Aus der Einleitung: "Aufgrund der wachsenden Produktanforderungen bei gleichzeitig immer kürzeren Entwicklungszeiten gewinnen computergestützte Simulationsverfahren, wie die Finite-Elemente-Analyse (FEA), in der Produktentwicklung zunehmend an Bedeutung [Müller 2009]. Für eine effiziente Nutzung der FEA muss diese jedoch frühzeitig in der Produktentwicklung angewendet werden. Darüber hinaus wird für einen erfolgreichen Einsatz umfangreiches Expertenwissen vorausgesetzt. Dieses Wissen konzentriert sich in den Unternehmen hauptsächlich auf erfahrene Berechnungsingenieure, die aufgrund zeitlicher Engpässe Simulationen meist nur zur Nachrechnung bereits ausdetaillierter Produktmodelle durchführen. Konstruktionsbegleitende Simulationen werden hingegen zu selten eingesetzt oder sind nicht aussagekräftig genug, wenn diese nicht von Berechnungsexperten erstellt werden. Um den steigenden Anforderungen an die Produktentwicklung gerecht zu werden, muss das erforderliche Simulationswissen daher auch weniger erfahrenen Benutzergruppen, wie Konstruktionsingenieuren, zugänglich gemacht werden. Darüber hinaus müssen wiederkehrende Arbeitsschritte für den Simulationsaufbau standardisiert und automatisiert werden, um die Qualität der Berechnungsergebnisse abzusichern und diese Prozesse zu beschleunigen. ..."

Aus der Einleitung: "Aufgrund der wachsenden Produktanforderungen bei gleichzeitig immer kürzeren Entwicklungszeiten gewinnen computergestützte Simulationsverfahren, wie die Finite-Elemente-Analyse (FEA), in der Produktentwicklung zunehmend an Bedeutung [Müller 2009]. Für eine effiziente Nutzung der FEA muss diese jedoch frühzeitig in der Produktentwicklung angewendet werden. Darüber hinaus wird für einen erfolgreichen Einsatz umfangreiches Expertenwissen vorausgesetzt. Dieses Wissen konzentriert sich in den Unternehmen hauptsächlich auf erfahrene Berechnungsingenieure, die aufgrund zeitlicher Engpässe Simulationen meist nur zur Nachrechnung bereits ausdetaillierter Produktmodelle durchführen. Konstruktionsbegleitende Simulationen werden hingegen zu selten eingesetzt oder sind nicht aussagekräftig genug, wenn diese nicht von Berechnungsexperten erstellt werden. Um den steigenden Anforderungen an die Produktentwicklung gerecht zu werden, muss das erforderliche Simulationswissen daher auch weniger erfahrenen Benutzergruppen, wie Konstruktionsingenieuren, zugänglich gemacht werden. Darüber hinaus müssen wiederkehrende Arbeitsschritte für den Simulationsaufbau standardisiert und automatisiert werden, um die Qualität der Berechnungsergebnisse abzusichern und diese Prozesse zu beschleunigen. ..."

Diferentes setores produtivos, nacionais e internacionais, mantém em sua pauta estratégica as questões ambientais. A cadeia da construção civil, consciente dos impactos gerados ao meio ambiente, busca alternativas mitigatórias tanto em processos quanto em insumos. Entre essas alternativas encontra-se a reciclagem dos Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) dentro da própria cadeia produtiva. No Brasil, esse tipo de reciclagem ainda é insipiente e pouco difundido. Um dos fatores que pode ocasionar este cenário está associado à falta de confiabilidade e à grande variabilidade dos agregados reciclados oriundos de RCD, o que reflete diretamente nas características finais dos produtos desenvolvidos a partir deste material. Porém, existem iniciativas que visam o uso destes enquanto agregados reciclados para a produção de artefatos de concreto, como é o caso da cooperativa Centro de Transformação Sócio Ambiental (CTSA), em Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de propor um conjunto de características a ser monitorado de maneira a se produzir Bloco de Concreto de Vedação (BCV) a partir de RCD, no ambiente produtivo da CTSA, aliado à sua vocação de preservação ambiental. Para atingir este objetivo foram seguidos dois vieses. O primeiro investigando as características almejadas para o produto BCV, através do método de desdobramento da função qualidade, ou quality function deployment (QFD), que transforma as demandas dos clientes em características de qualidade do produto. Porém, estas demandas foram ampliadas buscando assim, além da voz dos clientes, os requisitos ambientais e os normativos para o produto, priorizando as características que devem ser controladas pela cooperativa para obter a qualidade do produto final. O segundo viés está associado às características apresentadas pelos agregados reciclados de RCD produzidos pela cooperativa e utilizados como matéria-prima dos BCVs. Através de ensaios de granulometria, absorção de água, teor de material pulverulento, e teor de contaminantes (cloretos, sulfatos, materiais não minerais e torrões de argila e materiais friáveis) comparando esses resultados com as especificações da norma NBR 15.116 (ABNT, 2004), que define limites aceitáveis para a utilização deste material em concretos não estruturais. As conclusões do primeiro viés são que, de uma maneira geral, as demandas dos consumidores vão ao encontro das demandas normativas, mas que para responder aos requisitos ambientais são necessários alguns ajustes nas especificações para a obtenção de uma listagem que absorvesse requisitos das três demandas (cliente, ambiental e normativa). No segundo viés, verificou-se que os agregados analisados apresentaram bom comportamento quando comparados às especificações da norma, indicando que o processo hoje estabelecido pela cooperativa para tratamento e estoque dos RCDs assegura a viabilidade do uso do mesmo na confecção dos BCVs. / Different productive sectors, in both national and international spheres, maintain in their agenda strategic environmental issues. The construction’s chain, aware of the impacts to the environment, searches for alternatives for both the mitigation processes and raw materials. One of these alternatives is the recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) within the supply chain. In Brazil, this type of recycling is still incipient and not widespread. One of the factors that lead to this scenario is associated to the lack of reliability and the wide variety of recycled aggregates derived from CDW, which directly affects the final characteristics of the products developed from this material. However, there are many initiatives to use CDW as recycled aggregates for the production of concrete artifacts, such as the cooperative Centro de Transformação Sócio Ambiental (Social Environmental Transformation Center – CTSA), in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Therefore, the objective of this work is to propose a set of features to be monitored in order to produce Concrete Block for Sealing (CBS) from CDW, in the productive system of CTSA, complying with its vocation of environmental preservation. To achieve this objective this work focuses on two biases. The first is related to investigating the characteristics for the CBS product, through the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method, which transforms the demands of customers in quality features of the product. However, these demands were expanded aiming, apart from the voice of customers, environmental and regulatory requirements for the product, to prioritizing features to be controlled by the cooperative to get the final product quality. The second bias is associated with the characteristics presented by CDW recycled aggregate produced by the cooperative and used as raw material for CBSs. This was carried out through experimental testings, such as particle size, water absorption, powdery material content and contaminant content (chlorides, sulphates, non-mineral materials and clay lumps and friable materials). These results were compared with the NBR 15.116 (ABNT, 2004) specifications, which defines acceptable limits of CDW for use in non-structural concrete. The general conclusions for the first bias is that the consumer demands will meet the normative demands, but to respond to environmental requirements some adjustments in the specifications are required to obtain a list of requirements that absorb the three demands (customer, environmental and regulatory). For the second bias, it was found that the analyzed aggregated presented good behavior regarding the standard specifications, indicating that the process established by the cooperative for the treatment and storage of CDW ensure the feasibility of its use in the manufacture of CBSs.

Diferentes setores produtivos, nacionais e internacionais, mantém em sua pauta estratégica as questões ambientais. A cadeia da construção civil, consciente dos impactos gerados ao meio ambiente, busca alternativas mitigatórias tanto em processos quanto em insumos. Entre essas alternativas encontra-se a reciclagem dos Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) dentro da própria cadeia produtiva. No Brasil, esse tipo de reciclagem ainda é insipiente e pouco difundido. Um dos fatores que pode ocasionar este cenário está associado à falta de confiabilidade e à grande variabilidade dos agregados reciclados oriundos de RCD, o que reflete diretamente nas características finais dos produtos desenvolvidos a partir deste material. Porém, existem iniciativas que visam o uso destes enquanto agregados reciclados para a produção de artefatos de concreto, como é o caso da cooperativa Centro de Transformação Sócio Ambiental (CTSA), em Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de propor um conjunto de características a ser monitorado de maneira a se produzir Bloco de Concreto de Vedação (BCV) a partir de RCD, no ambiente produtivo da CTSA, aliado à sua vocação de preservação ambiental. Para atingir este objetivo foram seguidos dois vieses. O primeiro investigando as características almejadas para o produto BCV, através do método de desdobramento da função qualidade, ou quality function deployment (QFD), que transforma as demandas dos clientes em características de qualidade do produto. Porém, estas demandas foram ampliadas buscando assim, além da voz dos clientes, os requisitos ambientais e os normativos para o produto, priorizando as características que devem ser controladas pela cooperativa para obter a qualidade do produto final. O segundo viés está associado às características apresentadas pelos agregados reciclados de RCD produzidos pela cooperativa e utilizados como matéria-prima dos BCVs. Através de ensaios de granulometria, absorção de água, teor de material pulverulento, e teor de contaminantes (cloretos, sulfatos, materiais não minerais e torrões de argila e materiais friáveis) comparando esses resultados com as especificações da norma NBR 15.116 (ABNT, 2004), que define limites aceitáveis para a utilização deste material em concretos não estruturais. As conclusões do primeiro viés são que, de uma maneira geral, as demandas dos consumidores vão ao encontro das demandas normativas, mas que para responder aos requisitos ambientais são necessários alguns ajustes nas especificações para a obtenção de uma listagem que absorvesse requisitos das três demandas (cliente, ambiental e normativa). No segundo viés, verificou-se que os agregados analisados apresentaram bom comportamento quando comparados às especificações da norma, indicando que o processo hoje estabelecido pela cooperativa para tratamento e estoque dos RCDs assegura a viabilidade do uso do mesmo na confecção dos BCVs. / Different productive sectors, in both national and international spheres, maintain in their agenda strategic environmental issues. The construction’s chain, aware of the impacts to the environment, searches for alternatives for both the mitigation processes and raw materials. One of these alternatives is the recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) within the supply chain. In Brazil, this type of recycling is still incipient and not widespread. One of the factors that lead to this scenario is associated to the lack of reliability and the wide variety of recycled aggregates derived from CDW, which directly affects the final characteristics of the products developed from this material. However, there are many initiatives to use CDW as recycled aggregates for the production of concrete artifacts, such as the cooperative Centro de Transformação Sócio Ambiental (Social Environmental Transformation Center – CTSA), in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Therefore, the objective of this work is to propose a set of features to be monitored in order to produce Concrete Block for Sealing (CBS) from CDW, in the productive system of CTSA, complying with its vocation of environmental preservation. To achieve this objective this work focuses on two biases. The first is related to investigating the characteristics for the CBS product, through the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method, which transforms the demands of customers in quality features of the product. However, these demands were expanded aiming, apart from the voice of customers, environmental and regulatory requirements for the product, to prioritizing features to be controlled by the cooperative to get the final product quality. The second bias is associated with the characteristics presented by CDW recycled aggregate produced by the cooperative and used as raw material for CBSs. This was carried out through experimental testings, such as particle size, water absorption, powdery material content and contaminant content (chlorides, sulphates, non-mineral materials and clay lumps and friable materials). These results were compared with the NBR 15.116 (ABNT, 2004) specifications, which defines acceptable limits of CDW for use in non-structural concrete. The general conclusions for the first bias is that the consumer demands will meet the normative demands, but to respond to environmental requirements some adjustments in the specifications are required to obtain a list of requirements that absorb the three demands (customer, environmental and regulatory). For the second bias, it was found that the analyzed aggregated presented good behavior regarding the standard specifications, indicating that the process established by the cooperative for the treatment and storage of CDW ensure the feasibility of its use in the manufacture of CBSs.

Diferentes setores produtivos, nacionais e internacionais, mantém em sua pauta estratégica as questões ambientais. A cadeia da construção civil, consciente dos impactos gerados ao meio ambiente, busca alternativas mitigatórias tanto em processos quanto em insumos. Entre essas alternativas encontra-se a reciclagem dos Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) dentro da própria cadeia produtiva. No Brasil, esse tipo de reciclagem ainda é insipiente e pouco difundido. Um dos fatores que pode ocasionar este cenário está associado à falta de confiabilidade e à grande variabilidade dos agregados reciclados oriundos de RCD, o que reflete diretamente nas características finais dos produtos desenvolvidos a partir deste material. Porém, existem iniciativas que visam o uso destes enquanto agregados reciclados para a produção de artefatos de concreto, como é o caso da cooperativa Centro de Transformação Sócio Ambiental (CTSA), em Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de propor um conjunto de características a ser monitorado de maneira a se produzir Bloco de Concreto de Vedação (BCV) a partir de RCD, no ambiente produtivo da CTSA, aliado à sua vocação de preservação ambiental. Para atingir este objetivo foram seguidos dois vieses. O primeiro investigando as características almejadas para o produto BCV, através do método de desdobramento da função qualidade, ou quality function deployment (QFD), que transforma as demandas dos clientes em características de qualidade do produto. Porém, estas demandas foram ampliadas buscando assim, além da voz dos clientes, os requisitos ambientais e os normativos para o produto, priorizando as características que devem ser controladas pela cooperativa para obter a qualidade do produto final. O segundo viés está associado às características apresentadas pelos agregados reciclados de RCD produzidos pela cooperativa e utilizados como matéria-prima dos BCVs. Através de ensaios de granulometria, absorção de água, teor de material pulverulento, e teor de contaminantes (cloretos, sulfatos, materiais não minerais e torrões de argila e materiais friáveis) comparando esses resultados com as especificações da norma NBR 15.116 (ABNT, 2004), que define limites aceitáveis para a utilização deste material em concretos não estruturais. As conclusões do primeiro viés são que, de uma maneira geral, as demandas dos consumidores vão ao encontro das demandas normativas, mas que para responder aos requisitos ambientais são necessários alguns ajustes nas especificações para a obtenção de uma listagem que absorvesse requisitos das três demandas (cliente, ambiental e normativa). No segundo viés, verificou-se que os agregados analisados apresentaram bom comportamento quando comparados às especificações da norma, indicando que o processo hoje estabelecido pela cooperativa para tratamento e estoque dos RCDs assegura a viabilidade do uso do mesmo na confecção dos BCVs. / Different productive sectors, in both national and international spheres, maintain in their agenda strategic environmental issues. The construction’s chain, aware of the impacts to the environment, searches for alternatives for both the mitigation processes and raw materials. One of these alternatives is the recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) within the supply chain. In Brazil, this type of recycling is still incipient and not widespread. One of the factors that lead to this scenario is associated to the lack of reliability and the wide variety of recycled aggregates derived from CDW, which directly affects the final characteristics of the products developed from this material. However, there are many initiatives to use CDW as recycled aggregates for the production of concrete artifacts, such as the cooperative Centro de Transformação Sócio Ambiental (Social Environmental Transformation Center – CTSA), in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Therefore, the objective of this work is to propose a set of features to be monitored in order to produce Concrete Block for Sealing (CBS) from CDW, in the productive system of CTSA, complying with its vocation of environmental preservation. To achieve this objective this work focuses on two biases. The first is related to investigating the characteristics for the CBS product, through the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method, which transforms the demands of customers in quality features of the product. However, these demands were expanded aiming, apart from the voice of customers, environmental and regulatory requirements for the product, to prioritizing features to be controlled by the cooperative to get the final product quality. The second bias is associated with the characteristics presented by CDW recycled aggregate produced by the cooperative and used as raw material for CBSs. This was carried out through experimental testings, such as particle size, water absorption, powdery material content and contaminant content (chlorides, sulphates, non-mineral materials and clay lumps and friable materials). These results were compared with the NBR 15.116 (ABNT, 2004) specifications, which defines acceptable limits of CDW for use in non-structural concrete. The general conclusions for the first bias is that the consumer demands will meet the normative demands, but to respond to environmental requirements some adjustments in the specifications are required to obtain a list of requirements that absorb the three demands (customer, environmental and regulatory). For the second bias, it was found that the analyzed aggregated presented good behavior regarding the standard specifications, indicating that the process established by the cooperative for the treatment and storage of CDW ensure the feasibility of its use in the manufacture of CBSs.

Idag sker många transporter med låg utnyttjandegrad vilket gör att transportkostnaden per produkt blir hög samtidigt som transporter har en negativ påverkan på miljön. Genom att konsolidera transporter kan utnyttjandegraden av transporterna öka. Ökad utnyttjandegrad kan även hjälpa företagen att gå mot cirkulär ekonomi där målet är att utnyttja resurserna maximalt. För små och medelstora företag kan det dock vara svårt att bygga upp samarbeten med andra företag. Dessa företag möter olika möjligheter och hinder vid implementering av transportkonsolidering, därför kommer denna studien identifiera vilka dessa är.Studien har genomförts i samarbete med 16 företag i Orust kommun och har visat att de största hindren vid transportkonsolidering är kundkrav, produktkrav och informationsdelning. Företagen upplevde att kundernas krav på korta ledtider skulle göra det svårt att samordna transporter med andra företag. Många företag upplevde även att produktkraven deras produkter ställer på transporterna skulle försvåra transportkonsolidering. Studien kunde dock visa att flera företag hade liknande produktkrav vilket möjliggör transportkonsolidering. En del företag ansåg att det saknades stöd och samarbete för den informationsdelning som krävs vid konsolidering.De främsta möjligheterna som identifierades är företagskulturen och viljan att gå mot en mer hållbar distributionskedja. Företagen som deltog i intervjuerna nämnde att de såg positivt på transportkonsolidering om det fanns ett sätt att enkelt samordna transporterna. De är även aktiva i Orust Kretsloppsakademi som arbetar för ett hållbart Orust vilket visar att det finns ett intresse av att bli mer hållbara. / Today, many transports are at a low rate of utilization. This means that shipping costs per product will be high and at the same time transports have a negative impact on the environment. Consolidating transports can increase the utilization rate for transports which minimizes costs and environmental impact. Increased utilization rates can also help companies move towards circular economics where the goal is to maximize their utilization of resources. However, for small and medium size companies it may be difficult to build up partnerships with other companies. These companies face different possibilities and obstacles in implementing transport consolidation, therefore this study will identify these.The study has been carried out in cooperation with 16 companies in Orust and has shown that the main obstacles to transport consolidation are customer requirements, product requirements and information sharing. The companies perceived that customer demand for short lead times would make it difficult to coordinate transport with other companies. Many companies also found that the product requirements of their products on transport would make transport consolidation difficult. However, the study showed that several companies had similar product requirements, which enables transport consolidation. Some companies also felt that there was no support and cooperation for the information sharing required for consolidation.The main opportunities identified were corporate culture and the desire to move towards a more sustainable distribution chain. The companies that participated in the interviews mentioned that they can see possibilities of transport consolidation if there was a way to easily coordinate transport. They are also active in the Orust Kretsloppsakademi that works for a sustainable Orust, which shows that there is an interest in becoming more sustainable.

Idag sker många transporter med låg utnyttjandegrad vilket gör att transportkostnaden per produkt blir hög samtidigt som transporter har en negativ påverkan på miljön. Genom att konsolidera transporter kan utnyttjandegraden av transporterna öka. Ökad utnyttjandegrad kan även hjälpa företagen att gå mot cirkulär ekonomi där målet är att utnyttja resurserna maximalt. För små och medelstora företag kan det dock vara svårt att bygga upp samarbeten med andra företag. Dessa företag möter olika möjligheter och hinder vid implementering av transportkonsolidering, därför kommer denna studien identifiera vilka dessa är. Studien har genomförts i samarbete med 16 företag i Orust kommun och har visat att de största hindren vid transportkonsolidering är kundkrav, produktkrav och informationsdelning. Företagen upplevde att kundernas krav på korta ledtider skulle göra det svårt att samordna transporter med andra företag. Många företag upplevde även att produktkraven deras produkter ställer på transporterna skulle försvåra transportkonsolidering. Studien kunde dock visa att flera företag hade liknande produktkrav vilket möjliggör transportkonsolidering. En del företag ansåg att det saknades stöd och samarbete för den informationsdelning som krävs vid konsolidering. De främsta möjligheterna som identifierades är företagskulturen och viljan att gå mot en mer hållbar distributionskedja. Företagen som deltog i intervjuerna nämnde att de såg positivt på transportkonsolidering om det fanns ett sätt att enkelt samordna transporterna. De är även aktiva i Orust Kretsloppsakademi som arbetar för ett hållbart Orust vilket visar att det finns ett intresse av att bli mer hållbara. / Today, many transports are at a low rate of utilization. This means that shipping costs per product will be high and at the same time transports have a negative impact on the environment. Consolidating transports can increase the utilization rate for transports which minimizes costs and environmental impact. Increased utilization rates can also help companies move towards circular economics where the goal is to maximize their utilization of resources. However, for small and medium size companies it may be difficult to build up partnerships with other companies. These companies face different possibilities and obstacles in implementing transport consolidation, therefore this study will identify these. The study has been carried out in cooperation with 16 companies in Orust and has shown that the main obstacles to transport consolidation are customer requirements, product requirements and information sharing. The companies perceived that customer demand for short lead times would make it difficult to coordinate transport with other companies. Many companies also found that the productrequirements of their products on transport would make transport consolidation difficult. However, the study showed that several companies had similar product requirements, which enables transport consolidation. Some companies also felt that there was no support and cooperation for the information sharing required for consolidation. The main opportunities identified were corporate culture and the desire to move towards a more sustainable distribution chain. The companies that participated in the interviews mentioned that they can see possibilities of transport consolidation if there was a way to easily coordinate transport. They are also active in the Orust Kretsloppsakademi that works for a sustainable Orust, which shows that there is an interest in becoming more sustainable.