During the Nineteenth Century, a reform agitation known as the prohibition movement began to gather momentum in the United States. Led chiefly by the Women's Christian Temperance Union and pushed also by the Prohibition Party, this movement grew only slowly until a general spirit of reform began to sweep the country at the end of the century. With the W.C.T.U. and the American Anti-Saloon League leading the fight during the Progressive Era, the tide of public opinion finally took form in the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, an amendment which forbade "the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors..." in this country. The Eighteenth Amendment became effective on January 16, 1920. Less than fourteen years later, the Amendment was repealed. The dreams of most prohibitionists were but ashes. In the opinion of most Americans, the "noble experiment" had failed. The story of prohibition on the national scene was reflected on a smaller scale in the State of Utah, but Utah deserves special study since it had a unique people. The predominant religion in Utah was that of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the so-called Mormon Church, which demands of its members total abstinance from alcoholic beverages if they are to be in full faith and fellowship. Significant, then, is the fact that when Utah adopted prohibition in 1917, sixty-three percent of its people were Mormons. Yet, when Utah repealed prohibition in 1933, the percentage of the population affiliated with this dominant faith was still sixty-three per cent. The events leading to the adoption of prohibition in Utah have been adequately described by Bruce T. Dyer, and will be only reviewed here as background information. The emphasis in this study will be upon the events and forces leading to the repeal of prohibition in Utah and the adoption of the basic liquor control system which has been in effect in the state since 1935.

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This study explores the creation of American prohibition policy towards drugs and drug trafficking. It examines the United States’ opium policy in the first decade of the twentieth century as the first example of drug prohibition and locates the impetus for drug prohibition in the American acquisition of the Philippines Islands in 1898. This work shows how prohibition in the early twentieth century was based on a moral understanding of drug policy. This study also briefly looks at how drug prohibition continues today with the modern War on Drugs policy. The War on Drugs in this framework is an expansion of an earlier failed policy. By revisiting the first example of drug prohibition and thereby historicizing the current debates about drug policy, this thesis argues history does not provide reasons to expect that the prohibition of drug use and trafficking will prove effective. / History

This master's thesis deals with the modern development of the prohibition of reformationis in peius principle in the area of administrative punitive law, in particular in the area of administrative offenses. Although Act No. 250/2016 Coll. has removed the undesirable and criticized "double-track" application of the prohibition of reformatio in peius in the area of administrative punitive law, other difficulties related to the principle in question have not completely disappeared; on the contrary, new legislation has made the situation more difficult in some respect. The main aim of the thesis is to critically analyse this principle in light of the new Act No. 250/2016 Coll. and to assess the impact of the new Act on the administrative practice. The thesis is systematically divided into seven chapters. The first chapter explains general theoretical questions related to the principle in question. The following section describes its constitutional and international basis. The third chapter thoroughly examines the modern development of this principle in the Czech Republic. The content and scope of the prohibition of reformatio in peius in proceedings under Act No. 200/1990 Coll. And in proceedings under Act No. 500/2004 Coll. are being analysed with regard to the conclusions provided by legal academia...

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Ce mémoire présente les incidences politiques et socio-économiques de la prohibition des jeux de hasard et d'argent à Montréal entre 1930 et 1970. Au cours de cette période, la ville de Montréal a été confrontée à une multitude de problèmes. Tout d'abord, elle a été qualifiée de"ville ouverte". Un titre qui lui avait été attribué parce que la pratique de plusieurs activités illégales telles que la tenue de maisons de jeu et de pari était largement facilitée en raison de la tolérance que les autorités avaient à cet égard. De fil en aiguille, Montréal est devenue la première ville au Canada et la troisième en Amérique du Nord au chapitre des jeux de hasard et d'argent. À cette époque, les revenus des organisations criminelles ont atteint des sommets jusqu'alors inégalés, alors que ceux de la métropole se voyaient considérablement réduits. En effet, la ville de Montréal voyait son importance décliner au profit de l'État provincial qui, de son côté, s'accaparait, un à un, les outils fiscaux que la municipalité s'était créée afin d'équilibrer son budget. Au cours de la période, la métropole a été confrontée à d'importants problèmes financiers qui l'ont poussée à être inventive en matière de fiscalité. Ainsi, dès la fin des années 1920, la ville de Montréal a commencé à lutter afin que les jeux de hasard et en particulier les loteries, soient légalisés au pays et ce, dans le but d'assainir ses finances. En fait, la Ville a été la première à demander la modification du Code criminel, en 1928, et, en 1968, elle est même allée jusqu'à contourner la loi et créer sa propre loterie: la"taxe volontaire". Finalement, en 1969, les jeux de hasard et d'argent ont été légalisés et ce, au grand dans de la métropole qui vit cet important outil fiscal lui glisser entre les mains au profit des"caisses" de l'État provincial.

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Sveriges kommuner är enligt lag ansvariga för att skapa goda boendemöjligheter till kommuninvånarna. I dagsläget råder det stor efterfrågan på bostäder, främst i Sveriges storstadsregioner. I kommuner med höga markpriser och växande invånarantal råder stor efterfrågan på hyresrätter. Det är därför av intresse för kommunerna att säkerställa byggnation av hyresrätter samt att ändamålet kvarstår, detta för att förhindra ombildning i spekulations- och vinstsyfte. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur kommunerna kan säkerställa att det byggs och förblir hyresrätter vid försäljning av kommunal mark, med fokus på hur regleringen sker i praktiken. För att ge studien ett bredare perspektiv har även köpare kontaktats i syfte att ta reda på hur de ställer sig till kommunernas krav. I studien har en kvalitativ avtalsgranskning genomförts med kompletterande intervjuer för att undersöka hur kommunerna säkerställer byggnation av hyresrätter i praktiken. En förfrågan om avtal, som reglerar försäljning eller upplåtelse av kommunal mark, skickades ut till Sveriges 20 största kommuner till befolkningen räknat. Av dessa bidrog 16 kommuner med avtal. Val av intervjupersoner gjordes utifrån de inkomna avtalen för att representera samtliga metoder som används för att säkerställa byggnation och bevarande av hyresrätter. Resultatet visar att kommunerna tillämpar tomträtt, tilläggsköpeskilling, vite och förfogandeförbud för att styra upplåtelseform. Vissa av kommunerna väljer att inte styra upplåtelseform i avtal, utan förlitar sig på ett förtroende mellan kommun och byggherre. I dagsläget finns inget verktyg i PBL för att styra upplåtelseform och det finns inte heller någon given lösning att i avtal säkerställa hyresbyggnation och dess bevarande. Avtalsgranskningen visar att det finns skillnader i praktiken gällande hur kommunerna tillämpar de olika metoderna. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att det finns ett stort intresse från kommunernas sida att utforma en hållbar och fungerande metod. Att bygga och bevara hyresrätter är en svårhanterlig fråga i dagsläget. Det visar sig genom att det råder viss bristande kunskap i en del kommuner gällande avtalens laglighet. Mot bakgrund av detta vore ett tydligare tillvägagångssätt att föredra både för kommun och byggherre. / Sweden's municipalities are legally responsible for creating good housing opportunities for the inhabitants. In the current situation there is a great demand for housing, mainly in Sweden's big-city regions. Municipalities with rather expensive prices on land and growing population create high pressure on the rental apartments. Therefore, it is of interest to local authorities to ensure the construction of rental apartments and that the apartments remain as rental apartments and are not converted to other forms of tenure, in order to prevent conversion of contemplate and profit. The purpose of the study is to examine how local authorities can ensure building strategies and keep tenancy rights to the sale of municipal land, with a focus on how regulation is done in practice. To give the study a broader perspective also the building companies were contacted in order to find out their attitude to the municipalities requirements. The study is conducted through a qualitative contract review procedure with additional interviews to examine how municipality authorities will ensure the construction of rental apartments in practice. A request for an agreement was sent to Sweden's 20 largest municipalities, counted in population size. 16 of the 20 municipalities contributed with agreements. Selection of interviewees was based on the in-originated agreements to represent all methods to ensure the construction and preservation of rental apartments. The result shows that the municipalities apply leasehold, additional consideration, payment and prohibition against conversion to direct tenure. Some municipalities choose not to control tenure in the contract, instead they rely on trust between the municipality and the developer. In the current situation there is no tool in the PBL for controlling tenure and there is neither no obvious solution to contractually guarantee the rental building and its preservation. Con-examination shows that in practice there are differences regarding how local authorities applied different methods. In conclusion, there is a great interest of local authorities to design a sustainable and operational approach. To build and maintain rental apartments is a difficult question in the cur-rent situation. It is manifested by the municipality, that there is some lack of knowledge regarding the legality of contracts. In this perspective it would clearly be preferable for both municipal and builder if the procedure was more explicit.