Class of 2005 Abstract / Objectives: To explore the factors that motivate current pharmacy students to enter the field of pharmacy, and compare these motivational factors to currently registered and practicing pharmacists. Methods: Identical questionnaires were distributed to the student and pharmacist populations. The questionnaire collected ratings on how influences such as job security, earnings potential, community service, and family obligation affected decisions to enter the profession of pharmacy. Other data regarding salary information, satisfaction with the profession, first career choices, and basic demographics were also collected. Results: Questionnaires were completed and returned by 214 students and 84 practitioners. Statistically significant differences were found between groups for all demographic descriptors (p<0.001). Differences were also seen amongst rating scores applied to most of the various motivational factors listed. However, when put in ranking order, the top 4 motivating influences for choosing pharmacy were consistent across all survey groups. The factor with the least influence on study participants was also consistent amongst all groups. Implications: People that are choosing pharmacy as a profession today differ demographically from experienced pharmacists; however the influences on selecting pharmacy as a profession are similar.

The study attempts to examine some of the "professional” attitudes and values of elementary school teaching as an occupation, by means of a study of the socialization process in a Teachers’ College, It is contended that sociological study of the professions would benefit by utilisation of a '’conspiracy theory” and the study attempts partly to estimate the usefulness of this theory with respect to teaching, Sociologically interesting aspects of the methods of socializing teachers are also discussed, / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

While the practice of managing trees in and near human settlements has been around for most of human history, urban forestry has only been organizing as a discrete profession since the mid-1960s. As a relatively new profession, urban forestry lacks much of the structure and organization seen in other professions. This study will contrast urban forestry against other professions to identify strategies for improving recruitment into urban forestry, collaboration with other professions, and career opportunities. Civil engineers, landscape architects, and urban planners (the allied professions) work together to plan and manage the urban environment, but urban foresters report difficulties integrating into or collaborating with this group diminishing their ability to influence urban forest management decisions. Allied professionals were surveyed on their usage of professional support mechanisms (e.g., certification) and their perception of professionalism in urban forestry. We found they are heavily invested in processes and functions that support practitioners and regulate their professions via certification, and the adoption of similar mechanisms by urban forestry would likely facilitate improved social capital. Enrollment in urban forestry degree programs is too low and diversity of practitioners is unrepresentative of the urban areas served. Over 1,000 life and natural science-oriented college students at 18 U.S. universities were surveyed on their perceptions of urban forestry as a career. Aside from the wealthiest students displaying lower interest in urban forestry than others, we found no demographic characteristics (i.e., race, gender, socio-economic status, residential setting growing up) that would preclude urban forestry from recruiting a greater diversity of students. Poor awareness of urban forestry seems to be the greatest obstacle to improved recruitment outcomes. Regularly probing the career opportunities of a profession for weaknesses and deficiencies is a tool of self-improvement commonly seen in other professions. We analyzed 151 job postings to assess typical salary, job duties, and requirements of education and certifications. We also interviewed 17 successful candidates to those positions to compare reality against written postings. A dearth of entry-level positions is likely deterring potential recruits. Employers were not posting 40% of the duties urban foresters were performing. Experience as an arborist was accepted in lieu of education as an urban forester in about half of positions, though a degree was required to reach the highest paying jobs. / Ph. D. / Urban forestry is the management of trees in the built environment to maximize the benefits they provide and reduce the risk they pose. These urban trees are found throughout our towns and cities, on public and private property, in parks and along streets. The urban forest produces a value or defers costs that we can quantify in real dollars. Maximizing this potential return-on-investment requires professional expertise. While the practice of managing trees in and near human settlements has been around for most of human history, urban forestry has only been organizing as a discrete profession since the mid-1960s. As a relatively new profession, urban forestry lacks much of the structure and organization seen in other professions. This study will contrast urban forestry against other professions to identify strategies for improving collaboration with other professions, recruitment into urban forestry, and career opportunities. Civil engineers, landscape architects, and urban planners (the allied professions) work together to plan and manage the urban environment, but urban foresters report difficulties integrating into or collaborating with this group diminishing their ability to influence urban forest management decisions. Allied professionals were surveyed on their usage of professional support mechanisms (e.g., certification) and their perception of professionalism in urban forestry. We found they are heavily invested in processes and functions that support practitioners and regulate their professions via certification, and the adoption of similar mechanisms by urban forestry would likely facilitate improved integration into this group. Enrollment in urban forestry degree programs is too low and diversity of practitioners is unrepresentative of the urban areas served. Over 1,000 life and natural science-oriented college students at 18 U.S. universities were surveyed on their perceptions of urban forestry as a career. Aside from the wealthiest students displaying lower interest in urban forestry than others, we found no demographic characteristics (i.e., race, gender, socio-economic status, residential setting growing up) that would preclude urban forestry from recruiting a greater diversity of students. Poor awareness of urban forestry seems to be the greatest obstacle to improved recruitment outcomes. Regularly probing the career opportunities of a profession for weaknesses and deficiencies is a tool of self-improvement commonly seen in other professions. We analyzed 151 job postings to assess typical salary, job duties, and requirements of education and certifications. We also interviewed 17 successful candidates to those positions to compare reality against written postings. A dearth of entry-level positions is likely deterring potential recruits. Employers were not posting 40% of the duties urban foresters were performing. Experience as an arborist was accepted in lieu of education as an urban forester in about half of positions, though a degree was required to reach the highest paying jobs.

Ledarskap är en viktig del i sjuksköterskors profession. Genom ett välfungerande ledarskap kan sjuksköterskor bidra till förhöjd vårdkvalité samt ökad patientsäkerhet. Trots betydelsen av ledarskap inom sjuksköterskeprofessionen saknas tillräcklig kunskap och forskning inom ämnet för att möta framtidens krav på vården. Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattningar av ledarskap inom professionen. Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie med nio kvalitativa artiklar som grund för resultatet. I resultatet framkom fem teman: Vikten av kommunikation och relationer, Den reflekterande omvårdnadsledaren, Omvårdnadsledare som inspirerar och motiverar, Omvårdnadsledaren i organisationen och Kunskaper hos omvårdnadsledaren. I resultatet belyste sjuksköterskor egenskaper som var önskvärda hos ledare. Sjuksköterskor uppmärksammade förmågan till god kommunikation, vårdandet av relationer, klinisk kunskap samt motivation som de viktigaste egenskaperna hos ledare inom professionen samt belyste betydelsen av självreflektion och självkännedom. För att utveckla framtidens ledare inom vården finns ett behov av fortsatt forskning inom omvårdnadsledarskap. / Leadership is an important part of the nurses’ profession. With a well-functioning leadership can nurses contribute to a higher care quality and increased safety for patients. Despite the importance of leadership within the nursing profession, there is still a need of knowledge and research about the topic to meet the future demands. The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences of leadership within the profession. This study was conducted as a literature study, and the result was based on 9 qualitative articles. The result showed five themes: The importance of communication and relationships, The reflective nursing leader, Nursing leader who inspire and motivate, Nursing leader in the organization and Knowledge of the nursing leader. In the result the nurses highlighted the desirable properties of the leader. The nurses put emphasis on the ability to use effective communication, to nurturing relationships, clinical knowledge and the ability to motivate as the most important properties in leaders within the profession, and highlighted the significance of self-reflection and self-awareness. In order to develop future leaders in nursing, there is a need for further research in nursing leadership.

De la libéralisation des métiers lors de la Révolution à la fondation de l'ordre des architectes en 1940, le milieu de l'architecture est traversé d'actions, de débats et de combats tendant à l'institutionnalisation de la profession d'architecte. Ce long processus, visant la réglementation de l'accès à la profession et l'obtention du monopole sur l'architecture à partir de la définition et de l'affirmation d'une identité sociale et professionnelle unique de l'architecte, est marqué par plusieurs étapes inhérentes au processus de professionnalisation, parmi lesquelles la revendication de l'exercice d'un travail, l'établissement d'écoles de formation, la constitution d'associations professionnelles ou encore la promulgation d'un code de déontologie. La détermination des règles d'activités constitue également un jalon du mécanisme, influant au jour le jour sur l'évolution des modalités de la pratique des architectes. Si plusieurs travaux de recherche ont déjà été consacrés à l'histoire de la profession d'architecte, peu ont traité l'histoire de la détermination de ces règles d'activité et, conséquemment, celle de l'organisation du travail des architectes. À partir de l'étude des lieux et des structures d'activités communément nommées « agences » par les architectes, ce travail ambitionne d'interroger sur le temps long la réciprocité des apports du processus d'institutionnalisation de la profession et de la définition des règles d'activités des architectes. Notre hypothèse générale pose que les grandes forces actives dans le processus d'institutionnalisation de la profession – telles l'État agissant comme maître d'ouvrage public, les grands maîtres d'ouvrages privés nés de la révolution industrielle, les associations corporatistes ou encore l'École des Beaux-Arts – ont, tout en reconnaissant à certains individus le statut, le rôle et parfois anachroniquement le « titre » d'architecte, également influencé, voire codifié, les modes, les conditions et les méthodes de travail des acteurs du milieu qu'elles légitimaient. En reconstituant l'histoire du terme « agence », c'est donc également celle d'un groupe professionnel que nous retraçons. Dans une première partie, les origines du mot « agence », employé dès la fin du XVIIIe siècle et tout au long du XIXe par l'État pour définir les structures d'activité des maîtres d'œuvre répondant à la commande publique, révèlent la force du pouvoir étatique sur la pratique des architectes, à partir notamment de la normalisation de l'acte de la construction ; l'agence des travaux publics apparaît comme un instrument d'homogénéisation. Dans une deuxième partie, la diffusion du modèle d'organisation du travail des architectes conçu par l'État au cours du XIXe siècle aux services publics décentralisés et spécialisés d'architecture, ainsi que sa reprise par certaines compagnies privées d'investisseurs de la révolution industrielle, illustre la transmission de méthodes à divers sous-groupes de la profession. Dans une troisième partie, après l'adoption du code Guadet en 1895 par les associations professionnelles, texte fondateur de l'affirmation de l'exercice libéral, les influences du marché et de la commande sur l'évolution des agences sont observées et expliquent l'introduction et le développement de l'exercice salarié et en association dans la profession d'architecte / From the liberalization of professions during the French Revolution to the foundation of the Order of Architects in 1940, the architectural world has been confronted to actions, debates and fights, which led to institutionalizing the profession of architect. This long process aimed at the regulation of access to the job and at the monopolization on architecture, through the definition and affirmation of a unique social and professional identity of the architect. It is made of several steps, all inherent in the professionalization process: the claim to a working activity, the establishment of training schools, the creation of professional associations, or the promulgation of a deontology code. The establishing of working rules is also a milestone to this process, influencing day by day the evolution of architects' practices. Already some research have been done in the general history of the profession of architect, but only a few have considered the history of these working rules, and, thus, of the working organization of architects. This research starts from the study of the places and structures, commonly called “offices” (agence) by the architects. It aims at questioning in the long run the reciprocal relation between the institutionalization of the profession and the definition of the working rules of the architects. The general hypothesis is the following: the active forces in the process of institutionalization of the profession – such as the State acting as a public sector contractor, the private sector big contractors born out of the industrial revolution, the corporate associations, the School of Fine Arts – have on the one hand given the status, role and, sometimes in an anachronistic way, the title of “architect”, and on the other hand influenced, even codified, the working conditions and methods of the actors they were legitimating. By reconstituting the history of the term “office”, this research also reconstructs the history of a profession. In a first part, we show that the word “office” has been used from the end of the 18th century and all along the 19th century by the State, in order to define the structures of activity of the project managers dealing with public procurement. This shows the strength of the state power on the architects' practices, through the normalization of the building process. The public works administration appears to be a tool of standardization. In a second part, the pattern for organizing the work of architects, designed by the State during the 19th century, is generalized to the decentralized and specialized architectural public services. It is also used by some private investment companies during the industrial revolution. This illustrates the transmission of methods to different sub-branches of the profession. In a third part, we start from the adoption of the Guadet code in 1895, a seminal text about liberal professions. We show how the growing influences of market and command on offices explain the introduction and development of the salaried and associational employment

Reflektion kan vara ett betydelsefullt redskap i omvårdnadsarbetet för att skapa en god och säker vård. Det är av stor betydelse att sjuksköterskor tar sig tid att stanna upp och ge tid för reflektion kring situationer och handlingar. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa betydelsen av reflektion inom ramen för sjuksköterskeprofessionen. Studier söktes i databaser och bearbetades. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskor växer i sin profession genom att reflektion används som ett instrument till utveckling. Resultatet stödjer att sjuksköterskors personliga utveckling stärks och att de mognar i yrkesrollen genom användning av reflektion. Resultatet visar även att organisationen bör stödja reflektion då det i sin tur stödjer sjuksköterskor att vårda patienten på bästa sätt. Detta resulterar i slutändan i en god vårdkvalitet. Slutsatsen är att reflektion är grundläggande för kompetensutveckling inom ramen för sjuksköterskeprofessionen. Idag saknas vetenskapliga bevis för det inflytande reflektion har i det dagliga omvårdnadsarbetet. Det är av betydelse att fortsatt forskning på området sker för att skapa evidens för framtida tillämpning. Detta anses vara värdefullt för att skapa en säkrare omvårdnad och möta patienters unika behov. / Reflection can be an important tool in nursing to create a safe care. It is important that nurses pause and take time to reflect about situations and actions. The purpose of this study was to highlight the importance of reflection in the context of nursing. Studies were searched in databases and processed. The results show that nurses grow in their profession by the use of reflection as an instrument to development. The result supports that the nurses´ personal development are strengthened and that they mature in the professional role through the use of reflection. The result also shows that the organization should support reflection since it in return gives the nurses the opportunity to support the patient in the most ultimate way. This results in a good quality of care. The conclusion is that reflection is essential for skills development in the context of nursing. There is at the moment no scientific evidence for the influence of reflection in daily nursing care. It is important to continue research in this area to create evidence for future application. This is considered to be useful for creating a safer care and to meet the patients´ unique needs.

Pagrindinis profesijos pasirinkimo tikslas yra atsižvelgti į savo vertybes ir siekti, jog asmens pasirinkimas derėtų su svarbiausiomis jo vertybėmis. Objektas – mokinių profesijos pasirinkimą įtakojantys veiksniai ir vertybės. Tikslas - Teoriškai išanalizuoti mokinių profesijos pasirinkimą įtakojančius veiksnius ir vertybių vaidmenį mokinio profesijos pasirinkimui. Empiriškai ištirti mokinio profesijos pasirinkimą sąlygojančius veiksnius, asmenis, informacinius šaltinius ir vertybių vaidmenį mokinio profesijos pasirinkimui. Išsiaiškinti vertybių įtaką mokinio profesijos pasirinkimui, buvo naudojami šie tyrimo metodai: teoriniai, empiriniai, statistiniai. Tyrimas buvo atliktas 2009 metų gruodžio mėnesį Joniškio miesto ir Žagarės miestelio gimnazijose. Apklausta 170 mokinių (iš jų 103 merginos ir 67 vaikinai). Mokiniams buvo pateikta anoniminė mišraus tipo anketa, susidedanti iš 12. Tyrimo rezultatų analizė patvirtino darbo pradžioje iškeltą hipotezę, kad mokinių profesijos pasirinkimą įtakoja vidiniai ir išoriniai veiksniai ir kad didelę reikšmę profesijos pasirinkimui turi vertybės. Mokiniams yra svarbios vertybinės orientacijos, darbo, asmeninės ir kitos vertybės, kurios įtakoja jų profesijos pasirinkimą. Tyrimo rezultatų analizė leidžia daryti išvadas, kad: 1. Mažai mokinių apsisprendę dėl būsimos profesijos, tai susiję su profesijos nepasirinkimo priežastimis: abejojama dėl egzaminų rezultatų; mokiniams sunku apsispręsti dėl kelių patrauklių profesijų; mokiniai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main aim of profession selection is to consider the own values and seek that personal selection would conform to the main values of her/himself. The subject of the research is the influence of subjects upon pupil’s profession selection The aim of the research: to ground theoretically the influence of values upon selection of profession and to analyse empirically the influence of values upon the peculiarities of profession selection. The following research methods were employed for ascertainment of the influence of values upon profession selection of a pupil: theoretical, empirical and statistical. The research was carried out in gymnasium in Joniskis and Zagare in December of 2009. 170 pupil (103 of them girl and 67 boy). The pupils were given an anonymous questionnaire of mixed type, which was made up of 12 questions. The analysis of the research results confirmed the working hypothesis formulated at the beginning that the value orientations, valuables of work, personal and other values, which influence upon selection of profession, are important for pupils. The analysis of the research results allows concluding that: 1. Just few of pupils are self-determines concerning their future profession and this is related to the reasons of non-selection of profession: uncertainty concerning results of examinations; it is difficult for pupils to decide between some attractive professions; pupils insufficiently know or don’t know yet, what they want; there is lack of... [to full text]

L’ostéopathie, depuis la loi du 4 mars 2002, n’est plus considérée comme un exercice illégal de la médecine. Néanmoins, le législateur a créé avec les décrets de 2007 un titre partagé entre des médecins et des non-médecins, sans créer une profession de santé. Sa nature controversée et son régime ambigu rendent l’ostéopathie en position inédite dans le paysage sanitaire français. Les textes définissent un titre, et non une profession ; les recommandations de l’organisation mondiale de la santé encouragent vers une reconnaissance d’une médecine complémentaire et l’Europe incite via ses directives à reconnaître une profession réglementée. En France, la règle est souvent née de la pratique et la réalité du terrain doit être confrontée à la règle. Sans oublier que le patient doit rester avant tout le moteur, l’axe principal ainsi que le repère qui doit animer les juristes, les professionnels et les législateurs. / Osteopathy is no longer considered as an illegal practice of medicine after the Act of the 4th of March 2002. However, following the 2007 decrees, the legislature created a shared title be-tween physicians and non-physician, without creating a health profession. Its controversial nature and its ambiguous regime have put the osteopathy in unique position in the French health landscape. The texts define a title, not a profession. The recommendations of the World Health Organization encourage the recognition of complementary medicine and Europe via its guidelines incites to recognize a pro-regulated profession. In France, the rule is often born of practice and the reality must be faced by the rule. Without forgetting the fact that the patient must remain primarily the engine, the main axis and the benchmark that should animate law-yers, professionals and legislators.

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka vilka synsätt som förekommer kring rollfördelningen mellan förskollärare och barnskötare. Vi kommer även undersöka hur dessa yrkeskategoriers kompetenser tas tillvara i praktiken. I vår studie har vi valt att använda oss av kvalitativa intervjuer och intervjua fyra förskollärare, fyra barnskötare och deras förskolechef. Resultatet visar på att det både finns likheter och olikheter i synen på en tydligare rollfördelning och även hur kompetensen kan tas tillvara i ett arbetslag. Vår slutsats är att rollfördelning och ansvar mellan förskollärare och barnskötare upplevs tydligt på en diskursiv nivå som i förskolans läroplan och även i Skollagen men att denna skillnad inte blir lika tydligt i praktiken.

Syftet med detta arbete är att erhålla kunskap om hur fritidspedagogers uppdrag i skolsamverkan uppfattas av rektor, lärare och fritidspedagog själv, samt hur dessa uppfattningar påverkar skolsamverkan i praktiken. Studien är en fallstudie där kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med en rektor, två lärare och en fritidspedagog. Intervjuerna har varvats med observationer av fritidspedagogens roll i klassrummet. Informanterna i studien har varit representativa individer för de olika yrkeskategorierna, på så vis är de analysenheter i studien. Informanternas uppfattningar och de data som framkommit i observationerna har bidragit till genoförandet av analysen i studien. Några av de resultat som redovisas i studien är att fritidspedagogens roll i skolsamverkan är, utifrån styrdokumenten, svårtolkade. Fritidspedagogen tilldelas, av rektor och lärare, kompetenser som handlar om socialt samspel och praktiskt-estetiskt arbete. Ytterligare ett resultat handlar om tidsbristen för att utöva gemensam planering. En slutsats som dragits i studien är att fritidspedagogens kompetenser inte tas tillvara i skolsamverkan. En andra slutsats handlar om avsaknaden av samverkan i arbetslaget. En tredje handlar om att fritidspedagogen roll i skolsamverkan påverkas av personaltillgång på skolan.