This thesis investigates, at the country level, the relationship between innovation output or generation of new technology and input factors such as stock of knowledge, research effort and institutional factors such as competition and intellectual property rights. It is shown that variations in generation of new technology reflect differences in knowledge stock, research effort, product market competition and other institutional factors of OECD countries. The available stock of knowledge and the research effort was shown to have a linear and positive effect on technology generation. It was also shown that the degree of product market competition has a nonlinear effect on technology growth, thereby confirming on a country-level an inverted-U relationship between competition and innovation. Generation of new knowledge was examined using a knowledge production function with annual and accumulated knowledge measured with a patent indicator based on a worldwide count of patent priority filings. A cross-sectional linear regression model was used with secondary data. Independent variables included were the main variables accumulated stock of patent priority filings, the number of FTE researchers in R&D and the Product Market Regulation Index. Institutional bias was accounted for by including the independent variables Index of Patent Rights, administrative patenting fees and a Global Competitiveness Index. The Global Competitiveness index was found to have positive effect on patent productivity and the administrative patenting fees relationship was found to be negative. The results are consistent with theories and empirical findings. The results also highlight the importance of innovation policies that keep costs of patenting low and of adjusting the competition policy of a country to the type of economy in question.

We use a production function approach in investigating the relationship between financial development and economic growth in 9 EU accession - mostly transition countries. These findings are compared with the results for the group of 18 developed countries, and separately, with the results for a group of less developed EU countries - structural fund recipients. We use aggregate measures of financial development as well as measures for single segments of financial sectors. In context of transition countries, bond markets are, to our knowledge, taken explicitly into account for the first time. We find that domestic credit and bond markets together with real capital stock growth stimulate economic growth in transition. With progress in cohesion, educational attainment becomes the next important factor that contributes to economic growth followed by labor participation in mature market economies. For the developed countries, financial sector did not play any positive role for growth over the period under study. We conclude that transfer mechanisms for growth differ over the development cycle. This is important to growth theory, to the sequencing of economic reforms and to financial sector development priorities. (author's abstract) / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

The paper examines the extent to which the prestige value of a retiree’s former occupation increases the likelihood that they will make a transition into volunteering after retirement. Following social production function theory, we assume that when a person retires, the prestige value attached to their former occupation fades. The fact that volunteering has the character of a collective good provides the opportunity to gain social prestige to offset the loss of occupational prestige. However, the extent of the incentive to volunteer will be distributed unequally across occupations: the higher the former occupational prestige value, the higher the perceived loss of prestige after retirement. Thus, doing a job with high prestige value increases the incentive to volunteer in retirement. This assumption is tested, using data taken from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) 1992-2013. The sample contains 1,631 workers and 589 retirees, 278 of whom transitioned into volunteering during the observation window. Based on Kaplan-Meier-Failure-Estimates and complementary log-log hazard models, findings show a positive effect of occupational prestige on the transition into volunteering. Thus, the loss of high occupational prestige can be compensated by the social prestige associated with volunteering. Formal volunteering in retirement follows, albeit to a lesser extent, the logic of the occupational social strata.

The paper sheds some light on the issue of geographically mediated knowledge spillovers from university research activities to regional knowledge production in high tech industries in Austria. Knowledge spillovers occur because knowledge created by university is typically not contained within that institution, and thereby creates value for others. The conceptual framework for analysing geographic spillovers of university research on regional knowledge production is derived from Griliches (1979). It is assumed that knowledge production in the high tech sectors essentially depends on two major sources of knowledge: the university research that represents the potential pool of knowledge spillovers and R&D performed by the high tech sectors themselves. Knowledge is measured in terms of patents, university research and R&D in terms of expenditures. We refine the standard knowledge production function by modelling research spillovers as a spatially discounted external stock of knowledge. This enables us to capture regional and interregional spillovers. Using district-level data and employing spatial econometric tools evidence is found of university research spillovers that transcend the geographic scale of the political district in Austria. It is shown that geographic boundedness of the spillovers is linked to a decay effect. (authors' abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience

Sugarcane is a crop of relevant importance for the Alagoas state, mainly due to the high potential for ethanol production that is currently one of the main products of the Brazilian energy matrix. Therefore, in order to evaluating ethanol yields as a function of irrigation levels (L) and nitrogen (N) rates, was carried an experiment in the region of Rio Largo, AL. The experimental design was a completely randomized block in the scheme of subdivided plot, with seven irrigation levels, five nitrogen doses and four replicates. At irrigation levels were determined based on reference evapotranspiration (ET0): 0,0 ET0; 0,25 ET0; 0,50 ET0; 0,75 ET0; 1,00 ET0; 1,25 ET0 and 1,50 ET0 and the doses of N were: zero 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg of N per hectare. The average gross income of ethanol obtained was 14,14 m3.ha-1. The irrigation level of maximum economic efficiency was 307 mm and the maximum physical yield of ethanol (15,14 m3.ha-1) was achieved with 573 mm. In relation the nitrogen rates, the one of maximum economic efficiency was 118 kg of N.ha-1 and the highest physical yield of gross ethanol (14,51 m3.ha-1) was 95 kg of N.ha-1. The square root polynomial function represented well the yield of ethanol in relation to water and nitrogen. The marginal physical product of nitrogen being below zero between 100 and 125 kg of N.ha-1, and The marginal physical product of nitrogen being below zero between 500 and 600 milimeters. The marginal rate of replacement of water by nitrogen varies according the price of the millimeter of water, the kilogram of nitrogen and the cubic meter of ethanol and this rate provides the minimum cost at each yield level when it equals 1,53 mm.kgN-1. The region of rational production was located at the beginning of the tangency of the isoquants (86 kg of N and 510 mm) until the crossing at the level of 15,60 m3.ha-1. / A cana-de-acucar e uma cultura agricola de relevante importancia para o estado de Alagoas, principalmente pelo alto potencial para producao de bioetanol, que e um dos principais componentes da matriz energatica brasileira e estudar as relacoes de fatores de produção como agua e nitrogenio e indispensavel para a melhoria na eficiencia de seus usos. Por isso, com o objetivo de avaliar os rendimentos de etanol de cana-de-acucar em funcao de laminas de irrigacao (L) e doses de nitrogenio (N), um experimento foi desenvolvido na regiao de Rio Largo, AL. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com sete laminas de irrigacao, cinco doses de nitrogenio e quatro repeticoes. As laminas de irrigacao foram determinadas com base na evapotranspiracao de referencia (ET0), sendo: 0,0 ET0; 0,25 ET0; 0,50 ET0; 0,75 ET0; 1,00 ET0; 1,25 ET0 e 1,50 ET0 e as doses de N utilizadas foram: zero, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg de N por hectare. O rendimento medio de etanol obtido foi de 14,14 m3.ha-1. A lamina de irrigacao de maxima eficiência economica foi 307 mm e o rendimento fisico maximo de etanol (15,14 m3.ha-1) foi alcançado com 573 mm de irrigacao. Com relacao as doses de nitrogenio, a de maxima eficiência economica foi 118 kg de N.ha-1 e a que proporciona maximo rendimento fisico de etanol (14,51 m3.ha-1) foi 95 kg de N.ha-1. O produto fisico marginal do nitrogenio se torna negativo entre as doses 100 e 125 kg de N.ha-1, enquanto o produto fisico marginal da agua fica negativo entre 500 e 600 milimetros. A taxa marginal de substituicao de agua por nitrogênio varia de acordo com o preco do milimetro de agua, o quilograma do nitrogenio e o metro cubico de etanol e essa taxa proporciona o custo minimo em cada nivel de produto quando se iguala a 1,53 mm.kgN-1. A regiao de producao racional situa-se no inicio das retas de tangencia das isoquantas (86 kg de N e 510 mm) ate o encontro no nivel de 15,60 m3.ha-1 de etanol.

LEITE, Kelly Nascimento. Análise Economica da resposta do cajueiro anao precoce BRS 189 aos fatores de produçao agua e adubo potássico. 2010. 98 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-24T17:28:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_knleite.pdf: 1815164 bytes, checksum: 67337c9f4b995978128ec45fe6b65ea3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-07-21T20:17:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_knleite.pdf: 1815164 bytes, checksum: 67337c9f4b995978128ec45fe6b65ea3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T20:17:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_knleite.pdf: 1815164 bytes, checksum: 67337c9f4b995978128ec45fe6b65ea3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / For the success of the cashew culture as an agrarian enterprise, it is necessary to enhance farming techniques and crop management of cashew, ensuring efficient production and quality. The use of the production function allows the cashew grower to conceive optimal cultivation plans based on optimal levels of watering and fertilizing. Based on these considerations, this study was aimed at determining and analyzing the response of the dwarf cashew clone BRS 189 to the production factors water and potassium fertilizer, particularly from an economic viewpoint. The experiment was conducted in the D core of the Perímetro Irrigado (irrigated perimeter) Curu - Pentecoste (Ce), in the period from June to December 2009. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots consisting of four primary treatments in plots and four secondary treatments in subplots. Initial treatment consisted of 25, 50, 100 and 200% of the water volume lost by evapotranspiration by the culture, as estimated by a class A tank, and the secondary treatments consisted of applications of 0,50,100 and 200 g tree-1 year-1 of K2O. The cashew orchard was established in 2005 and this survey was done in the fourth year, a time when this culture reaches its full production potential. The clone used spaced 7.0m x 7.0m, irrigated by a micro-sprinkler irrigation system. Analysis consisted of two stages: post-harvest characteristics (TSS, average fruit weight, average length and diameter) and quantitative analysis (productivity). The results obtained led to the following conclusions: The potassium production factor had significant influence at the level of 8%, for the analyzed cashew post-harvest production variables. For the water production factor, however, only the variable average fruit weight showed significant influence, at the level of 5%. The maximum observed physical productivity, of 6665.7 kg ha-1, was obtained with treatment W3K2, referring to the watering equivalent to 100% of maximum crop evapotranspiration and an application of 100 g K2O-1 tree-1year-1 or 20.4 kg ha-1year-1. The estimated maximum yield (7600.9 kg ha-1) corresponded to an water requirement of more than 14.5% of the treatment W3 (100% ETm) and 140.5 g tree-1 year-1 of K2O, an amount equal to that recommended by soil analysis. The economically optimal watering level is 4.5% below the watering level observed to provide the highest productivity. Now, the economic productivity is only 1.4% lower than the productivity estimated by the statistical model, and saves 15.5% water, when compared with the watering requirements estimated by the physical model for maximum productivity. / Para sucesso da exploração agrícola é necessário incrementar técnicas de cultivo e manejo da cultura do cajueiro para que assegure uma produção eficiente e de qualidade. O uso da função de produção permite a obtenção de planos ótimos de cultivo com base nos níveis de água e adubo. Baseado nessas premissas, esse trabalho teve como objetivo obter e analisar sob o aspecto econômico a resposta do clone do cajueiro anão precoce BRS 189 aos fatores de produção água e adubo potássico. O experimento foi conduzido no núcleo D do Perímetro Irrigado Curu – Pentecoste, Ceará, de junho a dezembro de 2009. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, composto de quatro tratamentos primários nas parcelas e quatro tratamentos secundários nas subparcelas. Os tratamentos primários corresponderam a 25, 50 100 e 200% da lâmina evapotranspirada da cultura, estimada através do tanque classe A, e os tratamentos secundários referentes às doses de K2O 0, 50, 100 e 200 g planta-1ano-1. O pomar de cajueiro foi instalado em 2005 sendo essa pesquisa realizada no quarto ano, época em que a cultura atinge seu potencial de produção. O clone utilizado foi espaçado de 7,0 m x 7,0 m irrigado por um sistema de irrigação por microaspersão. As análises constaram em duas etapas: Características pós-colheita (sólidos solúveis totais - SST, peso médio, comprimento médio e diâmetro médio do pedúnculo) e análise quantitativa (produtividade do pedúnculo e castanha). Os resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: O fator de produção potássio apresentou influência significativa em nível de 5% para os caracteres pós-colheita do caju. Com exceção da variável peso médio do fruto que apresentou influência significativa em nível de 1% para o fator de produção água. A máxima produtividade física observada, de 6.665,7 kg ha-1 foi obtida com o tratamento W3K3, referente a 100% da evapotranspiração máxima da cultura e 200 g planta-1ano-1 de K2O ou 40,8 kg ha-1ano-1. A produtividade máxima estimada (7.600,9 kg ha-1) correspondeu a uma necessidade de água superior em 14,5% ao tratamento W3 (100% de ETc) e 140,5 g planta-1 ano-1 de K2O, valor este igual ao recomendado pela análise de solo. O nível de água economicamente ótimo está 4,5% abaixo do nível de água observado que proporcionou a máxima produtividade. Já a produtividade econômica é inferior em apenas 1,4% à produtividade estimada pelo modelo estatístico, e proporciona uma economia de água de 15,5% comparativamente ao nível de água estimado pelo modelo para máxima produtividade física.

Cette thèse traite du choix optimal des investissements à la lumière de la théorie des options réelles et de la prise en compte des différents modes de production. Nous proposons dans un premier temps plusieurs extensions du modèle d'investissement irréversible de Pindyck (1988): introduction de processus plus complexes pour décrire l'évolution de la valeur de marché et de fonctions de production très générales pour décrire l'activité de la firme ; prise en compte de l'aversion au risque dans un cadre d'optimisation dynamique. Dans un second temps, nous montrons comment les options d'échange de Margrabe (1978) permettent de résoudre certains problèmes de choix d'investissement. Nous en proposons diverses extensions et illustrations / Cette thèse traite du choix optimal des investissements à la lumière de la théorie des options réelles et de la prise en compte des différents modes de production. Nous proposons dans un premier temps plusieurs extensions du modèle d'investissement irréversible de Pindyck (1988): introduction de processus plus complexes pour décrire l'évolution de la valeur de marché et de fonctions de production très générales pour décrire l'activité de la firme ; prise en compte de l'aversion au risque dans un cadre d'optimisation dynamique. Dans un second temps, nous montrons comment les options d'échange de Margrabe (1978) permettent de résoudre certains problèmes de choix d'investissement. Nous en proposons diverses extensions et illustrations

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_gj_me_bauru.pdf: 577815 bytes, checksum: d204ac82fc153d3babf951b4de35fe79 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na dinâmica dos mercados globais, a função produção contínua a ser uma área essencial para obtenção da vantagem competitiva nas organizações, onde, a maturidade dos processos produtivos está diretamente relacionada com o potencial competitivo dos negócios, principalmente, nas empresas de manufatura. Este trabalho examina os principais conceitos sobre estratégia competitiva e de produção, destacando o conceito dos critérios de desempenho, proposto por Slack (1993); o conceito das cinco forças competitivas, proposto por Porter (1979); e o conceito dos quatro estágios da função produção, proposto por Hayes e Wheelwright (1985), tendo como objetivo a elaboração de um estudo em seis empresas do setor calçadista da região de Birigui-SP, buscando identificar perfil estratégico destas empresas e proceder uma classificação do grau de maturidade da função produção, baseando-se no modelo dos quatro estágios de Hayes e Wheelwright. A pesquisa detém uma abordagem qualitativa e descritiva, utilizando o método de estudo de casos múltiplos. Quanto à maturidade da função produção nas empresas, os resultados sugerem, segundo as pesquisas, classificações ligeiramente variadas, onde as empresas mantiveram-se entre os estágios 1 e 2 do modelo proposto. Quanto à visão estratégica das empresas, é possível observar uma preocupação distinta com o design de seus produtos e o bem estar de seus clientes. No que se refere às forças de competitivas, é possível notar que os fornecedores e os produtos substitutos destacaram-se como as principais forças de impacto nas empresas analisadas, e os principais critérios de desempenho foram o custo e qualidade. Entende-se que os resultados encontrados são significativos e a utilização do modelo de quatro estágios da função produção se aplica como uma ferramenta para avaliação e classificação da função produção... / In the dynamics of global markets, production function remains a key area for securing competitive advantage in organizations, where the maturity of processes is directly related to potential competitive business, especially in manufacturign companies. This paper examines the main concepts of the competitive strategy and production, highlighting the concept of performance criteria, proposed by Slack (1993), the concept of the five competitive forces proposed by Porter (1979), and the concept of the four stages of production function proposed by Hayes and Weelwright (1985), aiming at the elaboration of a study in six companies in the footwear sector in the region of Birigui-SP in order to identify the strategic profile of these companies and make a classification of the degree of maturity of the production function, based on the model of four stages of Hayes and Wheelwright. The research has a qualitative and descriptive, using the method of multiple case study. As for the maturity of the production function in business, the results suggest, according to polls, ratings varied slightly, where companies have remained between stages 1 and 2 of the proposed model. As for the strategic vision of companies, we can observe a distinct concern with the design of its products and the welfare of their customers. With regard to competitive forces, it is possible to note that suppliers and substitute products stood out as key forces in business impact analysis and key performance criteria were cost and quality. It is understood that the results are significant and use the model of the four stages of production function is applied as a tool for assessment and classification of production function, and may assist in performance measurement and strategic alignment of organizational practice

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:50:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1390780 bytes, checksum: 772c85b924a2215ba464b70773a148bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-28 / The sugarcane crop is subjected during their growth to different environmental conditions, and agricultural yield directly affected by these conditions. Yield models become important tools in order to supply estimates of crop yield along to characterize management alternatives, increasing the efficiency of management and strategic decisions. Information technology is an important tool in this process and has been increasingly used for collecting and analyzing data that are used as the basis of their decisions. The objective of this work was included in the software Irriplus estimated yield of crops models, using the Stewart and Mantovani models to estimate the real productivity and Method of Agroecological Zone (MAZ) to estimate the maximum productivity. Besides the models, a methodology of multiple linear regressions was developed to explain the factors that are influencing the yield crop and generate yield models from historical data. To evaluate the models, was used descriptive analysis and analysis tests comparing the real and estimated yield. Statistical tests were paired t-test, relative error percentage (REP) and mean absolute error (MAE). Was used real yield data of irrigated sugarcane RB 86-7515, crops xiv 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, in the Jaíba city of Minas Gerais state. The Stewart Model requires as input the maximum yield that was estimated by MAZ in two crops. In the 2007/2008 crop, the model estimated the average productivity at 113.58 t ha-1, while the real yield average was 113.47 t ha-1, the MAE was equal 10.10. In the 2008/2009 crop, the model estimated the average productivity at 121.81 t ha-1, while the real yield average was 121.81 t ha-1, the MAE was equal 8.02. In both crops the paired t-test showed no significant difference between the average yields. The Mantovani model used the same maximum yield of the model of Stewart, estimated by MAZ. In the 2007/2008 crop, the model estimated the average productivity at 198.13 t ha-1, while the real yield average was 113.47 t ha-1, the MAE was equal 84.66. In the 2008/2009 crop, the model estimated the average productivity at 154.81 t ha-1, while the real yield average was 121.81 t ha-1, the MAE was equal 32.72. In both crops the paired t-test showed significant difference between the average yields and the yield estimated overestimated the real yield. An equation was fitted by multiple linear regression using data from the 2007/2008 crop, related variables: total irrigation required, total capacity of the soil water, available soil water, reference evapotranspiration, crop evapotranspiration and maximum crop evapotranspiration. The equation was evaluated in the 2008/2009 crop for yield estimated. The equation estimated the average productivity at 122.41 t ha-1, while the real yield average was 121.81 t ha-1, the MAE was equal 7.07. The paired t-test showed no significant difference between the average yields. / A cultura da cana-de-açúcar é submetida durante o seu desenvolvimento a diferentes condições ambientais, sendo o rendimento agrícola afetado diretamente por estas condições. Modelos de produtividade tornam-se ferramentas importantes objetivando suprir estimativas de rendimento ao longo das safras visando à caracterização de alternativas de manejo, aumentando a eficácia das decisões gerenciais e estratégicas. A tecnologia da informação é uma importante ferramenta nesse processo e tem sido cada vez mais utilizada para coleta e análise de dados que são utilizados como base nas suas decisões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi incluir no software Irriplus modelos de estimativa de produtividades de culturas agrícolas, utilizando os modelos de Stewart e Mantovani para estimar a produtividade real e o Método da Zona Agroecológica (MZA) para estimar a produtividade máxima. Além dos modelos, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de regressão linear múltipla para explicar os fatores que estão influenciando a produtividade da cultura e gerar modelos de produtividade a partir de dados históricos. Para avaliar os modelos, foi utilizada análise descritiva e testes de análise comparativa entre a produtividade estimada e observada em campo. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram: teste-t pareado, erro relativo percentual (ERP) e erro médio absoluto (MAE). Foram utilizados dados reais de produtividade da cana-de-açúcar RB 86-7515 irrigada, safras 2007/2008 e 2008/2009, do município de Jaíba do estado de Minas Gerais. O modelo de Stewart requer como dado de entrada a produtividade máxima, que foi estimada pelo MZA nas duas safras. Na safra 2007/2008, o modelo estimou a produtividade média em 113,58 t ha-1, enquanto a produtividade média observada em campo foi 113,47 t ha-1, o MAE foi igual a 10,10. Na safra 2008/2009 o modelo estimou a produtividade média em 121,81 t ha-1, enquanto a produtividade média observada em campo foi 121,81 t ha-1, o MAE foi igual a 8,02. Nas duas safras o teste-t pareado não demonstrou diferença significativa entre as médias de produtividade. O modelo de Mantovani utilizou a mesma produtividade máxima do modelo de Stewart estimada pelo MZA. Na safra 2007/2008, o modelo estimou a produtividade média em 198,13 t ha-1, enquanto a produtividade média observada em campo foi 113,47 t ha-1, o MAE foi igual a 84,66. Na safra 2008/2009, o modelo estimou a produtividade média em 154,81 t ha-1, enquanto a produtividade média observada em campo foi 121,81 t ha-1, o MAE foi igual a 32,72. Nas duas safras, o teste-t pareado demonstrou diferença significativa entre as médias de produtividade e a estimativa do modelo superestimou produtividade observada em campo. Foi ajustada uma equação por regressão linear múltipla, com dados da safra 2007/2008, relacionada com as variáveis: irrigação total necessária, capacidade total de água no solo, água disponível no solo, evapotranspiração de referência, evapotranspiração da cultura e evapotranspiração máxima da cultura. A equação foi avaliada na safra 2008/2009 para estimativa da produtividade. A equação estimou a produtividade média em 122,41 t ha-1, enquanto a produtividade média observada em campo foi 121,81 t ha-1, o MAE foi igual a 7,07. O teste-t pareado não demonstrou diferença significativa entre as médias de produtividade.

A relação entre preço e custo marginal pode ser utilizada para evidenciar características das indústrias, com destaque para aspectos relacionados à concorrência. Uma das formas de estimar esta relação, definida como mark up, é a análise da relação entre insumos e produtos. Na presente pesquisa, este tipo de estudo foi realizado por meio da análise do resíduo de Solow, como em Hall (1986), e a partir da estimação da função de produção, conforme proposto por Loecker e Warzynski (2009). As características complementares dos procedimentos e o fato de haver insuficiente análise de aspectos concorrenciais das indústrias nacionais favorecem o emprego conjunto destas abordagens para o caso da indústria brasileira, sendo este o objetivo da presente pesquisa. Foram utilizados dados da PIA-Empresa (IBGE) para as indústrias de extração e transformação entre 1996 e 2007. A análise do resíduo de Solow evidenciou que a hipótese conjunta de retornos constantes de escala e concorrência perfeita para a indústria nacional não é válida, com altas estimativas de mark up para os setores extrativista, alimentício, florestal e químico. Já os setores têxtil e máquinas e equipamentos apresentaram baixas estimativas. As estimativas obtidas por meio da função de produção e a análise dos retornos de escala confirmaram os altos mark ups dos setores florestal e químico. Para os setores extrativista e alimentício as estimativas foram consideravelmente menores, o que foi interpretado como consequência do retorno de escala dos setores, que deve ser decrescente. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativaentre as estimativas obtidas para os setores metalurgia básica, eletro eletrônico, têxtil e máquinas e equipamentos por meio das duas metodologias, o que corrobora as evidências encontradas sobre retornos de escala, que indicaram que estes são constantes para tais setores. Para os demais setores não foi possível obter constatações relevantes sobre as estimativas alternativas e retornos de escala. Dessa forma, foram encontradas evidêcias de que a hipótese de concorrência perfeita não é válida, com mark ups maiores do que dois para quase todos setores. / The price and marginal cost relation can evidence important industry features, especially the ones that concern competition. Input and output data can be used to estimate the price and marginal cost relation, defined as mark up. In this research, this type of study was done by the Solow residual analysis, as in Hall (1986), and by the production function estimation, as in Loecker e Warzynski (2009). The returns to scale influences both methodologies, and was used to compare their results. The methodologies complementaries features and the fact that there is few analisys about competition in brazilian industry stimulates the use of the Solow residual and the production function to calculate the mark up of the brazilian industry. The data of the extraction and transformation industries used in this research are from PIA-Empresa (IBGE) for the years between 1996 and 2007. The 104 industries were classified in eleven sectors: extrative, food, forest, textile, chemistry, non-metallic mineral, metallurgy, machines and equipment, electronics, general equipment and automotive vehicles. The Solow residual analysis rejected the competition and constants returns to scale hypothesis, and the extractive, food, forest and chemistry sectors showed high mark ups. Textile and machines and equipment had low mark ups. The mark up estimatives from the production function estimation and the returns to scale analysis confirmed the high mark ups for the forest and chemistry sectors. For the extractive and food sectors the mark ups were lower, what is probably consequence of the decreasing returns to scale that these sectors may have. There were no statistically significant di_erence between the mark ups estimatives obtained from both methodologies for the metallurgy, electronics, textile and machines and equipment sectors, what support the evidences of constant returns to scale that were found. The other sectors did not showed relevant conclusions about the relations between the estimatives and the returns to scale. Hence, the perfect concorrence hypotesys is not valid for the brazilian industry.