Since software and hardware is well available for automated text analysis and since a large data that describes real projects submitted to grant program is opened up, there is a possibility to follow phenomena of behavioral economics and psycholinguistics which evidence particularities in textual descriptions may be statistically associated with a reader's behavior or with a reader's decision-taking, which, in this case, involves an influence on final allocation of grant funds. The thesis uses forenamed areas as a starting-point and also employs quantitative indicators from the field of forensic linguistics in order to perform a computer-aided quantitative text analysis. The main goal is to evaluate from correlation perspective, if there in real operational programmes were present any associable relationships between the quantitative features of a proposed project's textual description and the amount of grant allocated to a project. The thesis is divided into four chapters, where it introduces basis, describes analyzed data and used methods, comments on made analyses and found relations, and all the performed research is summarized and evaluated in the last chapter.

PhD (Psychology) / Department of Psychology / The aim of the study was to develop a conceptualized model that will enhance language acquisition of children between 0 and 3 years. Language is a use of words and symbol to convey message, or communication. Generally, from birth to the age of four months children express their needs through crying and are soothed by the sound of voices or by low rhythmic sounds. When adults talk to children, children later imitate adult’s tongue movements and start to make sounds, coos and gurgles. Providing children with developmental stimulation and exposing them to learning opportunities increases their cognitive and social-emotional skills/abilities. Strategies to enhance language development are fundamental in children and can reduce many literacy related problems in later childhood. The objectives of the study are: to describe activities done by caregivers to influence language development; to identify factors that influence language development; to describe the importance of language development and to explain the disorders that are associated with language development. This study was qualitative in nature and it utilised an explorative design. This research design enabled the researcher to investigate the nature of acquisition comprehensively as well as the development of language and other factors that are related to it. The study was conducted at Vhembe District Municipality. Three villages were selected, namely Tshikuwi, Tshirolwe and HaMatsa villages, which are found in Makhado Municipality under Limpopo Province, South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to sample participants for the study. The individuals selected were those judged to have certain special characteristics as well as the ability to provide in-depth information for the purpose of the study. Thirty participants were selected to participate in the study. The semi-structured face to face interview and the interview guide with open-ended questions were used for data collection. Pre-testing of the interview guide was done to check if the guide would produce the expected results, three women from three different villages were selected for pretesting. All questions in the interview guide were addressed during data collection. Collected data were transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. The study adhered to the following research ethics: informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, voluntary participation, no harm to the participants and dissemination of results. The study revealed that language is an important tool which is used to convey information from one person to the other. The findings indicate that language helps children to communicate and relate with other people. Language was also explained as a tool which is used to educate children, either at school or at home. The study shows that when children are learning language, they will also be stimulating their reasoning, thinking and problem-solving skills. In addition, it was also indicated that cognitive development reduces problems such as poor language development, a low self-esteem and isolation. The findings of this study show that there are a number of activities that can be used by caregivers and parents to foster the development of language in children. Those activities include, communicating with a child, reading of books, watching TV, naming of objects and explaining meaning of words. The study also identified several environmental factors that can be used to foster the development of language in children. The following environmental factors were identified in the study: communication, parental level of education, home socioeconomic status, caregiver’s personality and the availability of other children in the family. Lastly, the findings show that there are many disorders that may affect the development of language in children. The language disorders that the study identified include expressive language disorder, dyslexia, and inability to understand spoken. However, the study also reveals that these disorders may be treated. The findings of this study lead to the development of a conceptualized model to facilitate language acquisition in children between 0 and 3 years was developed. The meaning of one concept, namely reinforcement was explained in detail, in order for users of the model to understand its operational definition in the model. Reinforcement was explained because it has a diversity of meanings. The model enabled the researcher to create a link between research and what is happening in a society. Model validation was done to verify if the developed model relates to practical life, research and language development. The model for this study was validated for its applicability and usability. The drafted model was given to psychologists, speech therapists and parent to determine its usability and applicability. Keywords: language, language acquisition, language development model, language disorders. / NRF

The thesis covers sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects of Czech and Slovak language relations. To both fields, it contributes in the form of own empirical research. At the centre of attention are native speakers of Slovak living long-term in Czechia and their language behaviour under this setting in relation to Czech and Slovak. Given that two languages in question are genetically very close and mutual intelligible, the actual language behaviour of the described population is not strictly predetermined by the social norms (Dickins, 2009). However, there are also conditions supporting the accommodation to Czech (Sloboda, 2005). The thesis focuses on the identification of factors influencing language choice and on the impacts of such factors on the psychlinguistic processing of Slovak and Czech words. The sociolinguistic part builds on questionnaire-based surveys, such as those conducted by Sloboda (2006). The own questionnaire survey was carried out via web. The data from 651 respondents were assessed, all from native speakers of Slovak having grown up in Slovakia and commencing their stay in Czechia after the age of 18. The data revealed that Slovak is used more than Czech, that Czech is more often perceived, that the use of Czech is more common in the communication with strangers or in...

<p>A great deal of the research on cross-linguistic phonetic influence demonstrates that a speaker’s knowledge of their first language (L1) significantly affects their ability to perceive and produce sounds in any other language. While current studies show that cross-linguistic transfer occurs at the L3 level, some research suggests that properties of both L1 and L2 are present in the production of L3 (Ionin, Montrul & Santos, 2011). Many studies have addressed perception, production and factors that influence foreign speech in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) (Watkins, Rauber & Baptista, 2009). As the number of multilingual individuals rises, so does the need for studies that investigate not only SLA but also that of additional languages (i.e., Third Language Acquisition). This dissertation examines how cross-linguistic influence (CLI) occurs among English, Spanish, and Brazilian Portuguese (BP), examining instances of vowel reduction, an aspect of phonological production. English and BP are assumed as vowel reducing languages, whereas Spanish displays negligible vowel reduction in comparison. The vowel productions in L3 BP of two multilingual groups, L1English-L2Spanish-L3BP (ESP) and L1 Spanish-L2 English-BP (SEP) were investigated in two tasks: a paragraph reading task (PRT) and a carrier phrase task (CPT). The study sought to determine whether i) a native speaker of a vowel reducing L1 and a non-vowel reducing L2 displays more or less vowel reduction in a vowel reducing L3 than a native speaker of a non-vowel reducing L1 and vowel reducing L2 and ii) how length of exposure to an L3 affects phonological production. Three fixed effects were considered: duration ratio, intensity ratio and height (F1). The goal was to ascertain whether the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) (Rothman 2011, 2015) or the L2 Status Factor Model (Bardel & Falk 2007, 2012; Hammarberg, 2001) would be a better predictor for how vowel reduction would occur in the L3. Results for duration ratio and vowel height showed no significant difference between groups ESP and SEP. Results for intensity ratio suggest L2 Status as a better predictor, as group SEP displayed more phonological transfer than the ESP group. A hybrid approach to L3 acquisition models is proposed. </p>

Le manque d'intégration des sciences cognitives et de la psychométrie est régulièrement déploré – et ignoré. En mesure et évaluation de la lecture, une manifestation de ce problème est l’évitement théorique concernant les sources de difficulté linguistiques et les processus cognitifs associés à la compréhension de texte. Pour faciliter le rapprochement souhaité entre sciences cognitives et psychométrie, nous proposons d’adopter une approche computationnelle. En considérant les procédures informatiques comme des représentations simplifiées et partielles de théories cognitivistes, une approche computationnelle facilite l’intégration d’éléments théoriques en psychométrie, ainsi que l’élaboration de théories en psychologie cognitive. La présente thèse étudie la contribution d’une approche computationnelle à la mesure de deux facettes de la complexité linguistique, abordées à travers des perspectives complémentaires. La complexité intrinsèque du texte est abordée du point de vue du traitement automatique du langage naturel, avec pour objectif d'identifier et de mesurer les attributs (caractéristiques mesurables) qui modélisent le mieux la difficulté du texte. L'article 1 présente ALSI (pour Analyseur Lexico-syntaxique intégré), un nouvel outil de traitement automatisé du langage naturel qui extrait une variété d'attributs linguistiques, principalement issus de la recherche en psycholinguistique et en linguistique computationnelle. Nous évaluons ensuite le potentiel des attributs pour estimer la difficulté du texte. L'article 2 emploie ALSI et des méthodes d’apprentissage statistique pour estimer la difficulté de textes scolaires québécois. Dans le second volet de la thèse, la complexité associée aux processus de lecture est abordée sous l'angle de l'oculométrie, qui permet de faire des inférences quant à la charge cognitive et aux stratégies d’allocation de l’attention visuelle en lecture. L'article 3 décrit une méthodologie d'analyse des enregistrements d’oculométrie mobile à l'aide de techniques de vision par ordinateur (une branche de l'intelligence artificielle); cette méthodologie est ensuite testée sur des données de simulation. L'article 4 déploie la même méthodologie dans le cadre d’une expérience pilote d’oculométrie comparant les processus de lecture de novices et d'experts répondant à un test de compréhension du texte argumentatif. Dans l’ensemble, nos travaux montrent qu’il est possible d’obtenir des résultats probants en combinant des apports théoriques à une approche computationnelle mobilisant des techniques d’apprentissage statistique. Les outils créés ou perfectionnés dans le cadre de cette thèse constituent une avancée significative dans le développement des technologies numériques en mesure et évaluation de la lecture, avec des retombées à anticiper en contexte scolaire comme en recherche. / The lack of integration of cognitive science and psychometrics is commonly deplored - and ignored. In the assessment of reading, one manifestation of this problem is a theoretical avoidance regarding sources of text difficulty and cognitive processes underlying text comprehension. To facilitate the desired integration of cognitive science and psychometrics, we adopt a computational approach. By considering computational procedures as simplified and partial representations of cognitivist models, a computational approach facilitates the integration of theoretical elements in psychometrics, as well as the development of theories in cognitive psychology. This thesis studies the contribution of a computational perspective to the measurement of two facets of linguistic complexity, using complementary perspectives. Intrinsic text complexity is approached from the perspective of natural language processing, with the goal of identifying and measuring text features that best model text difficulty. Paper 1 introduces ISLA (Integrated Lexico-Syntactic Analyzer), a new natural language processing tool that extracts a variety of linguistic features from French text, primarily taken from research in psycholinguistics and computational linguistics. We then evaluate the features’ potential to estimate text difficulty. Paper 2 uses ISLA and statistical learning methods to estimate difficulty of texts used in primary and secondary education in Quebec. In the second part of the thesis, complexity associated with reading processes is addressed using eye-tracking, which allows inferences to be made about cognitive load and visual attention allocation strategies in reading. Paper 3 describes a methodology for analyzing mobile eye-tracking recordings using computer vision techniques (a branch of artificial intelligence); this methodology is then tested on simulated data. Paper 4 deploys the same methodology in the context of an eye-tracking pilot experiment comparing reading processes in novices and experts during an argumentative text comprehension test. Overall, our work demonstrates that it is possible to obtain convincing results by combining theoretical contributions with a computational approach using statistical learning techniques. The tools created or perfected in the context of this thesis constitute a significant advance in the development of digital technologies for the measurement and evaluation of reading, with easy-to-identify applications in both academic and research contexts.

This work highlights specific lexical items that have become racialized in specific contextual applications and tests how these words are cognitively processed. This work presents the results of a visual world (Huettig et al 2011) eye-tracking study designed to determine the perception and application of racialized (Coates 2011) adjectives. To objectively select the racialized adjectives used, I developed a corpus comprised of popular media sources, designed specifically to suit my research question. I collected publications from digital media sources such as Sports Illustrated, USA Today, and Fortune by scraping articles featuring specific search terms from their websites. This experiment seeks to aid in the demarcation of socially salient groups whose application of racialized adjectives to racialized images is near instantaneous, or at least less questioned. As we view growing social movements which revolve around the significant marks unconscious assumptions leave on American society, revealing how and where these lexical assignments arise and thrive allows us to interrogate the forces which build and reify such biases. Future research should attempt to address the harmful semiotics these lexical choices sustain.

Lingvistika je představena v aplikaci na řešení obtíží u lidí s jazykovým hendikepem, kteří se nacházejí ve speciálně pedagogickém prostředí. Ve výzkumu a rehabilitaci jazykových symptomů se nazývá klinickou lingvistikou. Klinická lingvistika kooperuje v multidisciplinárním kontextu s psycholingvistikou a neurolingvistikou. Práce nastiňuje potřebnost klinické lingvistiky také v českém měřítku. Je analyzována diagnóza vývojová anartrie u celoživotně nemluvících lidí s dětskou mozkovou obrnou. Vývojová anartrie je dosti častou diagnózou ve speciálním školství. Vyjevuje se její nedostatečný popis klinickou logopedií a potřeba její analýzy z klinicko-lingvistického hlediska. U vývojové anartrie je odhaleno druhotné narušení jazykových funkcí, sekundární dysfázie. Sekundární dysfázie u vývojové anartrie se manifestuje na všech jazykových rovinách, práce tuto manifestaci ukazuje. Inteligentní lidé s vývojovou anartrií se ocitají v situaci pozdní akvizice mateřského jazyka, který produkčně uchopují pouze ve formě psané řeči. Mají dílčí percepční obtíže. Fatální nemožnost mluvené produkce jim zapříčiňuje subvokální vnitřně řečový deficit. Je diskutován potenciál těchto lidí osvojovat jazyk v procesu pozdní akvizice, diskuze je uvedena v kontextu světového výzkumu o otázkách maturace a kritických period....