As pesquisas atuais nos campos das ciências do envelhecimento chamam a atenção para a necessidade de estudos sobre o grupo de idosos com idade igual ou superior a 80 anos, denominados idosos muito idosos ou longevos. A necessidade de estudos com essa população se justifica pela elevada prevalência de morbidades e incapacidades que afetam esses idosos, comprometendo sua autonomia e capacidade funcional, gerando maior risco para quedas e institucionalização. Entretanto, para além dos critérios cronológicos adotados pela literatura, sabe-se que a vivência do processo de envelhecimento e a consciência da passagem do tempo são condicionadas também por um fator subjetivo, fazendo com que os critérios baseados na exterioridade, como a idade numerada, sejam insuficientes para circunscrever a complexa experiência de envelhecer. Visando a compreensão das particularidades desse segmento populacional, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi investigar as percepções do idoso longevo sobre a passagem do tempo e suas vias de inscrição psíquica. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo de natureza exploratória, envolvendo metodologias quantitativas e qualitativas. Participaram da pesquisa 30 idosos com idade igual ou superior a 80 anos, distribuídos em dois grupos: idosos que vivem na comunidade e idosos que vivem em um lar geriátrico. Para a coleta dos dados foi utilizado o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), um Questionário de Caracterização Socioeconômica e de Saúde, um Roteiro de Entrevista Semiestruturado, oito pranchas da Técnica de Apercepção Temática para Idosos (SAT) e a versão abreviada da Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-15). A comparação dos resultados do SAT evidenciou que os idosos que residem no lar geriátrico demonstraram percepções mais positivas sobre a velhice e as relações estabelecidas nessa etapa da vida, descontruindo parte dos estigmas relacionados às instituições geriátricas. Também foi observada uma maior pontuação positiva para depressão na GDS-15 e pontuações mais baixas no MEEM no grupo de idosos que residem na comunidade. Como principais resultados da análise qualitativa da entrevista e SAT, observou-se que o tempo da velhice é produto do encontro entre o tempo de Kairós e o tempo de Crono, sendo o primeiro baseado numa acepção temporal subjetiva e o segundo numa concepção de tempo objetivo e sequencial. Observou-se que esse encontro ocorre a partir das diferentes experiências reais com a exterioridade, como as perdas vinculares e as alterações corporais, que se configuram como vias de inscrições psíquicas da temporalidade objetiva, promovendo a conscientização sobre a existência de um tempo externo ao Ego que situa o sujeito no momento presente da velhice. Com isso, conclui-se que a maior consciência da transitoriedade é o denominador que confere especificidade à experiência dos idosos longevos com a passagem do tempo. A adoção de instrumentos epistemologicamente distintos, como escalas, técnica projetiva e entrevista, evidenciou ser uma posição metodológica válida para a investigação dos fenômenos da velhice. Considera-se que a presente pesquisa cumpriu seus objetivos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento científico do campo das ciências do envelhecimento e a atuação profissional junto à população idosa longeva / Current research in the fields of the Sciences of Aging draws attention to the need for studies on the group of elderly people with 80 years and over, called very elderly or oldest old. The need for studies on this population is justified by the high prevalence of morbidities and disabilities that affect these elderly people, compromising their autonomy and functional capacity, generating a greater risk for falls and institutionalization. Beyond the chronological criteria adopted in the literature, however, it is known that the experience of aging and the awareness of the passing time are also conditioned by a subjective factor, rendering criteria based on exteriority, such as numbered age, insufficient to circumscribe the complex experience of aging. Aiming at understanding the particularities of this population segment, the objective of this research is to investigate the perceptions of the very elderly about the passage of time and the pathways of its psychic inscription. A field research of an exploratory nature was carried out, involving quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The study included 30 elderly people aged 80 years and over, divided into two groups: elderly people living in the community and elderly people living in a geriatric home. The following instruments were used for data collection: the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), a Socioeconomic and Health Characterization Questionnaire, a Semistructured Interview, eight boards of the Senior Apperception Technique (SAT) and the abbreviated version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). The comparison of the results of the SAT showed that the elderly who reside in the geriatric home demonstrated more positive perceptions about old age and the relationships established at this stage of life, deconstructing some of the stigmas related to geriatric institutions. There was also a higher positive score for depression in GDS-15 and lower scores in the group of elderly people residing in the community. As the main results of the qualitative analysis of the interview and SAT indicate, the time of old age is the product of the encounter between the time of Kairos and the time of Cronos, the first one being based on a subjective temporal meaning and the second on a conception of objective and sequential time. This encounter occurs in different real experiences with the externality, such as loss of bonds and bodily alterations, that are configured as ways of psychic inscriptions of the objective temporality, entailing awareness about the existence of a time external to the Ego which places the subject in the present moment of old age. Therefore, a greater consciousness of transience is the denominator that confers specificity to the experience of the oldest old with the passage of time. The adoption of epistemologically distinct instruments, such as scales, projective technique and interview, proved itself to be a valid methodological standpoint for the investigation of the phenomena of old age. This research is considered to have fulfilled its objectives, contributing to the scientific development of the field of the Sciences of Aging and to the professional practice with the very elderly population

Esta dissertação propõe-se a investigar o discurso jurídico, sobretudo, no que tange ao rito do Tribunal do Júri, salientando as estratégias argumentativas que contribuem para a construção do ethos. Partimos da hipótese de que o ethos pode ser projetado no auditório de acordo com a condução do orador, sem que esteja ligado somente ao locutor ou à imagem que constrói de si. Selecionamos uma sessão de julgamento de crimes contra a vida e analisamos o discurso dos partícipes desse rito judicial, em especial, do advogado de defesa e do promotor, para podermos observar o modo como constroem as imagens do réu e deles mesmos, numa tentativa de ganhar a adesão do júri. Os resultados apontaram para o fato de que os procedimentos utilizados possibilitaram a construção de um ethos do julgado que, estrategicamente, causou empatia e levou os jurados à adesão acerca das teses apresentadas sobre o fato ocorrido. Para os propósitos da pesquisa, foram adotados os construtos teóricos da Retórica (Aristóteles, 2005 [1354a]), da Teoria da Argumentação (Perelman e Olbrechts- Tyteca, 2005 [1958], entre outros), além das concepções específicas de ethos (Aristóteles, 2005 [1354a]; Meyer, 2007; Amossy, 2008; Aquino, 2010), e das Ciências do Direito (Marques, 1997; Ferraz Júnior, 1997; Figueira, 2008). / This dissertation aims at investigating legal discourse, mainly so far as the Court of Law trial ritual is concerned, highlighting the argumentative strategies that contribute to the construction of the ethos. It is assumed that the ethos may be projected upon the audience according to the guidance of the orator, not being connected only to the speaker or to the image he constructs of him. A trial of crimes against life was selected and the discourse of the participants in this judicial ritual was analyzed, specially the defense lawyers and the attorneys, so as to allow the study of the way they construct the images of the defendant and of themselves in order to attempt to obtain the acquiescence of the jury. The results suggest that the procedures used made it possible to create an ethos for the defendant that, strategically, elicited empathy and had the jury assent to the theses about the occurred fact that were presented. In order to achieve these research objectives, the following theoretical constructs were made use of: Rhetoric (Aristotle, 2005 [1354a]), the Argumentation Theory (Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, 2005 [1958], among others), the specific notions of ethos (Aristotle, 2005 [1354a]; Meyer, 2007; Amossy, 2008; Aquino, 2010), and the Law Sciences (Marques, 1997; Ferraz Júnior, 1997; Figueira, 2008)

This thesis presents an introduction to Schur rings (S-rings) and their various properties. Special attention is given to S-rings that are commutative. A number of original results are proved, including a complete classification of the central S-rings over the simple groups PSL(2,q), where q is any prime power. A discussion is made of the counting of symmetric S-rings over cyclic groups of prime power order. An appendix is included that gives all S-rings over the symmetric group over 4 elements with basic structural properties, along with code that can be used, for groups of comparatively small order, to enumerate all S-rings and compute character tables for those S-rings that are commutative. The appendix also includes code optimized for the enumeration of S-rings over cyclic groups.

In this thesis we study projective perspective on planar euclidean geometry. First we take an euclidean construction and transform it into the projective language. Then we discover and show principles of this transformation. We show equivalence between complex points I, J and some euclidean structures. Moreover we study conics, triangles, polygons and circles. We build this thesis on examples. 1

Dans ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l'étude des sous-groupes discrets $\G$ de $\s$ (resp. de $ßs^{\pm}_{4}(\R)$) qui préservent un ouvert proprement convexe $\O$ de l'espace projectif réel $\P(\R)$ (resp. $\PP^3(\R)$). En dimension 2, j'ai caractérisé le fait que la surface quotient $\Quo$ est de volume fini de différentes façons, notamment à l'aide l'holonomie des pointes de la surface $S$, ou de l'ensemble limite du groupe $\G$. Cette étude m'a permis de montrer que lorsque le quotient $\Quo$ est de volume fini, alors l'ouvert proprement convexe $\O$ est strictement convexe et son bord $\partial \O$ est $C^1$. Enfin, j'ai montré que l'espace des modules des structures projectives proprement convexes de volume fini, sur une surface (de caractéristique d'Euler strictement négative) de genre $g$ et à $p$ pointes est homéomorphe à une boule de dimension $16g-16+6p$. En dimension 3, je me suis intéressé à l'espace des modules des structures projectives proprement convexes sur les 3-orbifolds de Coxeter compact. J'ai dû faire une hypothèse sur la forme de l'orbifold pour montrer que l'espace des modules est une réunion de $n$ boules de dimension $d$, où les entiers $n$ et $d$ se calculent à l'aide de la combinatoire de l'orbifold.

Un point d'aplatissement d'une courbe (réelle $C^\infty$ ou complexe holomorphe) de l'espace projectif (réel ou complexe) de dimension $n$ est un point de la courbe pour lequel l'hyperplan osculateur à un contact plus élevé qu'en un point ordinaire. Pour $n=2$, les points d'aplatissement sont communément appelés les points d'inflexions.\\ Dans la première partie de la thèse étudie les familles de courbes par rapport aux points d'aplatissement.\\ On introduit une notion de forme normale par rapport aux aplatissements des fibres d'une application $f:(\KM^n,0) \to (\KM^{n-1},0)$, avec $\KM=\RM$ ou $\KM=\CM$,\\ Ensuite, on commence la classification des germes d'applications (réels $C^\infty$ ou complexes holomorphes) $f:(\KM^n,0) \to (\KM^{n-1},0)$, avec $\KM=\RM$ ou $\KM=\CM$, par rapport aux points d'aplatissement des fibres de l'application. On introduit la notion de déformation verselle par rapport aux aplatissements, et on calcule ces déformations pour les fonctions de Morse de deux variables. Enfin, on définit ``les invariants fondamentaux de topologie projective'' d'un germe $f:(\KM^n,0) \to (\KM^{n-1},0)$ et on calcule ces invariants pour les éléments de la classification.\\ Dans une deuxième partie, on tente d'inclure la théorie des aplatissements des courbes en développant la théorie de propagation des fronts d'onde. par le biais d'un théorème de déformations verselles pour les applications legendriennes. On généralise des résultats de Kazarian sur les courbes spatiales au cas variétés de dimension quelconque. Notamment, on démontre un théorème sur la bifurcation des courbes paraboliques de certaines familles de surfaces dans l'espace projectif.

Cette thèse concerne la reconstruction de modèles 3D de scènes à partir d'images prises par des caméras. Il est courant de reconstruire à partir de sous-ensembles d'images puis de fusionner les modèles partiels ainsi obtenus par une phase d'alignement 3D. Les algorithmes de reconstruction et d'alignement s'appuient sur des correspondances de points ou de droites entre les images. La localisation de ces points ou droites dans les images est affectée par un bruit de mesure, influençant la qualité des modèles 3D reconstruits. Cette thèse est centrée sur l'obtention de résultats optimaux et sur les problèmes de représentation qui en découlent. La première partie de cette thèse aborde le problème de la reconstruction de modèles 3D. Les cas des caméras calibrées et non calibrées sont traités. Nous développons des méthodes de reconstruction de points, de droites et de caméras. L'incorporation de contraintes géométriques de coplanarité permet la reconstruction conjointe de plans. Nos contributions principales sont le développement et la comparaison de méthodes permettant la reconstruction 3D optimale de points, droites, plans et caméras. La deuxième partie de cette thèse aborde le problème de l'alignement de modèles 3D, qui consiste à estimer la transformation géométrique liant deux modèles 3D. Les méthodes existantes sont basées sur des correspondances de points. Nous étudions le cas des correspondances de droites. Les cas des caméras calibrées et non calibrées sont traités. Nos contributions majeures dans ce domaine sont, d'un point de vue théorique, une étude des transformations géométriques de droites 3D. Plus précisément, nous étendons la représentation matricielle standard, adaptée aux points, en une représentation adaptée aux droites. D'un point de vue pratique, nous développons et comparons plusieurs méthodes d'alignement linéaires et non-linéaires. Nous proposons finalement des méthodes de reconstruction de modèles 3D lorsque la scène observée n'est pas rigide. Par ailleurs, nous développons un méthode de détection automatique de surfaces planes dans une modèle 3D.

One deals in this work with the existence and the uniqueness of natural projectively equivariant quantizations by means of the theory of Cartan connections. One shows that a natural projectively equivariant quantization exists for differential operators acting between $lambda$ and $mu$-densities if and only if the corresponding $sl(m+1,mathbb{R})$-equivariant quantization on $mathbb{R}^{m}$ exists. With this end in view, one writes the quantization by means of a formula in terms of the normal Cartan connection associated to the projective structure of a connection. One deduces next an explicit formula for the natural projectively equivariant quantization. One shows the non-uniqueness of such a quantization by means of the curvature of the normal Cartan connection. Finally, one shows the existence of natural and projectively equivariant quantizations for differential operators acting between sections of other natural fiber bundles transposing the method used in $mathbb{R}^{m}$ to analyse the existence of $sl(m+1,mathbb{R})$-equivariant quantizations, this method being linked to the Casimir operator./ On traite dans cet ouvrage de l'existence et de l'unicité de quantifications naturelles projectivement équivariantes au moyen de la théorie des connexions de Cartan. On démontre qu'une quantification naturelle projectivement équivariante existe pour des opérateurs différentiels agissant entre $lambda$ et $mu$-densités si et seulement si la quantification $sl(m+1,mathbb{R})$- équivariante correspondante sur $mathbb{R}^{m}$ existe. Pour cela, on exprime la quantification au moyen d'une formule en termes de la connexion de Cartan normale associée à la structure projective d'une connexion. On en déduit ensuite une formule explicite pour la quantification naturelle projectivement invariante. On démontre après la non-unicité d'une telle quantification par le biais de la courbure de la connexion de Cartan normale. Enfin, on démontre l'existence de quantifications naturelles projectivement équivariantes pour des opérateurs différentiels agissant entre sections d'autres fibrés naturels en transposant la méthode utilisée dans $mathbb{R}^{m}$ pour analyser l'existence de quantifications $sl(m+1,mathbb{R})$-équivariantes, méthode liée à l'opérateur de Casimir.

The main goal of this thesis is a contribution to the classification of all incidence geometries of rank two on which some group PSL(2,q), q a prime power, acts flag-transitively. Actually we require that the action be RWPRI (residually weakly primitive) and (2T)1 (doubly transitive on every residue of rank one). In fact our definition of RWPRI requires the geometry to be firm (each residue of rank one has at least two elements) and RC (residually connected). The main goal is achieved in this thesis. It is stated in our "Main Theorem". The proof of this theorem requires more than 60pages. Quite surprisingly, our proof in the direction of the main goal uses essentially the classification of all subgroups of PSL(2,q), a famous result provided in Dickson’s book "Linear groups: With an exposition of the Galois field theory", section 260, in which the group is called Linear Fractional Group LF(n, pn). Our proof requires to work with all ordered pairs of subgroups up to conjugacy. The restrictions such as RWPRI and (2T)1 allow for a complete analysis. The geometries obtained in our "Main Theorem" are bipartite graphs; and also locally 2-arc-transitive graphs in the sense of Giudici, Li and Cheryl Praeger. These graphs are interesting in their own right because of the numerous connections they have with other fields of mathematics.

A novel approach for watermarking of 3D models is introduced, for which data is embedded into 3D models, whereas extracted from their projected 2D visual or 2D-plus-depth representations. Such a watermarking system is valuable, since most of the 3D content is being consumed as 2D visual data. Apart from the efficiency of embedding data into 3D models before generation of arbitrary 2D projections, in some use cases, such as free viewpoint video or computer games, 2D content has to be rendered at the client, where watermarking is less secure. In order to achieve this aim, 3D-2D perspective projection invariants, as well as 3D projective invariants are used and utilization of such invariants enables the method to be independent of the viewpoint from which 2D representations are generated. The first method proposed employs a perspective projection invariant to extract hidden data from an arbitrary 2D view of a watermarked 3D model. Data is encoded in the relative positions of six interest points, selection of which requires minimal criteria. Two main problems for such a watermarking system are identified as noise sensitivity of the invariant and repeatability of the interest point detection. By optimizing an objective function considering this sensitivity, the optimal 3D interest point displacements are obtained. Performance of the proposed system is evaluated through simulations on polygonal 3D mesh models and the results strongly indicate that perspective invariant-based watermarking is feasible. As an extenstion for 2D plus depth representation of 3D models, data embedded in 3D models is also detected by combining information in 2D views and range data by utilizing another projective invariant. Finally, the problem of repeatable interest point detection that remain detectable after data embedding, is also examined and a novel method to identify such repeatable interest points is presented. The proposed methods indicate a new direction in watermarking research.