re-positioning of young black males as fodder for economic exploitation. The dissertation also addresses the high cost of imprisonment and the multiple social problems brought from shifting inmates from wards of the State to profit-making opportunities in the hands of private entrepreneurs. The result is high numbers of recidivism, and a growing underclass of people who will always be unemployed or underemployed and return to low income communities that suffer from the endless cycle of poverty and imprisonment. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Ho Wing-Kee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-66). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Table of Content --- p.v / List of Table --- p.vi / List of Appendices --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Theoretical Framework --- p.8 / Chapter 3.1 --- Regime 1 ( Social Planner Model) --- p.10 / Chapter 3.2 --- Regime 2 ( Provision of Indivisible Public Capital by the Government Model ) --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3 --- Regime 3 ( Provision of Indivisible Public Capital by the Public Monopoly Model) --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Quantitative Comparison --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1 --- Calibration --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- Numerical Results --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.31 / Appendices --- p.42 / References --- p.60