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ADOLESCENTS' GENDER TYPICALITY, PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING, AND EXPERIENCES WITH TEASING, BULLYING, AND REJECTIONJewell, Jennifer A. 01 January 2015 (has links)
The current study examined whether adolescents’ gender-based victimization experiences (i.e., teasing, bullying, and rejection) mediated the association between gender typicality and psychological well-being. The current study also investigated whether daily experiences with the three types of gender-based victimization negatively impacted adolescents’ immediate emotional reactions. Participants were 570 seventh and eighth grade students (49.5% boys, 50.5% girls). During four visits over the course of two weeks, participants completed surveys about their own gender typicality, their psychological well-being (i.e., depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and body image), their experiences with gender-based teasing, bullying, and rejection, and their emotional responses to experiencing this victimization. Results indicated that experiences with gender-based teasing, bullying, and rejection mediated the association between gender typicality and psychological well-being. In addition, adolescents with worse initial psychological well-being and who experienced more rejection reported experiencing more negative emotional responses after victimization. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Dispositional factors related to choking under pressure in sportMelendres, Lauren Therese 21 October 2011 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not significant relationships existed between dispositional factors (self-consciousness, anxiety, approach coping style) predictive of choking under pressure in competition with factors associated with healthy psychological functioning (dispositional mindfulness and dimensions of psychological well-being). Choking under pressure has been identified as a factor that not only negatively impacts an athlete’s level of success in competition, but also the athlete’s psychological well-being. Despite these negative effects, minimal interventions exist to address choking under pressure. Mindfulness is a construct that has received attention for its positive effect in the lives of individuals, both in daily living and symptom-relief for a host of issues. As such, the relationships between factors associated with choking-susceptibility, mindfulness, and psychological well-being were examined in the current study to determine if the development of a mindfulness intervention for athletes identified as “choking-susceptible” is appropriate.
The sample for this study included 95 Division I athletes from large Southwestern and Western universities. The data were analyzed using univariate and multiple linear regressions and correlational analysis. The findings of this study revealed significant negative relationships between two out of the three dispositional choking-susceptibility factors (self-consciousness and anxiety), mindfulness, and psychological well-being. Given the significance of these findings, the development and evaluation of a mindfulness-based choking intervention is warranted. / text
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POSITIV PSYKOLOGI PÅ ARBETET : -Karaktärsstyrkors samband med psykologiskt välbefinnande, arbetstillfredsställelse, harmonisk- respektive tvångsmässig passion och stressTörnert, Sara, Udd, Chatarina January 2014 (has links)
Over a long time psychology was focusing on human frailties and mental diseases. In 1998, positive psychology was introduced - the scientific study of strengths, well-being and optimal functioning. Theory and research in the area has identified 24 character strengths, in which each individual owns and celebrates a number of top strengths, signature strengths. These strengths have been shown to be important in achieving happiness and well-being. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between character strength and psychological well-being, job satisfaction, harmonious- and obsessive passion and stress. The results showed that wisdom, kindness, social intelligence, curiosity, hope, creativity, spirituality and love was positively correlated with psychological well-being. Few strengths correlated with job satisfaction and harmonious passion. No strengths were significantly correlated with obsessive passion. The results from the study provide little support for the theory. Some support was found for the relationship between character strengths and psychological well-being. It seems like character strengths are not important for job satisfaction, harmonious passion, obsessive passion and stress. An explanation for the few correlations, can be that this research examined each of the 24 character strengths compared with previous research that has investigated the use of individual signature strengths. More basic research is needed to confirm the theory. / Efter psykologins långa period av fokusering på mänskliga svagheter och psykiska sjukdomar, introducerades år 1998 positiv psykologi - den vetenskapliga studien av styrkor, välmående och optimal funktion. Teori och forskning inom området har identifierat 24 olika karaktärsstyrkor, av vilka varje individ besitter ett antal toppstyrkor, signaturstyrkor. Dessa styrkor har visat sig vara viktiga för att uppnå lycka och välbefinnande. Syftet med studien var att undersöka karaktärsstyrkors relation till psykologiskt välbefinnande, arbetstillfredsställelse, harmonisk- respektive tvångsmässig passion och stress. Resultatet visade att styrkorna vishet, vänlighet, social intelligens, nyfikenhet, hopp, kreativitet, andlighet och kärlek var positivt korrelerade med psykologiskt välbefinnande. Få styrkor var korrelerade med arbetstillfredsställelse och harmonisk passion. Inga styrkor var signifikant korrelerade med tvångsmässig passion. Studiens resultat ger lite stöd åt teorin. Ett visst stöd hittades för kopplingen mellan karaktärsstyrkor och psykologiskt välbefinnande. Karaktärsstyrkor verkar inte vara betydande för arbetstillfredsställelse, harmonisk- respektive tvångsmässig passion och stress. En förklaring till de få korrelationerna som uppkom, kan vara att studien undersökte var och en av de 24 karaktärsstyrkorna jämfört med tidigare forskning som har undersökt en användning av individuella signaturstyrkor. Mer grundläggande forskning är därför i behov av att utföras för att bekräfta teorin.
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The subjective experience of being HIV-positive : needs, strengths and coping strategies / Susan DoubellDoubell, Susan January 2003 (has links)
Adequate assessment of the needs of HIV-positive individuals in the South
African context is essential, as it may provide insight concerning limitations in
healthcare. This study focuses on the subjective experience of nine HIV-positive
individuals, in order (a) to investigate their needs; (b) to gain
knowledge and understanding of the strengths available to them; (c) to
investigate their coping strategies; and (d) to generate a set of guidelines for
the development of a secondary prevention programme to improve their
psychological well-being and immune functioning. This article employs a
qualitative research method, utilising hermeneutic thematic analysis to gain a
greater understanding of the subjective psychological functioning of HIV-positive
individuals in the South African multicultural context. To a great
extent, this research focuses on the salutogenic/fortigenic perspective, where
the focus is on strengths, capacities and emotional/psychological well-being.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine asymptomatic HIV-positive
individuals. The needs identified during this study involved the
psychological, economical, informational and social categories.
The strengths available to HIV-positive individuals in order to make sense or
construct meaning in their lives, consisted of four themes, namely internal,
social, self-regulative and spiritual strengths. The study further indicates that
the psychological strengths utilised by HIV-positive individuals are closely
related to the concept of meaningfulness, the mechanisms of coping and
psychological resilience.
A broad range of coping strategies was identified that participants employed in
the management of the disease and in dealing with the negative emotions
associated with an HIV-positive diagnosis. These strategies could be
conceptually grouped into five categories based on the functions these
strategies served, namely self-management coping strategies, cognitive
coping strategies, social support coping strategies, religious coping strategies,
and avoidance coping strategies.
The implications of this study are that the various identified concepts related
to needs, strengths and coping strategies, may contribute to the development
of a secondary prevention programme, in order to improve HIV-positive
individuals' psychological well-being and immune functioning. The concept of
"Sense of Coherence" which consists of three elements, namely
Comprehensibility, Manageability and Meaningfulness, could be successfully
incorporated into an intervention programme in order to achieve a positive
redefinition of participants' subjective feeling that life is meaningful, as well as
to improve their comprehensibility and manageability of their illness. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Clarifying the interpersonal component of psychological well-being / Lynette NelNel, Lynette January 2003 (has links)
Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om die interpersoonlike komponent van
psigologiese welsyn te verhelder. Vanuit die literatuur is dit duidelik dat psigologiese
welsyn 'n interpersoonlike komponent bevat, maar ook dat dit op verskillende wyses
gekonseptualiseer word. Die aard van interpersoonlike welsyn is dus nog nie duidelik
nie, en dit is ook nie duidelik in watter mate indikatore van interpersoonlike welsyn
oorvleuel met indikatore van algemene psigologiese welsyn nie.
In 'n empiriese ondersoek het 'n multi-kulturele beskikbaarheidsteekproef van 384
persone, 8 rneetinstrumente of hul sub-skale voltooi ter meting van algemene
psigologiese welsyn en konstrukte wat interpersoonlike welsyn verteenwoordig.
Interpersoonlike welsyn is geoperasiodi met behulp van die BarOn Emotional
Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) van Bar-ON (1997), die Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ)
van Pretorius (1998), die Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) van Costa
& Mc Crae (1992) en die Attachmeat Style Questionnaire (AS) van Feeney, Noller & Hanrahan (1994). Psigologiese welsyn is geoperasionaliseer vanuit 'n fortigene persperktief met die Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) van Antonovsky (1989), die Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) van Diener, Emmons, Larsen en Griffen (1985),
en die Affectometer 2 (AFM) van Kammann en Flett (1983), sowel as vanuit 'n
patogene perspektief, met behulp van die General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) van
Goldberg en Hillier (1979).
Goeie betroubaarheidsindekse is vir alle skale en subskale gevind. Gemiddeldes van
alle skale en subskale was vergelykbaar met die wat in die literatuur gerapporteer is vir
ander soortgelyke groepe.
Die resultate toon dat interpersoonlike welsyn in 'n mate oorvleuel met algemene
psigologiese welsyn, maar as dit ook 'n afsonderlike komponent of dimensie van
van
psigologiese welsyn vorm. Bevindings toon ook twee onderskeibare patrone van
interpersoonlike welsyn. Die eerste een word primer uitgedruk in die uitreiking na
ander, omgee-gedrag, 'n houding van nederigheid in nabye verhoudings asook
verantwoordelikheid teenoor ander in die groter sosiale konteks. Die tweede patroon
word gekenmerk deur 'n geniet van sosiale interaksie en 'n houding van gemak en
assertiwiteit in nabye sowel as wyer sosiale kontekst Hierdie onderskeid hou
moontlik verband met persoonlikheidsverskille soos inskiklikheid versus ekstraversie.
Implikasies van die bevindinge vir psigoterapie en lewensvaardigheidsontwikkeling
word aangedui. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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The design and evaluation of a hope enhancement programme for adults / Charl J. PretoriusPretorius, Charl Johan January 2004 (has links)
The aim of the research was to design and assess the effectiveness of a hope
enhancement programme for a group of adults and the resulting influence on their
general psychological well-being.
The purpose of the programme was to increase hope, as conceptualised by Snyder
et al. (1991), by enhancing participants' abilities to set feasible goals, planning ways
to reach those goals (pathways) and increasing determination and motivation (agency)
towards goal achievement. The workshop-format programme, presented by the
researcher, consisted of six two-hour sessions spread over five days. The programme
was developed through incorporating suggestions from existing Hope literature
together with health psychological and positive psychology principles.
In order to determine the impact of the programme, four measurement instruments
were used, namely the Hope Scale, the Hunter Opinions and Personal Expectations
Scale (HOPES), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Sense of Coherence
scale (SOC-29). A pre and post-test design included an experimental group (n = 8),
control group (n = 8) and 'chat' group (n = 8). Prior to group compilation, screening
interviews were conducted with interested participants to exclude those who had
recently experienced trauma or displayed overt signs of psychological pathology. The
control group received no intervention, while the 'chat' group, of which the researcher
was also a member, was allowed to discuss topics of their choosing. The study groups
comprised both men and women of different ages and socio-economic status. All
participants were White and Afrikaans speaking.
Descriptive statistics, psychometric analysis of the measuring instruments and
significant differences between groups were calculated with the assistance of the
STATISTICA (version 6) computer programme (Statsoft Inc., 2003). Reliability
indices compared well with those recorded in the literature for the various scales. For
the experimental group, the findings indicated an increase in the hope levels as
reflected by significant improvement on the Hope Scale and the Hopefulness subscale
of the HOPES. Subjective feedback from the group confirmed these findings.
Psychological well-being improved, as shown by a significant increase in Sense of
Coherence (SOC-29) along with a positive change in Satisfaction with Life (SWLS).
Neither the control nor experimental groups revealed any significant changes.
It was established that the hope enhancement programme is effective in increasing
the levels of hope and general psychological well-being of a group of adults relatively
free of psychological pathology. Considering the findings, it is recommended that
future wellness intervention should not focus solely on individuals with established
psychological pathology, but also consider a preventative approach within the average
population. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Neuropsychological executive functioning and psychosocial well-being / Elizabeth PetersPeters, Elizabeth January 2005 (has links)
The aim of this study was to come to a better understanding of possible
neuropsychological mechanisms underlying psychosocial well-being and therefore to
determine whether a relationship between neuropsychological executive functions and
psychosocial well-being does indeed exist. Research was conducted in the domains of
neuropsychology and positive psychology. This thesis consists of three articles,
namely I ) Neuropsychological executive functions and psychosocial well-being: A
review, 2) Attentional switching and psychosocial! well-being, and 3) The relationship
between generativity as neuropsychological process and psychosocial well-being.
The first article argued the possibility of a relationship between neuropsychological
and psychosocial aspects, with reference to a pluralistic ecosystems perspective,
neuropsychological and other positive psychological theories, such as Miller's
neuropsychodynamic model and Frederickson's broaden-and-build theory, as well as
existing empirical studies. Numerous neuropsychological studies have indicated that
the prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions, with its main function to
regulate both cognitive and affective functioning. Analyses of existing empirical
studies indicated an established relationship between prefrontal lobe / executive /
regulatory dysfunction and psychopathology, but also that the relationship between
normal or optimal prefrontal executive functions and psychosocial well-being is still
unclear. The first article concluded that evidence correlating neuropsychological
functioning with human flourishing, or indicating possible neuropsychological
mechanisms involved in psychosocial well-being, is sparse, presenting a serious
lacuna in scientific knowledge.
The following two articles focused on contributing to filling this lacuna.
"Attentional switching and psychosocial well-being" and "The relationship between
generativity, as neuropsychological process and psychosocial well-being" focused on
attentional switching and generativity, as part of neuropsychological executive
functions, as potential mechanisms associated with psychosocial well-being. These
studies aimed to determine whether the capacity to switch attention, as measured by
the Color Trails Test (CTT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the
capacity to generate novelty, as measured by the Controlled Verbal Fluency Task
(CVFT) (Benton, 1967) and Uses of Objects Test (UOT) (Getzels & Jackson, 1962),
are related to the degree of psychosocial well-being experienced. As part of the interdisciplinary
POWIRS (Profiles of Obese Women with Insulin Resistance Syndrome)
project, black African women (article 2 n=66; article 3 n=72) completed the above
mentioned neuropsychological measures, as well as indices of psychosocial wellbeing,
in a cross-sectional design. The psychosocial measures included the
Affectometer (AFM) 2 (Kammann & Flett, 1983); Constructive Thinking Inventory
(CTI) abbreviated version (Epstein & Meier, 1989); Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-
29) (Antonovsky, 1987, 1993); The Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ) (Pretorius,
1998); JAREL Spiritual Well-being Scale (SWS-H) (Hungelman et al., 1989);
Psychological Well-being Scales (SPW-B) (Ryff & Singer, 1998); and the Cognitive
Appraisal Questionnaire (CAQ) (Botha & Wissing, 2003).
The main findings of these studies were hat the ease of attentional switching and
generativity correlates statistically (p<0.5) and practically significantly with higher
levels of psychosocial well-being. From a micro-deterministic perspective it can be
concluded that frontal lobe executive functions may play a role in the regulation
higher-order adjusting psychosocial functions related to quality of life. From a micro-deterministic
perspective it can be concluded that psychosocial well-being, while
being influenced by executive functions, may also influence the continuous
development of neuropsychological executive functions. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Dynamics of context and psychological well-being : the role of subjective health perceptions, personality factors and spirituality / Qambeshile Michael TemaneTemane, Qambeshile Michael January 2006 (has links)
There is a lacuna in the field of positive psychology as far as the conceptualisation of
influences of environmental contexts on psychological well-being is concerned, and there
is also a lack of credible empirical findings on the dynamics of processes involved. The
aim of the current study was to test various models on the possible mediating role of
subjective perceptions of health, personality factors and spirituality in the dynamics of
context and psychological well-being.
Psychological well-being was conceptualised and measured multi-dimensionally
as defined from a general psychological well-being, hedonic, and eudaimonic
perspective. Context was defined in terms of the historical stratification in South African
society by socioeconomic differentials pertaining to race, socioeconomic indices and
infrastructural resources.
An availability sample of 5 14 participants from Potchefstroom (n=384) and
Mafikeng (n=130) completed questionnaires on psychological well-being, subjective
perceptions of health, personality factors and spirituality after informed consent was
obtained. Psychological well-being was measured with the Affectometer 2 (Kammann &
Flett, 1983), the Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1987) and Satisfaction with Life
Scale (Diener, Larsen and Griffin, 1985). General psychological well-being was defined
and operationalised in terms of the degree of sense of coherence, satisfaction with life
and affect balance; hedonic well-being in terms of the degree of satisfaction with life and
affect balance, and eudaimonic well-being in terms of the degree of sense of coherence
and satisfaction with life. Subjective perceptions of physical health was measure with the
General Health Questionnaire of Goldberg and Hillier (1979); Agreeableness and
Extraversion as personality factors with the NEO- Personality Inventory - Revised of
Costa and McCrae (1992); and Spirituality with the Spiritual Well-being Scale of
Paloutzian and Ellison's (1979).
The findings indicate, firstly, that perceptions of physical health (article I),
personality factors (article 2) and spirituality (article 3) mediate the relationship between
contexts and psychological well-being. Secondly, that the hedonic model of
psychological well-being (albeit variably conceptualised in article 1 and articles 2 and 3)
overall, yielded the highest amounts of variance. Thirdly, the results also indicated
differences among the two predominantly black and white samples in terms of the roles
played by subjective perceptions of health, personality factors and spirituality in the
relationship between contexts and psychological well-being. It is concluded that due
consideration must be given to social context and the dynamics of interaction between
social ecology and individual factors in order to make a meaningful contribution to the
understanding and promotion of psychological well-being. Theoretical and practical
implications of these findings are indicated. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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The relationship between work engagement, self-efficacy and optimism among call centreDavids, Anees January 2011 (has links)
<p><font size="3">
<p>The costs of occupational health and well-being are increasingly being considered as sound &lsquo / investments&rsquo / as healthy and engaged employees yield direct economic benefits to the company. The concept of Work engagement plays a vital role in this endeavour because engagement entails positive definitions of employee health and promotes the optimal functioning of employees within an organisational setting. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between work engagement, self-efficacy and optimism amongst call centre employees in a retail organisation in the Western Cape. Over the last several years, most call centre research has predominately been focused on the aspects and causes of stress, burnout, and the deterrents of employee&rsquo / s well-being. In response to the prevailing preoccupation with negative aspects, the research focused on more positive aspects of human functioning and experiences. The sample comprised of ninety three call centre employees who are employed in the customer service department in a major retail organisation in the Western Cape. Convenience sampling was utilised. The measuring instruments included the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, The Life Orientation Test-Revised and The General Self-Efficacy Scale. Statistically significant relationships were found between work engagement, self-efficacy and optimism. It was found that call centre agents displayed average levels of work engagement and optimism however they displayed high levels of self-efficacy. It was furthermore found that a moderate percentage of the variance in work engagement can be explained by self-efficacy and optimism. The implication of the results is that interventions that focus on the personal resources (viz. efficacy beliefs, optimism, hope and resiliency) and job resources (viz. physical, social or organizational aspects of the job) will contribute to increasing levels of work engagement.</p>
</font></p>
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The relationship between work engagement, self-efficacy and optimism among call centreDavids, Anees January 2011 (has links)
<p><font size="3">
<p>The costs of occupational health and well-being are increasingly being considered as sound &lsquo / investments&rsquo / as healthy and engaged employees yield direct economic benefits to the company. The concept of Work engagement plays a vital role in this endeavour because engagement entails positive definitions of employee health and promotes the optimal functioning of employees within an organisational setting. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between work engagement, self-efficacy and optimism amongst call centre employees in a retail organisation in the Western Cape. Over the last several years, most call centre research has predominately been focused on the aspects and causes of stress, burnout, and the deterrents of employee&rsquo / s well-being. In response to the prevailing preoccupation with negative aspects, the research focused on more positive aspects of human functioning and experiences. The sample comprised of ninety three call centre employees who are employed in the customer service department in a major retail organisation in the Western Cape. Convenience sampling was utilised. The measuring instruments included the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, The Life Orientation Test-Revised and The General Self-Efficacy Scale. Statistically significant relationships were found between work engagement, self-efficacy and optimism. It was found that call centre agents displayed average levels of work engagement and optimism however they displayed high levels of self-efficacy. It was furthermore found that a moderate percentage of the variance in work engagement can be explained by self-efficacy and optimism. The implication of the results is that interventions that focus on the personal resources (viz. efficacy beliefs, optimism, hope and resiliency) and job resources (viz. physical, social or organizational aspects of the job) will contribute to increasing levels of work engagement.</p>
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