There have been numerous studies conducted concerning how various businesses, management groups and library science organizations address the preservation of their history, the development of goals, the evaluation of those goals and how these lead to the positive development of their organization. However, to date, the researcher has been unable to locate research that has been conducted to assess how Student Affairs associations preserve their history and how they evaluate the effectiveness of their goals or even if they do evaluate their goals. Based on research conducted through in-depth interviews, review of the data raises questions regarding the way SACSA is attempting to accomplish the current goals, how the goals were established, how that information is disseminated and how the history of the association is being maintained. The membership voiced clearly that there is a conflict between member?s perceptions. With the association not utilizing past reports and findings from other committees, such as the Blue Ribbon Task Force, only confirms the need for better communication and follow through. Many of the past SACSA committee studies have yielded the same results as my study. My results further substantiate and fortify the fact that the association is not addressing the reports or perceived needs of the association. A number of recommendations are offered to improve the preservation of SACSA?s history as well as procedures that provide checks and balances to ensure that whatever the membership is communicating that it is being followed through and addressed.

Trata-se de estudo sobre a tutela judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação profissional. Com a crise de representatividade dos sindicatos, passou-se a discutir a necessidade de robustecer de forma concorrente e não excludente a legitimidade ativa das associações, de forma não colidente e excludente à atuação sindical na esfera judicial. Para a análise do tema proposto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo versa sobre a crise do sindicalismo e as respostas dadas para explicar tal situação. O segundo capítulo esmiúça o que se entende por associação profissional a partir de sua evolução e previsão legal na CLT em confronto com a Constituição Federal de 1988. O terceiro capítulo versa sobre os direitos de defesa coletiva, de maneira a analisar detidamente os direitos difusos, coletivos stricto senso e individuais homogêneos. O quarto e último capítulo versa sobre a atuação judicial das associações profissionais na defesa de direitos de defesa coletiva, nesta análise é estudada a legitimidade ativa, a definição e atuação dos corpos intermediários, para a partir daí adentrar em específico na defesa judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação. Por fim, enfrenta-se o que se entende por autorização expressa. / It is a study on the legal protection of collective defense rights by the professional association. With the crisis of representation of trade unions, went to discuss the need to strengthen concurrently and not excluding the active legitimacy of professional associations, not colliding and exclusionary form of union action in court. For the analysis of the theme, the work was divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the crisis of unionism and the answers given to explain this situation. The second chapter scrutinizes what is meant by professional association from its evolution and legal provisions in the Labor Code in conflict with the Federal Constitution of 1988. The third chapter deals with the rights of collective defense, in order to carefully analyze the diffuse rights, collective and individual homogeneous strict sense. The fourth and final chapter deals with the judicial role of professional associations in defense of collective defense rights in this analysis is studied the active legitimacy, the definition and role of intermediary bodies, for from there enter in particular the legal defense of rights collective defense by the association. Finally, it faces what is meant by permission.

Trata-se de estudo sobre a tutela judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação profissional. Com a crise de representatividade dos sindicatos, passou-se a discutir a necessidade de robustecer de forma concorrente e não excludente a legitimidade ativa das associações, de forma não colidente e excludente à atuação sindical na esfera judicial. Para a análise do tema proposto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo versa sobre a crise do sindicalismo e as respostas dadas para explicar tal situação. O segundo capítulo esmiúça o que se entende por associação profissional a partir de sua evolução e previsão legal na CLT em confronto com a Constituição Federal de 1988. O terceiro capítulo versa sobre os direitos de defesa coletiva, de maneira a analisar detidamente os direitos difusos, coletivos stricto senso e individuais homogêneos. O quarto e último capítulo versa sobre a atuação judicial das associações profissionais na defesa de direitos de defesa coletiva, nesta análise é estudada a legitimidade ativa, a definição e atuação dos corpos intermediários, para a partir daí adentrar em específico na defesa judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação. Por fim, enfrenta-se o que se entende por autorização expressa. / It is a study on the legal protection of collective defense rights by the professional association. With the crisis of representation of trade unions, went to discuss the need to strengthen concurrently and not excluding the active legitimacy of professional associations, not colliding and exclusionary form of union action in court. For the analysis of the theme, the work was divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the crisis of unionism and the answers given to explain this situation. The second chapter scrutinizes what is meant by professional association from its evolution and legal provisions in the Labor Code in conflict with the Federal Constitution of 1988. The third chapter deals with the rights of collective defense, in order to carefully analyze the diffuse rights, collective and individual homogeneous strict sense. The fourth and final chapter deals with the judicial role of professional associations in defense of collective defense rights in this analysis is studied the active legitimacy, the definition and role of intermediary bodies, for from there enter in particular the legal defense of rights collective defense by the association. Finally, it faces what is meant by permission.

Trata-se de estudo sobre a tutela judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação profissional. Com a crise de representatividade dos sindicatos, passou-se a discutir a necessidade de robustecer de forma concorrente e não excludente a legitimidade ativa das associações, de forma não colidente e excludente à atuação sindical na esfera judicial. Para a análise do tema proposto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo versa sobre a crise do sindicalismo e as respostas dadas para explicar tal situação. O segundo capítulo esmiúça o que se entende por associação profissional a partir de sua evolução e previsão legal na CLT em confronto com a Constituição Federal de 1988. O terceiro capítulo versa sobre os direitos de defesa coletiva, de maneira a analisar detidamente os direitos difusos, coletivos stricto senso e individuais homogêneos. O quarto e último capítulo versa sobre a atuação judicial das associações profissionais na defesa de direitos de defesa coletiva, nesta análise é estudada a legitimidade ativa, a definição e atuação dos corpos intermediários, para a partir daí adentrar em específico na defesa judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação. Por fim, enfrenta-se o que se entende por autorização expressa. / It is a study on the legal protection of collective defense rights by the professional association. With the crisis of representation of trade unions, went to discuss the need to strengthen concurrently and not excluding the active legitimacy of professional associations, not colliding and exclusionary form of union action in court. For the analysis of the theme, the work was divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the crisis of unionism and the answers given to explain this situation. The second chapter scrutinizes what is meant by professional association from its evolution and legal provisions in the Labor Code in conflict with the Federal Constitution of 1988. The third chapter deals with the rights of collective defense, in order to carefully analyze the diffuse rights, collective and individual homogeneous strict sense. The fourth and final chapter deals with the judicial role of professional associations in defense of collective defense rights in this analysis is studied the active legitimacy, the definition and role of intermediary bodies, for from there enter in particular the legal defense of rights collective defense by the association. Finally, it faces what is meant by permission.

This study examines the nature and outcomes of the professional commitment of actuaries. The affective and continuance levels of professional commitment among actuaries are high. Overall, actuaries are more committed to their profession than to their employing organisations. Actuaries who have a high affective commitment to their profession and/or professional association are likely to have become involved in their profession recently and intend to remain in the profession for the foreseeable future. The overall professional-organisational conflict level for actuaries is very low. The outcomes of an increased professional organisational conflict are seen in an increased intention to leave the profession and/or professional association. Findings of this study have implications for the actuarial profession, employers of actuaries and the actuarial professional associations.

This thesis deals with professional liability insurance. It discusses professional liability insurance, including specifics relating to this insurance. The thesis analyzes the framework agreement concluded by selected professional associations with insurance companies. It examines the situation on the Czech market in terms of this insurance product.

本研究是對我國將要設置的教師專業團體作一概況的了解，本文共分六章。第一章是敘明本研究進行的動機，主要是緣自於教師界的紛爭不斷，教師個人的力量有限，試圖透過組織的力量維護教師的權益，又礙於現有組織，無法滿足教師們的需求，政府為解決此一問題，擬設置一健全的教師專業團體，值此之際，本文就教師專業團體有關事項進行研討。第二章是從各種法令規章、理論觀點及歷史沿革來探討我國現今教師法定身分屬性及其與國家法律關係的變遷。第三章是探討我國教師專業團體設置的必要性，本要從五個方面來探討，即教師職務的專業性、教師專業制度的演進、應享的權力、應盡的義務及未來教師法的規範。第四章主要是探討美國、英國、日本、韓國及我國現有的教師專業團體的狀況，並探討這幾個國家其成員的來源、組織的目標、外部的結構、內部的單位、所舉辦的主要活動、對教育的影響力與貢獻、以及其發達的原因，並檢討我國現有教師專業團體無法發揮功能的原因，並綜合分析外國和我國團體的情形，檢討其在組織與業務方面，有那些事項可作為我國這次成立教師專業團體時的參考。第五章是對我國將要成立的教師專業團體的特質、功能、管理、保護、外部的結構及內部的單位等事項分別進行了解，期能組成一功能完備的教師專業團體。第六章是結論與建議，綜合了前五章的研究，最後提出了九點結論和十三點的建議，教師專業團體的設置，是被期望能解決教育界現存各種問題、保障教師權益、提昇教師專業地位等等，而本文所作各種探究，只期望能對教師專業團體的設置有所助益。

This research explores how an open strategy approach can be used to manage organisational legitimacy in a pluralistic context, characterised by the competing demands of key stakeholders. Open strategy demonstrates an interest in strategising processes becoming more inclusive and transparent (Hautz et al., 2016). Open strategy work to date has focused on its uses and implications, and how strategic inclusion and transparency are being displayed in different organisational contexts. Much open strategy literature also associates the central purpose of open strategising activity with organisations seeking to manage legitimacy (e.g. Chesbrough and Appleyard, 2007; Whittington et al., 2011; Tavakoli et al., 2017), particularly through ensuring that their actions are desirable in the opinion of key stakeholders (Suchman, 1995). Whilst a small number of studies have explicitly focused on open strategy and legitimacy, these do not go beyond illuminating legitimacy as a potential effect (Gegenhuber and Dobusch, 2017) or outcome (Luedicke et al., 2017). Absent has been research attempting to specifically understand open strategy as a process of legitimation (Uberbacher, 2014), and there remains a need to unpack and elevate the significant potential of open strategy approaches for managing legitimacy further. To address this gap, this research presents an in-depth single case analysis of an organisation undertaking the development of a new four-year strategic plan using an open strategy approach. A number of data collection methods were used, including completion of 30 semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and collection of significant social media and documentation data, to explicate the concepts of open strategy and organisational legitimacy, addressing the question; How does an open strategy approach represent a process of legitimation for managing the competing demands of organisational stakeholders? . A pluralistic context, a UK-based professional body, is the basis for the empirical work. It is acknowledged that interrogating the intricacies of strategising in pluralistic contexts, and the inherent competing demands of stakeholders, might offer new perspectives, and a useful means of expanding the contextual base of practice-based strategy work (Jarzabkowski and Fenton, 2006). However, studies of open strategy in pluralistic contexts remain near non-existent in the literature (Lusiani and Langley, 2013). In the organisational legitimacy literature, there is much discourse on how legitimacy is managed and gained through specific legitimation processes and strategies, and increasingly such a focus has been adopted to recognise how organisations might manage legitimacy demands in contexts defined by plurality, amidst diffuse power and divergent objectives (Denis et al., 2007). In this study, a practice-based activity theory framework is used (Jarzabkowski 2005; Jarzabkowski and Wolf, 2015) to explore legitimacy in relation to organisational direction and priorities, and as a means of redefining the organisation s core goals in an enactment of strategic openness. The work here conceptualises how the case organisation has adopted a plethora of open strategising practices for legitimacy effects (Suddaby et al., 2013), providing a detailed account of how different dynamics of open strategising activity connect to specific forms of legitimation over time. The findings indicate that different open strategy dynamics represent the case organisation switching between distinct approaches to legitimation, as a means of managing the competing legitimacy demands of organisational stakeholders in a flow of activity. Through this narrative, a greater perception of legitimation as a core purpose of open strategy is provided. Overall, this research offers an important contribution by accentuating the principal relevance of organisational legitimacy in open strategising, particularly through elevating legitimacy beyond being understood as an effect or outcome in open strategy work. Further, this more explicitly brings open strategy into close alignment with the organisational legitimacy literature and its theoretical conceptions (Lawrence et al., 2009; Suddaby et al., 2013), which is imperative for understanding the potential importance of open strategy as a means of legitimation.

Professional associations must have a significant level of membership to be effective. Georgia membership is increasingly low; therefore, ADHA cannot represent dental hygienists’ interests. This study determined factors that caused dental hygienists to continue to forgo membership in the ADHA. Several theoretical views of professional membership were considered. The sample was acquired from an unbiased systematic sampling of 50% (3,270) of registered dental hygienists and a convenience sampling of ADHA nonmembers at 2 continuing education seminars in Georgia. Data collection procedures included an electronic cover letter, consent form, and survey via Survey Monkey or hard copies for seminars. Three hundred sixteen participated yielded a 9.6% return rate. Participants were primarily women, holding associate degrees, and graduates of programs in Georgia. Participants worked full time in private practice, were satisfied with their working hours, and did not join GDHA because membership fee is too high or not sure of benefits offered. Twenty-one percent stated that lowering membership fee would entice them to join, and participants indicated they obtained their continuing education hours at the Hinman (52%) convention and online (27%).

The topic of this thesis is translation ethics. The theoretical part provides definitions of key concepts in the field of normative ethics, as well as an overview of the existing research into ethics in translation studies. Three possible ways of approaching this topic are presented and the main themes of translation ethics identified. The thesis then describes the history of codes of ethics with special attention to problems regarding these written ethical norms. With focus on their content, the thesis provides a detailed description of translators' individual rights and obligations, as defined in various codes of ethics, which deem a translator's behaviour ethical or unethical. The thesis also explores how translators can be affected by the unethical decisions of other people. The end of the theoretical part focuses on translation ethics in connection with CAT tools and machine translation. The empirical part analyses data collected through questionnaire research, the aim of which was to study translators' behaviour in ethically challenging situations. First, research methods and individual parts of the questionnaire are described. The thesis then provides an analysis of respondents' answers with a special focus on the reasoning behind their decisions. The data is compared using other information...