The study takes place in the capital of Sweden, Stockholm. It focuses on how the past reforms since the 90s have changed the teachers’ occupation as a profession. The study is partially based on analysis of prior research and documents related to the thesis. The cornerstone of it is based on four immerse interviews carried out in three different schools. Two of which were private schools and the third is a municipal school. It is therefore a qualitative study. The result shows that some elements concerning teachers’ profession have been weakened, this in terms of autonomy, less time than before to develop their own educational knowledge and stimulate the pupils’ development. The reason for this depends on the increased governance, administrative work and decreased authority. A possible explanation for this is because of the public school sector to imitate the private sector. Since the pupils’ definition of being just a pupil has altered into becoming a customer has induced them with rights to demand certain requests. This is a downward spiral where teachers’ are compelled to fulfill management directives because society no longer trusts in the teachers’ “silent knowledge”.

Doct. diss.--Department of sociology--Stockholm university, 2000. / Bibliogr. en fin de chapitre.

Diss.--Theologische Fakultät--Salzburg--Paris-Lodron-Universität, 1991. / Bibliogr. p. 477-550.

Th. doct.--Droit canonique--Rome--Université pontificale grégorienne, 2001. / Bibliogr. p. 367-388. Index.

Syftet med studien var att få reda på hur yrkesrollenför fritidspedagoger uppfattas genom att hålla intervjuer med lärare, förskollärare och fritidspedagoger. Det är en kvalitativ studie där vi har använt oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer och haft professionsteorin som en teoretisk utgångspunkt. Studien har genomförts på en skola i en mellanstor stad i södra Sverige och olika lärarkategorier har intervjuats.Studiens resultat har visat att yrket för fritidspedagoger inte är entydigt och att det flera gånger är svårt att säga exakt vad professionen går ut på. Det framkommer också att yrket genomgått förändringar med tiden som också bidragit till att rollen för fritidspedagoger kan ses som komplex och svår definierad. Samtidigt som förändringar skett ses fritidspedagogen bland annat som professionell i arbetet med utveckling av sociala förmågor. Informanterna i studien har uppgett att yrkesrollen har utvecklats mycket bara under de senaste tio åren och att den fortsätter att utvecklas för varje dag som går.

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This dissertation examines the emergence and development of the Russian advokatura (legal profession) between 1864 and 1905. Unlike past historical works, which have concentrated on the activities of a few prominent defence attorneys in the major political trials, this dissertation focuses on the advokaturas development as an independent, self-governing, profession. Such an approach reveals that contrary to received wisdom, the advokatura's professional evolution was a long, arduous, complicated process, by no means complete at the time of its premature demise. The Russian advokatura traces its origins back to the Judicial Reforms of 1864; prior to that time, Russia's legal practitioners existed as an amorphous mass, where virtually every citizen had the right to act as an attorney. The Judicial Reforms created a new, western-style advocate - the sworn attorney and his assistant, the attorney-in-training - as well as a new, autonomous institution - the regional Bar Council - which was to supervise the professional activities of a given region's sworn attorneys. Yet as this dissertation shows, the Judicial Reforms did more than simply introduce a modern advokatura to Russia; these reforms also represented a critical experiment with Russia's existing social structure, an unprecedented, largely unpremeditated attempt by the autocracy to take the western image of a 'liberal' profession and somehow adapt it to Russia's existing hierarchical soslovie (estate) system. For political and social reasons, however, the advokatura quickly proved incongruous with Russia's traditional soslovie order; as a result, the autocracy introduced a series of counter-reforms in 1874 which sharply restricted the professional development of the sworn attorneys and attempted to transform the existing advokatura into a more conventional soslovie. At approximately the same time, the autocracy created yet another branch of the Russian legal profession - the private attorneys. Therefore, during the course of its lifetime, the Russian advokatura consisted of multiple sections - sworn attorneys, private attorneys, attorneys-in-training - plus the descendants of the pre-reform legal practitioners, commonly known after 1864 as underground advocates. Each of the above subdivisions will be examined in this dissertation in order to gain a greater appreciation of the advokatura's overall professional development as well as the numerous obstacles that were placed in its path. At the same time, this dissertation will also examine the advokatura's impact on Russia's emerging legal culture as well as its attempts to gain more political influence. Such an analysis reveals that despite some significant gains, Russia's entire legal system - not just the advokatura - was seriously undermined and devalued by its incompatibility with the political and social order, constructed by the autocracy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1976. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 520-539).