This dissertation attends to the figurative device of personification, or prosopopoeia, in the writings of three late-medieval English authors, Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, and John Lydgate. Situating my study between three coordinates -- the lineage of rhetorical anthropomorphism stretching back to Quintilian, the medieval political context that drew on figurative personification, and recent theoretical work in political ecology and philosophical sociology (actor-network theory) -- I argue in the introduction that the redistributions of agency from abstract terms to personified figures performed in prosopopoeia entail an intrinsic politicization; the personifications of non-humans deployed by Chaucer, Langland, and Lydgate hinge on and exploit the anthropomorphic qualities of speech and embodiment, which late-medieval theories of political representation see as essential prerequisites for political agency. The affinities between literary and legal-political discourses are even thicker; more sophisticated instances of personification refract in fictive narrative the part-whole dynamic between unity and multiplicity that undergirds representative government in its negotiation between delegated sovereignty and deliberative conciliarity, or, put differently, between actors and the networks within which their action becomes intelligibly institutional. Prosopopoeia thus emerges in my texts of interest as not only a multifaceted catalyst for democratizing debate about matters of concern to vernacular publics – from female agency to royal reform -- but also as a moving target for imaginatively theorizing -- and experimenting with the limits of -- the ethical imperatives that govern the proper practice of equitable governance: participation, answerability, reconciliation, common profit. In the discursive culture of late-medieval England, literary prosopopoeia animates simulations of non-human polities for heuristic, humanistic purposes. / Graduate / 0297

Ao elencar as virtudes do príncipe e orientá-lo moralmente a agir em benefício de todos, as Epistulae ad Caesarem são fiéis aos princípios que caracterizam o orador como uir bonus dicendi peritus. Entretanto, a verossimilhança dada à matéria, no que se refere ao perigo de uma guerra civil, contribuiu para a negação de sua artificialidade. A análise feita neste trabalho conduzirá uma discussão acerca das razões didáticas para exortar um imperador a debelar o conflito civil, de um lado, e apresentar uma definição de gênero para esses documentos, de outro. Com isso, pretende demonstrar como elas configuram uma imagem da eloquência deliberativa semelhante à verdade, compostas em linguagem ornada a fim de deleitar uma audiência. Dessa forma, mostram tanto uma educação oratória adequada quanto um estudo diligente das virtudes do homem público. / By enumerating the virtues of the prince and guiding him morally on how to act for the benefit of the whole community, the Epistulae ad Caesarem are faithful to the principles that characterize the orator as uir bonus dicendi peritus. However, the verisimilitude of treatment given to the subject, regarding the danger of civil wars, contributed to deny their artificiality. On the one hand, the analysis in this work will lead a discussion about the educational motivations for urging an emperor to quell civil strife, and on the other hand it will present a definition of these documents\' gender. It intends to demonstrate how they are figurated as an image of deliberative eloquence similar to the truth, written in an embellished language in order to delight an audience. Therefore, not only do they demonstrate the adequate education of the orator but also a diligent study of virtues of the statesman.

Ao elencar as virtudes do príncipe e orientá-lo moralmente a agir em benefício de todos, as Epistulae ad Caesarem são fiéis aos princípios que caracterizam o orador como uir bonus dicendi peritus. Entretanto, a verossimilhança dada à matéria, no que se refere ao perigo de uma guerra civil, contribuiu para a negação de sua artificialidade. A análise feita neste trabalho conduzirá uma discussão acerca das razões didáticas para exortar um imperador a debelar o conflito civil, de um lado, e apresentar uma definição de gênero para esses documentos, de outro. Com isso, pretende demonstrar como elas configuram uma imagem da eloquência deliberativa semelhante à verdade, compostas em linguagem ornada a fim de deleitar uma audiência. Dessa forma, mostram tanto uma educação oratória adequada quanto um estudo diligente das virtudes do homem público. / By enumerating the virtues of the prince and guiding him morally on how to act for the benefit of the whole community, the Epistulae ad Caesarem are faithful to the principles that characterize the orator as uir bonus dicendi peritus. However, the verisimilitude of treatment given to the subject, regarding the danger of civil wars, contributed to deny their artificiality. On the one hand, the analysis in this work will lead a discussion about the educational motivations for urging an emperor to quell civil strife, and on the other hand it will present a definition of these documents\' gender. It intends to demonstrate how they are figurated as an image of deliberative eloquence similar to the truth, written in an embellished language in order to delight an audience. Therefore, not only do they demonstrate the adequate education of the orator but also a diligent study of virtues of the statesman.

La ONG Irupa es una organización que se encarga en difundir el respeto por la fauna silvestre en el Perú a través de charlas en municipalidades, colegios y universidades; sin embargo, la pandemia actual a causa del covid 19 ha obligado a esta organización a trasladar todo su contenido a un formato digital, ante ello, muchos de sus publicaciones no logran tener un gran impacto dentro de sus seguidores, debido a que estas no cuentan con un diseño estratégico, saturando así los elementos dentro de cada una de su piezas gráficas. Uno de los problemas que más preocupaba a esta organización son las fotos con animales silvestres y su difusión en internet. Ya que estas fotos han ganado gran popularidad normalizando así el contacto y la tenencia de animales silvestres. Ante esta situación surgió la campaña “basta de selfies con animales” con el propósito de informar los problemas que ocasionan este tipo de fotos. La solución presentada es la implementación de piezas gráficas ilustradas, usando la figura retórica de la prosopopeya brindado características y emociones humanas como la tristeza, soledad, ansiedad y angustia dentro de cada ilustración, logrando así empatizar y sensibilizar de manera directa con el espectador. / The ONG Irupa is an organization that is responsible for spreading respect for wildlife in Peru through talks in municipalities, schools and universities, however the current pandemic due to covid 19 has forced this organization to transfer all its content to a digital format, however many of his publications fail to have a great impact among his followers, this because they do not have a strategic design, thus saturating the elements within each of his graphic pieces. One of the problems that most concerned this organization are photos with wild animals and their dissemination on the internet. Since these photos have gained great popularity thus normalizing the contact and possession of wild animals as objects. Faced with this situation, the “enough selfies with animals” campaign arose with the purpose of reporting the problems caused by this type of photos. The solution presented is the implementation of illustrated graphic pieces, using the rhetorical figure of prosopopoeia, providing human characteristics and emotions such as sadness, loneliness, anxiety and anguish within each illustration, thus achieving direct empathy and awareness with the viewer. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Cette thèse examine l’importance de la figuration dans le récit policier et ce sous le signe de l’En-Quête – figure centrale de cette étude – qui se développe en deux parties, chacune divisée en trois chapitres. La première partie se penche sur le roman policier en tant que genre et analyse la pertinence, voire la nécessité de s'en extraire afin de saisir l'importante charge des récits policiers. La deuxième partie reprend les éléments soulevés dans la première en plongeant cette fois dans les récits, dans les textes, dans le littéraire. La division en chapitres, quant à elle, permet d'identifier les engrenages de cette pensée en construction, de placer les bornes importantes au déploiement de l'argument. C'est en créant, en plaçant au centre de la pensée la figure de l'En-Quête, que j'invente petit à petit au fil de la réflexion, que j'aborde les récits policiers en tant que textes mettant en scène la quête du savoir par la mise en mots, la mise en figures de la pensée. En commençant par l’analyse des textes policiers classiques, pour ensuite me diriger vers ceux de la modernité, il s’agit de réfléchir sur la figure de l’En-Quête et la manière dont elle se place comme un potentiel de création dans ces textes – abordés d’abord et avant tout comme des récits –, opérant comme une sorte d’auteure dans le texte qui, par les figures qu'elle crée, invente ou découvre, réfléchit à l'objet même qui la fait advenir, soit le littéraire, en tant qu'accès aux savoirs. Cette réflexion permet de voir combien riches sont ces textes souvent ignorés par l'institution, combien importantes sont les réflexions présentées sous la forme de personnages, de mises en scène, puisque celles-ci donnent accès à un langage riche, une mise en mots toujours nouvelle, qui réfléchit le pouvoir du littéraire dans les figures. La figure de l'En-Quête, figure génératrice de figures, d'un savoir indissociable de la rhétorique, permet quant à elle de voir ce qui unit les textes dits policiers tout en déplaçant le focus pour insister non plus sur les thèmes, mais bien sur la construction des savoirs dans le littéraire et, par la mise en scène, la mise en figure justement. / This dissertation examines the importance of figuration in crime fiction, under the sign of the In-Quest, the central figure of this study which is developed into two parts, each one divided in three chapters. The first part looks into the notion of “detective novel” understood as a genre and analyses the relevance, and even the necessity of thinking outside of this category in order to grasp the full significance of this kind of fiction. The second part revisits these observations, this time diving into the texts and stories and into their literary components. The division in chapters enables us to get a glimpse of the key elements of this thought-in-process and to set the conceptual groundwork needed for deploying the argument. Focusing my reflection on the In-Quest figure, which I invent and create progressively through the course of the essay, I address crime fiction as texts that stage a quest for knowledge in their recourse to words and figures of thought. I begin by analysing classic detective tales and continue with more modern texts in order to observe how the In-Quest figure places itself as a potential of creation within those narratives, working through the literary device it is creating as a sort of author in the text reflecting upon the object from which it arises, namely the literary as a way of knowing. This conceptual drive allows us to see the richness of these texts frequently ignored by the institution and the importance of the reflections they embody in the form of characters and mises-en-scène; these elements give access to a diversity of language that creates renewed forms of writing showcasing the power of the literary, in and through figuration. Thus, the In-Quest as a figure of figuration, of knowledge that is inseparable from rhetoric, enables us to see what unifies the texts known as “detective novels” by changing the focus and insisting not on the themes, but on the construction of knowledge within their literary form, through figures of speech and their particular mises-en-scène.