The aim of the study was to understand professionals’ perceptions and experiences of adolescent stress. In the study I interested myself further if you can identify gender-specific patterns in the professional stories about young people's stress and stress related illness. Five interviews were conducted with professionals in psychiatry and social work. The thesis took its incipience in social constructionism. Although a gender perspective has been used to better analyze and understand the difference between gender. Theories used to understand the professionals’ experiences of adolescent stress were the SOC theory, the network perspective and the demand-control-support model. The study has been performed from a qualitative method in the shape of semi-structural interviews. The result of the study showed that the professionals’ feel that the causes of stress among young people can be external and internal demands. Higher demands are often placed on girls, which can be a cause for girls’ high stress level.  Also social media and technology can cause stress. The professionals also felt that personality determines how susceptible a youth is to stress. Insomnia, anxiety and depression are symptoms that express itself in both gender, but are most common among girls. Yet another reason why boys did not seem to be as stressful as girls, may have to do with the boys' stress symptoms manifest themselves in a different way than in girls. The professionals' treatment of adolescent stress was mainly on therapy and to help them get structure in their life and existence. It was also important to look at the social network that exist around the person. There was no method for precisely tapered stress. The study showed no differences according to gender in the attitude or treatment of stress. It also appeared that stress may be both genetically and socially determined, but that is still a question with no certain answer.

Bakgrund: Stödpersoner är en utomstående resurs som är frikopplad vårdapparaten och kan tilldelas patienter som vårdas under psykiatrisk tvångsvård. Stödpersonens arbete syftar till att stötta patienten i en sårbar period i livet genom social interaktion och uppmuntran. Syfte: Att undersöka vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av och uppfattningar om stödpersonens roll och betydelse för patienter inom psykiatriskt tvångsvård. Metod: Deskriptiv design med en kvalitativ ansats. Som datainsamlingsmetod användes intervjuer med nio öppna frågor. Ett bekvämlighetsurval gjordes för att uppnå åtta informanter ur vårdpersonalen på en psykiatrisk avdelning. Som analysmetod användes innehållsanalys. Joyce Travelbees omvårdnadsteori användes som utgångspunkt. Resultat: Vårdpersonalen hade överlag, trots viss variation, god kunskap och erfarenhet av stödpersoner och deras roll. Stödpersonen uppfattades också ha en generellt positiv och stärkande roll för patienten. Slutsats: Vårdpersonalen visste att stödpersoner fanns men det rådde viss oklarhet i vad som ingick i deras arbetsuppgifter. Stödpersoner uppfattades dock ha en meningsfull roll i patientens välbefinnande. Den upplevda känslan var att stödpersonen kunde bidra med ett medmänskligt stöd i en utsatt situation och att det var av stor betydelse för patienten. / Background: Support persons are an outside resource who are disconnected from the healthcare system and can be assigned to patients who are cared for during involuntary treatment. The support person's work aims to support the patient in an vulnerable period in life through social interaction and encouragement. Purpose: To investigate the healthcare staff's experience and opinions about the support person's role and importance for patients in psychiatric compulsory care. Methods: Descriptive design with a qualitative approach. As a data collection method, interviews with nine open ended questions were used. A convenience selection was made to achieve eight informants from the healthcare staff at a psychiatric department. As analysis method, content analysis was used. Joyce Travelbees' nursing theory was used as a starting point. Results: Overall, the healthcare staff had good knowledge and experience of support persons and their role, despite some variation. The support person was also perceived to have a generally positive and strengthening role for the patient. Conclusion: The healthcare staff knew that support persons existed, but there was some uncertainty in what was included in their duties. However, support persons were perceived to have a meaningful role in the patient's well-being. The feeling was that the support person could contribute with a charitable support in a vulnerable situation and that it was of great importance to the patient

Intellektuellt funktionsnedsatta personers rättigheter och levnadsomständigheter har avsevärt förbättrats de senaste decennierna vilket även lett till att de i allt större utsträckning väljer att skaffa barn. Då den intellektuella funktionsnedsättningens begränsningar kan vara en försvårande omständighet för föräldraskapet kan dessa familjer behöva samhällets stöd. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka tankar och erfarenheter kring de utmaningar professionella upplever i sitt arbete med att stödja dessa familjer. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ ansats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med professionella som arbetar med målgruppen. Empirin har analyserats utifrån Michael Lipskys teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater vilken belyser de professionellas upplevda utmaningar i arbetet i relation till den byråkratisering och organisationsstruktur som präglar offentliga förvaltningar och leder till oönskade konsekvenser för såväl professionella som för klienter. Resultatet ger en djupare förståelse för hur organisatoriska förutsättningar kan ligga till grund för de olika utmaningar professionella upplever i sitt arbete med familjer där föräldrar har en intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. / The rights and living conditions of intellectually disabled people have significantly improved in recent decades, which has also led to them increasingly choosing to have children. Since the limitations of intellectual disability can be an aggravating circumstance for parenthood, these families may need the support of society. The purpose of the study has been to investigate thoughts and experiences about the challenges professionals experience in their work to support these families. The study has been conducted with a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews with professionals working with the target group. The empiricism has been analyzed based on Michael Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucrats, which highlights the professionals' perceived challenges in the work in relation to the bureaucratization and organizational structure that characterizes public administrations and leads to undesirable consequences for both professionals and clients. The result provides a deeper understanding of how organizational conditions can form the basis for the various challenges professionals experience in their work with families where parents have an intellectual disability.

no / Aims and objectives To (1) investigate the organisation, provision and practice of oral care in typical UK stroke units; (2) explore stroke survivors', carers' and healthcare professionals' experiences and perceptions about the barriers and facilitators to receiving and undertaking oral care in stroke units. Background Cerebrovascular disease and oral health are major global health concerns. Little is known about the provision, challenges and practice of oral care in the stroke unit setting, and there are currently no evidence-based practice guidelines. Design Cross-sectional survey of 11 stroke units across Greater Manchester and descriptive qualitative study using focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Methods A self-report questionnaire was used to survey 11 stroke units in Greater Manchester. Data were then collected through two focus groups (n = 10) with healthcare professionals and five semi-structured interviews with stroke survivors and carers. Focus group and interview data were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using framework approach. Results Eleven stroke units in Greater Manchester responded to the survey. Stroke survivors and carers identified a lack of oral care practice and enablement by healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals identified a lack of formal training to conduct oral care for stroke patients, inconsistency in the delivery of oral care and no set protocols or use of formal oral assessment tools. Conclusion Oral care post-stroke could be improved by increasing healthcare professionals' awareness, understanding and knowledge of the potential health benefits of oral care post-stroke. Further research is required to develop and evaluate the provision of oral care in stroke care to inform evidence-based education and practice.