La liaison en français consiste en l’apparition d’une consonne de liaison entre deux mots dans des contextes précis de la chaîne parlée qui sont divisés en trois catégories : les contextes où la liaison est catégorique (un /n/ enfant), ceux où elle est variable (un gros /z/ avion) et ceux où elle est erratique (une chanson // anglaise). L’objectif de cette recherche est double : dans la première partie, nous exposons une analyse de chaque dimension linguistique et sociolinguistique impliquée dans le phénomène de la liaison. Chacune d’entre elles permet d’éclairer les études qui ont été réalisées ces dernières années auprès d’apprenants de FLE de niveau intermédiaire à avancé, afin de découvrir dans quelle mesure ils parviennent à s’approprier la liaison, en perception comme en production. Dans la seconde partie, nous présentons une étude expérimentale de l’appropriation de la liaison en français suivie par 17 apprenants coréens de FLE de niveau A1-A2 du CECRL enregistrés trois fois sur une durée d’un an, ainsi que par 165 enfants francophones natifs de deux à six ans. Comme il est impossible de comparer les deux groupes de participants du fait de conditions environnementales et de compétences cognitives non alignables, nous avons élaboré une méthode innovante d’appariement sur la base de données factuelles. Nos résultats nous permettent non seulement d’étayer le modèle constructionniste de l’acquisition de la liaison L1 (Chevrot, Dugua, & Fayol, 2009; Chevrot, Dugua, Harnois-Delpiano, Siccardi, & Spinelli, 2013) mais aussi d’esquisser le processus d’appropriation de la liaison L2, très influencé par la graphie apprise dès les premiers cours de FLE. Nous concluons par une mise en perspective didactique prenant en compte l’ensemble des prismes de ce kaléidoscope linguistique de la liaison en français car sans une perception claire de chacun d’entre eux, les apprenants de FLE ne peuvent qu’avoir une vision floue du phénomène. / French liaison is the appearance of a liaison consonant between two words in specific contexts within the spoken word chain. These contexts are divided into three categories : those where the liaison is categorical (e.g. “a child” : un /n/ enfant ), those where it is variable (e.g. “a big plane” : un gros /z/ avion) and those where it is forbidden (e.g. “an english song” : une chanson // anglaise ).The aim of this research is twofold. In the first part, we present an analysis of each linguistic and sociolinguistic sub-field involved in the phenomenon of French liaison. Each of them will allow to shed light on studies of the acquisition of French liaison that have been conducted with learners of FFL (intermediate to advanced level) in recent years. In the second part, we present a comparative study of the acquisition of French liaison based on experimental tasks performed by 17 Korean learners of FFL (level A1-A2 of the CEFR) recorded three times over a one-year and by 165 native children aged two to six. As it is impossible to compare the two groups of participants due to environmental conditions and to different cognitive skills, we have developed an innovative matching method based on factual data. On the one hand, this supports the constructionist model of the acquisition of the liaison L1 (Chevrot, Dugua, & Fayol, 2009; Chevrot, Dugua, Harnois-Delpiano, Siccardi, & Spinelli, 2013). On the other hand, this enables us to sketch the acquisition process of the liaison L2, very influenced by the spelling which is learned from the first FFL course. We conclude with a didactic perspective layout taking into account all the prisms of this linguistic kaleidoscope of French liaison because without a clear perception of each one, FFL learners are bound to have a partial and unfocused interpretation of this phenomenon.

No description available.

This thesis entitled Umoya Wamagama endeavors to establish the nature of the relationship between IsiZulu and Haitian Kreyòl. As a member of the Nguni group, IsiZulu is spoken by Africans. On the other side, Kreyòl is spoken by African descendants of Haiti, the world's first Black independent Republic. Viewed from a multidisciplinary perspective, these two languages exhibit a significant relationship, hence this important observation: IsiZulu- Haitian Krèyol: So Close, Yet So Far! In other words, they are far from a linguistic point of view but close from a psycho-theological perspective. * So Far: Comparative linguistics shows that Kreyòl is genetically related to French and Latin. * So Close: Born in Haiti during the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, Kreyòl keeps alive the spirit of the African ancestors and still contains linguistic roots of ancestral languages. Vital and vibrant is this historical relatedness linking the two languages. While Haitian Kreyòl is genetically related to French and Latin, it shares with IsiZulu an ancestral psychodynamic and theological paradigms deeply rooted in Ubuntu. Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu. These words crystallize the essence of Ubuntu. Its psychological and theological study transcends the literal language. In that regard Umoya Wamagama refers to both literal and figurative linguistic expressions. The emphasis however is more on the words which connote additional layers of meaning rather than those which simply denote their meanings. The method used in this thesis is comparative, descriptive, investigative, analytic and exegetic when necessary. Providing evidence of linguistic relationships, the comparative and analytic approach then embraces the semantic field of IsiZulu-Kreyòl as a significant psycholexicology where explanations puts an emphasis on the meaning and the spirit of the words. Siye ngomoya wamagama. Hence, the core question of addressing the psychological and theological dimensions of this research which is based on a multidisciplinary approach. After 500 years, in the wake of European colonial expansion, the Spirit of the African slaves is still alive in the psyche and the language of the Haitian people. As we said above: Yize isiKreyòl saseHaiti sifuze nesiFulentshi nesiLatini, sabelana nesiZulu ngokwemisuka nangokwezimiso zezinkolelo okunezimpande ezijulile emfundisweni yobuntu. IsiZulu and Kreyòl are related through an ancestral psychodynamic and theological paradigms rooted in Ubuntu. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Linguistic fossilization is a prevalent phenomenon in adult ESLA and presents a perpetual pedagogical challenge to teachers. Despite controversy about the theoretical concept, research is increasingly showing that persistent erroneousness cannot be attributed to single causal factors. This single case study examines controversial aspects surrounding the concept and formulates criteria for identifying fossilization. The study investigates the conversational output of an independent adult learner over a period of nine months and presents a holistic exploration of causal influences. The findings substantiate that fossilization arises from changing combinations of factors, and that such combinations are unique to the situation of each adult learner. The key to the successful treatment of fossilized errors may lie in identifying their roots, which can be achieved by analyzing output and through discussion with learners in order to gain insight into their experience of the learning process. Results also suggest that a critical perspective on the theoretical construct is needed in order to investigate the phenomenon in adult second language acquisition. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL))

This diploma thesis provides a detailed description of the life and work of Ghelly Chernov, a Russian theorist and a leading figure of interpreting studies. It is the first thesis written in Czech to comprehensively cover Chernov's work. The chronologically arranged parts of the thesis systematically describe Chernov's life and findings about translation and interpreting, both theory and practice, with an emphasis on the model of probability prognosis in simultaneous interpreting. The thesis also focuses on Chernov's articles on didactics of interpreting and lexicographic publications, to which he directly contributed during his lifetime. The thesis covers the core elements of his work, describes them within the context of global interpreting studies, and recounts his life using the available resources as well as unique material provided by people who met the leading Russian interpreting theorist in person.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This diploma thesis compares the performance of bilinguals and of interpreting students in simultaneous interpreting. The compared data are from the experiment, within which we tested 3 bilinguals (without any or with little experience in simultaneous interpreting) and 3 trained students of the interpreting MA study programme. The data were collected in the language combination Czech - German. Part of this thesis are also two questionnaires. When comparing the interpreting performances (in form of transcripts of recordings), following interpreting strategies and factors were put emphasis on: salami technique (and related aspects), finishing sentences, hesitation sounds and interferences. This diploma thesis aims at illustrating the effects of the simultaneous interpreting training. The whole thesis is being run through by the question, whether the skill of simultaneous interpreting is an accompanying effect of bilingualism, or whether (and alternatively to what extent) this skill is derived from interpreting training. Keywords: interpreting, simultaneous interpreting, interpreting strategies, interpreting lessons, practice in interpreting, salami technique, finishing sentences, hesitation sounds, interferences, bilingualism, didactics, psycholinguistics

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) et les aphasies progressives primaires (APP) s’accompagnent de perturbations du langage expressif parfois subtiles, mais précoces dans l’évolution de ces maladies neurodégénératives. Considérés dans une approche automatisée, ces changements pourraient constituer des marqueurs de dégénérescence identifiés de façon non invasive et peu onéreuse. À ce titre, ils font l’objet d’études visant à automatiser leur utilisation clinique. Cependant, l’intégration des marqueurs langagiers à une approche diagnostique centrée sur les biomarqueurs reste à faire. À cette fin, la présente thèse a deux objectifs. D’abord, recenser systématiquement les marqueurs du discours qui distinguent le mieux les personnes avec une MA de témoins en santé. Ensuite, appliquer une approche automatisée et à un large éventail de marqueurs de discours pour identifier, dans un groupe hétérogène de patients avec une APP, lesquels ont une pathologie Alzheimer sous-jacente. Afin de mettre en contexte ces deux objectifs, nous proposons une introduction générale comprenant les éléments suivants : la pathophysiologie de la MA et des APP, le rôle croissant des biomarqueurs dans la prise de décision clinique dans les maladies neurodégénératives, les études pionnières du discours en neurodégénérescence, ainsi que de récentes études computationnelles sur les marqueurs de discours dans la MA et les APP. Nos résultats font émerger un patron multidimensionnel (acoustique, lexical, syntaxique, sémantique et pragmatique) de changements langagiers qui distinguent les personnes avec une MA de témoins en santé, avec une prépondérance des marqueurs lexicosémantiques. Dans le groupe de patients avec une APP avec une imagerie amyloïde positive ou négative, nous mesurons ensuite le pouvoir de classification d’un court échantillon de discours et montrons qu’il peut être avantageusement comparé à d’autres biomarqueurs. Nous discutons du patron spécifique de marqueurs discriminants pour ce sous-groupe de patients, notamment l’importance des marqueurs psycholinguistiques pour prédire le résultat de l’imagerie amyloïde à partir du discours. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and primary progressive aphasias (PPA) feature changes in expressive language that appear early in the course of the disease. Within an automated analysis framework, these language changes could offer a non-invasive and inexpensive alternative to the collection of biomarkers which are not readily available in most settings. Current research is thus focused on the automated analysis of language data for clinical use. The usefulness of connected speech (CS) markers has not yet been established in a diagnostic perspective focused on biomarkers. To this aim, the present thesis contains two phases. First, we systematically review the CS markers that best differentiate persons with AD from healthy controls. Second, we automatically extract a wide array of CS markers in a heterogenous group of PPA patients by combining expert knowledge and the latest natural language processing software. A machine-learning classification approach identifies PPA patients for the presence of underlying AD pathology. The most discriminant CS features are identified. To integrate the two phases of the thesis, we provide a general introduction with the following sections: the pathophysiology of AD and PPAs, the growing importance of biomarkers in clinical decision-making for neurodegenerative diseases, the seminal studies of CS in neurodegenerative diseases, and the latest computational studies of CS markers in AD and PPA. Our results bring forth a multidimensional pattern (acoustic, lexical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic) of language changes that distinguish people with AD from healthy controls, with an emphasis on lexical-semantic features. In the group of PPA patients with either positive or negative amyloid imaging, we then describe the classificatory power of a short sample of CS and show that it compares favorably to other biomarkers. We discuss the specific pattern of discriminant markers for this subgroup of patients, in particular the role of psycholinguistics.

Für das Deutsche wird gemeinhin eine strikte V2-Beschränkung angenommen, die für deklarative Hauptsätze besagt, dass sich vor dem finiten Verb genau eine Konstituente befinden muss. In der Literatur werden häufig Beispiele angeführt, in denen sich zwei Konstituenten vor dem finiten Verb befinden und die somit gegen die V2-Beschränkung verstoßen. Diese syntaktische Konfiguration, so das Argument, führt zu Ungrammatikalität: (1) *Gestern Johann hat getanzt. (Roberts & Roussou 2002:137) Die Bewertung in (1) fußt jedoch nicht auf empirischer Evidenz, sondern spiegelt ein introspektives Urteil der Autor*innen wider. Daten zum tatsächlichen Sprachgebrauch zeigen, dass Sätze wie in (2) im Deutschen durchaus verwendet werden: (2) Aber immer alle sagen das. [BSa-OB, #16] Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit dem Status dieser V3-Deklarativsätze im Deutschen. Der Status wird aus drei einander ergänzenden Perspektiven auf Sprache untersucht: Sprachverwendung, Akzeptabilität und Verarbeitung. Hierzu werden Daten, die in einer Korpus-, einer Akzeptabilitäts- und einer Lesezeitstudie erhoben wurden, ausgewertet. Basierend auf den empirischen Befunden diskutiere ich V3-Modellierungen aus generativer Sicht und entwickle einen Modellierungsvorschlag aus konstruktionsgrammatischer Sicht. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die Einbeziehung von nicht-standardsprachlichen Mustern wichtige Einblicke in die sprachliche Architektur gibt. Insbesondere psycholinguistisch gewonnene Daten als empirische Basis sind essenziell, um mentale sprachliche Prozesse zu verstehen und abbilden zu können. Die Analyse von V3 zeigt, dass solche Ansätze möglich und nötig sind, um Grammatikmodelle zu prüfen und weiterzuentwickeln. Untersuchungen dieser Art stellen Grammatikmodelle in Frage, die oft einer standardsprachlichen Tradition heraus erwachsen sind und nur einen Ausschnitt der sprachlichen Realität erfassen. V3-Sätze entpuppen sich nach dieser Analyse als Strukturen, die fester Bestandteil der Grammatik sind. / German is usually considered to follow a strict V2-constraint. This means that exactly one constituent must precede the finite verb in declarative main clauses. There are many examples for sentences that exhibit two preverbal constituents in the literature, illustrating a violation of the V2-constraint. According to the literature, these configurations lead to ungrammatical structures. (1) *Gestern Johann hat getanzt. (Roberts & Roussou 2002:137) However, the evaluation in (1) is not based on empirical evidence but is introspective and thus might not reflect the linguistic reality. Empirical data from actual language use show that German speakers indeed use these kinds of sentences. (2) Aber immer alle sagen das. [BSa-OB, #16] The dissertation explores the status of these V3 declaratives in German, with ‘status’ comprising three complementary perspectives on language: language use, acceptability, and processing. To this end, I analyze data from three studies: a corpus study, an acceptability judgment study, and a reading time study. Based on the empirical evidence, I discuss existing analyses of V3 and V3-modeling from the generative perspective and develop an analysis taking a construction-based approach. The dissertation shows that including patterns from non-standard language allows for valuable insights into the architecture of language. In particular, psycholinguistic data as an empirical basis are essential to understand and model mental linguistic processes. The analyses presented in the dissertation show that it is possible to follow such an approach in the field of syntactic variation, and it is indeed necessary in order to challenge and further develop existing grammatical theories and our understanding of grammar. Most grammatical models strongly rely on standard language, which is why they only capture a snippet of the linguistic reality. Taking empirical evidence into account, however, V3 sentences turn out to form an integral part of the German grammar.

Der Prozess der lexikalischen Selektion, d.h. die Auswahl der richtigen Wörter zur Übermittlung einer intendierten Botschaft, ist noch nicht hinreichend verstanden. Insbesondere wurde kaum erforscht, inwiefern Bedeutungsaspekte, welche in sensomotorischen Erfahrungen gründen, diesen Prozess der Sprachproduktion beeinflussen. Die Rolle dieser Bedeutungsaspekte wurde mit zwei Studien untersucht, in denen Probanden Sätze vervollständigten. In Studie 1 wurde der visuelle Eindruck der Satzfragmente manipuliert, so dass die Sätze auf- oder absteigend am Bildschirm erschienen. In Studie 2 mussten die Probanden Kopfbewegungen nach oben oder unten ausführen, während sie die Satzfragmente hörten. Wir untersuchten, ob räumliche Aspekte der produzierten Wörter durch die räumlichen Manipulationen sowie die räumlichen Eigenschaften der präsentierten Satzfragmente beeinflusst werden. Die vertikale visuelle Manipulation in Studie 1 wirkte sich nicht auf die räumlichen Attribute der produzierten Wörter aus. Die Kopfbewegungen in Studie 2 führten zu einem solchen Effekt – bei Kopfbewegungen nach oben waren die Referenten der produzierten Wörter weiter oben im Raum angesiedelt als nach Bewegungen nach unten (und anders herum). Darüber hinaus war dieser Effekt stärker, je ausgeprägter die interozeptive Sensibilität der Probanden war. Zudem beeinflussten die räumlichen Aspekte der Satzfragmente die räumlichen Eigenschaften der produzierten Wörter in beiden Studien. Somit zeigt diese Arbeit, dass in der Erfahrung basierende Bedeutungsanteile, welche entweder in Sprache eingebettet sind oder durch körperliche Aktivität reaktiviert werden, die Auswahl der Wörter beim Sprechen beeinflussen und dass interindividuelle Unterschiede diesen Effekt modulieren. Die Befunde werden in Bezug zu Theorien der Semantik gesetzt. Darüber hinaus wird das Methodenrepertoire erweitert, indem mit Studie 3 ein Ansatz für die Durchführung von Online-Sprachproduktionsexperimenten mit Bildbenennung vorgestellt wird. / The process of lexical selection, i.e. producing the right words to get an intended message across, is not well understood. Specifically, meaning aspects grounded in sensorimotor experiences and their role during lexical selection have not been investigated widely. Here, we investigated the role of experientially grounded meaning aspects with two studies in which participants had to produce a noun to complete sentences which described sceneries. In Study 1, the visual appearance of sentence fragments was manipulated and they seemed to move upwards or downwards on screen. In Study 2, participants moved their head up- or downwards while listening to sentence fragments. We investigated whether the spatial properties of the freely chosen nouns are influenced by the spatial manipulations as well as by the spatial properties of the sentences. The vertical visual manipulation used in Study 1 did not influence the spatial properties of the produced words. However, the body movements in Study 2 influenced participants’ lexical choices, i.e. after up-movements the referents of the produced words were higher up compared to after downward movements (and vice verse). Furthermore, there was an increased effect of movement on the spatial properties of the produced nouns with higher levels of participants’ interoceptive sensibility. Additionally, the spatial properties of the stimulus sentences influenced the spatial properties of the produced words in both studies. Thus, experientially grounded meaning aspects which are either embedded in text or reactivated via bodily manipulations may influence which words we chose when speaking, and interindividual differences may moderate these effects. The findings are related to current theories of semantics. Furthermore, this dissertation enhances the methodological repertoire of language production researchers by showing how language production studies with overt articulation in picture naming tasks can be run online (Study 3).