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Validation of a community collective efficacy scale in an African context / Wilmien van StratenVan Straten, Wilhelmina January 2007 (has links)
There is a lacuna in the literature regarding the measurement of community collective efficacy, especially in an African context. Previously, a variety of studies have used and validated self-efficacy measures in Western social contexts (Chen, Gully & Eden, 2001; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1993; Carroll, Rosson & Zhou, 2005). Findings from cross-cultural psychology indicate that human behaviour is not acontextual (Devonport & Lane, 2006; Karademas, 2006; van de Vijver & Leung, 1997). Thus, this study was an attempt to explore the validation of a community collective efficacy scale in an African cultural context.
A sample of 1050 Setswana-speaking participants was drawn from both urban and rural areas. The participants came from a relatively more collectivistic cultural context. Measuring instruments such as the Community Collective Efficacy Scale (Carroll, Rosson & Zhou, 2005), the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale ( Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1993), the New General Self-Efficacy Scale ( Chen, Gully & Eden, 2001), the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-29) (Antonovsky, 1987, 1993) the Affectometer 2 (short version) (AFM) (Kammann & Flett, 1983), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) were used in this study. Criterion-related validity of the CCES was established. Construct validity was determined by conducting confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses on the community collective efficacy scale.
Results indicated a Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of 0.72 for the CCES and an acceptable inter-item correlations. Criterion-related validity was satisfactory.
Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit and exploratory factor analysis yielded only one factor on the items used.
The results of the study indicated that overall, the CCES may be a valid measure of community collective efficacy in the sample selected for the study based on parameter estimates. Future studies should further validate this instrument cross-culturally in various African groups and contexts. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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MEMORY, COGNITION, AND THE EFFECT OF A MUSIC INTERVENTION ON HEALTHY OLDER ADULTSBowles, Shannon L 01 January 2013 (has links)
Music is a powerful modality that can bring about changes in individuals of all ages. This research employed both an experimental and quasi-experimental design to identify the effects of music as it influenced psychological well-being, memory, and cognition among older adults. Specifically, it addressed three aims: (a) To determine to what extent learning to play a music instrument later in life influenced psychological well-being and cognitive function of non-institutionalized healthy seniors, (b) To determine the effects of the amount of music involvement on psychological well-being and cognitive function (c) To determine the benefit of music for those with limited/no music experience. For the first aim, it was hypothesized that individuals in the experimental music group would maintain and/or improve psychological well-being, memory, and cognitive function more than those assigned to the wait-list control group. For the second aim, it was hypothesized that participants with extensive music involvement would have higher scores on cognitive ability measures and experience greater psychological well-being than those who had not been actively involved in music throughout their life. For the third aim, it was hypothesized that the participants with limited/no music involvement throughout their life would have a larger change on the psychological well-being measures and cognitive assessments than those who had more music involvement. For the experimental portion (Aim 1), the study employed a 6-week music intervention with non-institutionalized older adults. The quasi-experimental portion (Aims 2 & 3) divided participants according to their amount of time involved in music and then looked at psychological well-being and cognitive function. This dissertation did not show a strong connection between music, memory, and cognition so it did not achieve the desired overall results. However, the findings did suggest that music may modify some areas of cognitive function (verbal learning, memory, and retention) and psychological well-being but did not influence other areas (playing a music instrument for any length of time). Therefore, the findings of this dissertation can be a basis upon which future research relating to music, cognitive functioning, psychological well-being and involvement in music can build.
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The Psychological Well-Being of Men Diagnosed with Prostate CancerWalmsley, Lee A. 01 January 2015 (has links)
Prostate cancer (PC) affects one in eight men in North America and continues to be the most common site of cancer in males, especially among older men in Europe and the United States, and the second most common cancer worldwide. Prostate cancer is, after lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among men with an estimated 27,540 deaths in 2015.
The well-being of patients diagnosed with PC is a largely unexplored research area. Numerous factors likely impact men’s psychological well-being as they progress through the experience of managing PC. Among the various factors that may predict psychological well-being for these men, social support, marital adjustment, and emotional expressiveness seem to warrant investigation based on the research literature. “Psychological well-being” as described by Ryff offers a unique way of measuring psychological functioning of men diagnosed with PC and appears to be a multidimensional view of positive psychological functioning.
Little research has been conducted to examine how various factors influence psychological well-being in men with PC. The purpose of the study was to examine correlates and predictors of overall psychological well-being in a sample of men diagnosed with PC. Independent variables included three psychological factors-social support, marital adjustment, and emotional expressiveness. The design of the study was descriptive and cross-sectional. Measures used included: a demographic questionnaire, Scales of Psychological Well-Being, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Expression of Emotion Scale, and a Visual Analog Scale of Social Support. Data analyses examined three predictors and the dependent variable–total psychological well-being. Findings show that marital adjustment significantly predicts total psychosocial well-being scores in men diagnosed with cancer in a positive direction. Implications for therapeutic practice and future research are discussed. Lack of support may place men diagnosed with prostate cancer at risk for poorer psychological well-being. Identification of at-risk men and referral to support services may improve overall psychological well-being
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Skillnader i arbetsmotivation mellan bemanningsanställda och direkt anställda industriarbetare / Does the form of employment effect work motivation?Högberg, Fanny January 2014 (has links)
Syftet med studien var att undersöka skillnader i arbetsmotivation enligt Social Determination Theory beroende på om de anställda hade en direktanställning via företaget som studien genomfördes på eller om de var anställda via bemanningsföretag. Studien undersökte även huruvida arbetsmotivation kunde predicera psykiskt välbefinnande. Urvalet bestod av industriarbetare där den ena gruppen bestod av direktanställda och den andra av bemanningspersonal. Data samlades in genom en enkätundersökning i pappersform som utgick från Basic need satisfaction at work scale för arbetsmotivation och General health questionnaire 12 som mätte psykiskt välbefinnande. Totalt svarade 48 personer på enkäten. Resultatet visade ingen signifikant skillnad överlag mellan grupperna i arbetsmotivation. Däremot gick det att urskilja en skillnad i en av delskalorna hos grupperna där bemanningspersonal uppvisade lägre nivå av autonomi. Studien visade även att arbetsmotivation kunde predicera psykiskt välbefinnande. / The aim of the study was to examine differences in work motivation according to Social Determination Theory depending on whether the employees had a direct employment through the company where the study was conducted or if they were employed through a staffing agency (worked as contingent workers). The study also aimed to examine whether work motivation could predict psychological well-being. The population consisted of industrial workers where one groups consisted of permanent employees and the other group consisted of contingent workers from a staffing company. Data were collected through a questionnaire measured with Basic need satisfaction at work scale for work motivation and General health questionnaire 12 for psychological well-being. The study showed no significant difference between the two groups in general. Separate analyses of the three subscales in work motivation showed that direct employees had higher levels of autonomy than contingent workers. The study also showed that work motivation predicts psychological well-being.
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Coping behaviour, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being in women who experienced childhood sexual abuse / H.J. Walker-WilliamsWalker-Williams, Hayley Janay January 2012 (has links)
The high prevalence of sexual abuse suffered by women as children is well documented, both internationally and in South Africa. The life outcomes of women who had experienced childhood sexual abuse are generally reported as adverse, yet some of these survivors manage to overcome the abusive relationship and experience positive changes in themselves and their lives. Emerging trauma literature thus supports a philosophical shift from a pathogenic to a autogenic paradigm in which the focus is on positive and adaptive post trauma outcomes. Previous trauma models, which were based on a pathogenic model, are now shifting to a positive psychology trend by incorporating a salutary component, which includes a spiritual and existential dimension as well as an area of potential emerging growth. Information on the constructive coping behaviours, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being of women who had experienced childhood sexual abuse can lead to the formulation of guidelines with strategies for an intervention programme that can facilitate and enhance coping, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being in survivors of childhood sexual abuse. This research investigated the coping behaviours, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being of women who had experienced childhood sexual abuse. The research was carried out in South Africa in the greater Gauteng Province and surrounding areas, with women who had experienced sexual abuse in childhood. A mixed method research design was used in which: the first phase was quantitative research conducted with validated psychometric instruments measuring coping behaviour, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being. These instruments were the COPE (Coping Self-efficacy Scale), the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Mental Health Continuum, Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale and the General Health Questionnaire. The second phase was of a qualitative nature, and explored the stories and experiences of women identified as coping constructively, manifesting posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being, by using semi-structured interviews. Lastly, the data obtained was used to formulate guidelines with specific strategies, which can be used by helping professionals in a group context to facilitate and enhance constructive coping, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being in survivors of childhood sexual abuse. The results of this research were as follows: prevalence of constructive coping, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being was determined, and indicated that 58% of participants manifested constructive coping, 60% manifested posttraumatic growth and 42% manifested psychological well-being. Semi-structured interviews conducted with the women scoring in the upper range of coping constructively, growing after the trauma and emerging psychologically well were transcribed and analysed by means of interpretative phenomenological analysis, and the following broad themes emerged: psycho-socio spiritual resources, the healing process and positive strengths. These themes and sub-themes produced data which could be used in the formulation of guidelines with strategies for an intervention programme aimed at enhancing and facilitating constructive coping, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being thereby improving the therapeutic services available to childhood sexual abuse survivors.
Finally the study was evaluated and conclusions and recommendations were made. / PhD, Psychology, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012
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The subjective experience of being HIV-positive : needs, strengths and coping strategies / Susan DoubellDoubell, Susan January 2003 (has links)
Adequate assessment of the needs of HIV-positive individuals in the South
African context is essential, as it may provide insight concerning limitations in
healthcare. This study focuses on the subjective experience of nine HIV-positive
individuals, in order (a) to investigate their needs; (b) to gain
knowledge and understanding of the strengths available to them; (c) to
investigate their coping strategies; and (d) to generate a set of guidelines for
the development of a secondary prevention programme to improve their
psychological well-being and immune functioning. This article employs a
qualitative research method, utilising hermeneutic thematic analysis to gain a
greater understanding of the subjective psychological functioning of HIV-positive
individuals in the South African multicultural context. To a great
extent, this research focuses on the salutogenic/fortigenic perspective, where
the focus is on strengths, capacities and emotional/psychological well-being.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine asymptomatic HIV-positive
individuals. The needs identified during this study involved the
psychological, economical, informational and social categories.
The strengths available to HIV-positive individuals in order to make sense or
construct meaning in their lives, consisted of four themes, namely internal,
social, self-regulative and spiritual strengths. The study further indicates that
the psychological strengths utilised by HIV-positive individuals are closely
related to the concept of meaningfulness, the mechanisms of coping and
psychological resilience.
A broad range of coping strategies was identified that participants employed in
the management of the disease and in dealing with the negative emotions
associated with an HIV-positive diagnosis. These strategies could be
conceptually grouped into five categories based on the functions these
strategies served, namely self-management coping strategies, cognitive
coping strategies, social support coping strategies, religious coping strategies,
and avoidance coping strategies.
The implications of this study are that the various identified concepts related
to needs, strengths and coping strategies, may contribute to the development
of a secondary prevention programme, in order to improve HIV-positive
individuals' psychological well-being and immune functioning. The concept of
"Sense of Coherence" which consists of three elements, namely
Comprehensibility, Manageability and Meaningfulness, could be successfully
incorporated into an intervention programme in order to achieve a positive
redefinition of participants' subjective feeling that life is meaningful, as well as
to improve their comprehensibility and manageability of their illness. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Clarifying the interpersonal component of psychological well-being / Lynette NelNel, Lynette January 2003 (has links)
Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om die interpersoonlike komponent van
psigologiese welsyn te verhelder. Vanuit die literatuur is dit duidelik dat psigologiese
welsyn 'n interpersoonlike komponent bevat, maar ook dat dit op verskillende wyses
gekonseptualiseer word. Die aard van interpersoonlike welsyn is dus nog nie duidelik
nie, en dit is ook nie duidelik in watter mate indikatore van interpersoonlike welsyn
oorvleuel met indikatore van algemene psigologiese welsyn nie.
In 'n empiriese ondersoek het 'n multi-kulturele beskikbaarheidsteekproef van 384
persone, 8 rneetinstrumente of hul sub-skale voltooi ter meting van algemene
psigologiese welsyn en konstrukte wat interpersoonlike welsyn verteenwoordig.
Interpersoonlike welsyn is geoperasiodi met behulp van die BarOn Emotional
Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) van Bar-ON (1997), die Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ)
van Pretorius (1998), die Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) van Costa
& Mc Crae (1992) en die Attachmeat Style Questionnaire (AS) van Feeney, Noller & Hanrahan (1994). Psigologiese welsyn is geoperasionaliseer vanuit 'n fortigene persperktief met die Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) van Antonovsky (1989), die Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) van Diener, Emmons, Larsen en Griffen (1985),
en die Affectometer 2 (AFM) van Kammann en Flett (1983), sowel as vanuit 'n
patogene perspektief, met behulp van die General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) van
Goldberg en Hillier (1979).
Goeie betroubaarheidsindekse is vir alle skale en subskale gevind. Gemiddeldes van
alle skale en subskale was vergelykbaar met die wat in die literatuur gerapporteer is vir
ander soortgelyke groepe.
Die resultate toon dat interpersoonlike welsyn in 'n mate oorvleuel met algemene
psigologiese welsyn, maar as dit ook 'n afsonderlike komponent of dimensie van
van
psigologiese welsyn vorm. Bevindings toon ook twee onderskeibare patrone van
interpersoonlike welsyn. Die eerste een word primer uitgedruk in die uitreiking na
ander, omgee-gedrag, 'n houding van nederigheid in nabye verhoudings asook
verantwoordelikheid teenoor ander in die groter sosiale konteks. Die tweede patroon
word gekenmerk deur 'n geniet van sosiale interaksie en 'n houding van gemak en
assertiwiteit in nabye sowel as wyer sosiale kontekst Hierdie onderskeid hou
moontlik verband met persoonlikheidsverskille soos inskiklikheid versus ekstraversie.
Implikasies van die bevindinge vir psigoterapie en lewensvaardigheidsontwikkeling
word aangedui. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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The design and evaluation of a hope enhancement programme for adults / Charl J. PretoriusPretorius, Charl Johan January 2004 (has links)
The aim of the research was to design and assess the effectiveness of a hope
enhancement programme for a group of adults and the resulting influence on their
general psychological well-being.
The purpose of the programme was to increase hope, as conceptualised by Snyder
et al. (1991), by enhancing participants' abilities to set feasible goals, planning ways
to reach those goals (pathways) and increasing determination and motivation (agency)
towards goal achievement. The workshop-format programme, presented by the
researcher, consisted of six two-hour sessions spread over five days. The programme
was developed through incorporating suggestions from existing Hope literature
together with health psychological and positive psychology principles.
In order to determine the impact of the programme, four measurement instruments
were used, namely the Hope Scale, the Hunter Opinions and Personal Expectations
Scale (HOPES), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Sense of Coherence
scale (SOC-29). A pre and post-test design included an experimental group (n = 8),
control group (n = 8) and 'chat' group (n = 8). Prior to group compilation, screening
interviews were conducted with interested participants to exclude those who had
recently experienced trauma or displayed overt signs of psychological pathology. The
control group received no intervention, while the 'chat' group, of which the researcher
was also a member, was allowed to discuss topics of their choosing. The study groups
comprised both men and women of different ages and socio-economic status. All
participants were White and Afrikaans speaking.
Descriptive statistics, psychometric analysis of the measuring instruments and
significant differences between groups were calculated with the assistance of the
STATISTICA (version 6) computer programme (Statsoft Inc., 2003). Reliability
indices compared well with those recorded in the literature for the various scales. For
the experimental group, the findings indicated an increase in the hope levels as
reflected by significant improvement on the Hope Scale and the Hopefulness subscale
of the HOPES. Subjective feedback from the group confirmed these findings.
Psychological well-being improved, as shown by a significant increase in Sense of
Coherence (SOC-29) along with a positive change in Satisfaction with Life (SWLS).
Neither the control nor experimental groups revealed any significant changes.
It was established that the hope enhancement programme is effective in increasing
the levels of hope and general psychological well-being of a group of adults relatively
free of psychological pathology. Considering the findings, it is recommended that
future wellness intervention should not focus solely on individuals with established
psychological pathology, but also consider a preventative approach within the average
population. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Neuropsychological executive functioning and psychosocial well-being / Elizabeth PetersPeters, Elizabeth January 2005 (has links)
The aim of this study was to come to a better understanding of possible
neuropsychological mechanisms underlying psychosocial well-being and therefore to
determine whether a relationship between neuropsychological executive functions and
psychosocial well-being does indeed exist. Research was conducted in the domains of
neuropsychology and positive psychology. This thesis consists of three articles,
namely I ) Neuropsychological executive functions and psychosocial well-being: A
review, 2) Attentional switching and psychosocial! well-being, and 3) The relationship
between generativity as neuropsychological process and psychosocial well-being.
The first article argued the possibility of a relationship between neuropsychological
and psychosocial aspects, with reference to a pluralistic ecosystems perspective,
neuropsychological and other positive psychological theories, such as Miller's
neuropsychodynamic model and Frederickson's broaden-and-build theory, as well as
existing empirical studies. Numerous neuropsychological studies have indicated that
the prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions, with its main function to
regulate both cognitive and affective functioning. Analyses of existing empirical
studies indicated an established relationship between prefrontal lobe / executive /
regulatory dysfunction and psychopathology, but also that the relationship between
normal or optimal prefrontal executive functions and psychosocial well-being is still
unclear. The first article concluded that evidence correlating neuropsychological
functioning with human flourishing, or indicating possible neuropsychological
mechanisms involved in psychosocial well-being, is sparse, presenting a serious
lacuna in scientific knowledge.
The following two articles focused on contributing to filling this lacuna.
"Attentional switching and psychosocial well-being" and "The relationship between
generativity, as neuropsychological process and psychosocial well-being" focused on
attentional switching and generativity, as part of neuropsychological executive
functions, as potential mechanisms associated with psychosocial well-being. These
studies aimed to determine whether the capacity to switch attention, as measured by
the Color Trails Test (CTT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the
capacity to generate novelty, as measured by the Controlled Verbal Fluency Task
(CVFT) (Benton, 1967) and Uses of Objects Test (UOT) (Getzels & Jackson, 1962),
are related to the degree of psychosocial well-being experienced. As part of the interdisciplinary
POWIRS (Profiles of Obese Women with Insulin Resistance Syndrome)
project, black African women (article 2 n=66; article 3 n=72) completed the above
mentioned neuropsychological measures, as well as indices of psychosocial wellbeing,
in a cross-sectional design. The psychosocial measures included the
Affectometer (AFM) 2 (Kammann & Flett, 1983); Constructive Thinking Inventory
(CTI) abbreviated version (Epstein & Meier, 1989); Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-
29) (Antonovsky, 1987, 1993); The Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ) (Pretorius,
1998); JAREL Spiritual Well-being Scale (SWS-H) (Hungelman et al., 1989);
Psychological Well-being Scales (SPW-B) (Ryff & Singer, 1998); and the Cognitive
Appraisal Questionnaire (CAQ) (Botha & Wissing, 2003).
The main findings of these studies were hat the ease of attentional switching and
generativity correlates statistically (p<0.5) and practically significantly with higher
levels of psychosocial well-being. From a micro-deterministic perspective it can be
concluded that frontal lobe executive functions may play a role in the regulation
higher-order adjusting psychosocial functions related to quality of life. From a micro-deterministic
perspective it can be concluded that psychosocial well-being, while
being influenced by executive functions, may also influence the continuous
development of neuropsychological executive functions. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Dynamics of context and psychological well-being : the role of subjective health perceptions, personality factors and spirituality / Qambeshile Michael TemaneTemane, Qambeshile Michael January 2006 (has links)
There is a lacuna in the field of positive psychology as far as the conceptualisation of
influences of environmental contexts on psychological well-being is concerned, and there
is also a lack of credible empirical findings on the dynamics of processes involved. The
aim of the current study was to test various models on the possible mediating role of
subjective perceptions of health, personality factors and spirituality in the dynamics of
context and psychological well-being.
Psychological well-being was conceptualised and measured multi-dimensionally
as defined from a general psychological well-being, hedonic, and eudaimonic
perspective. Context was defined in terms of the historical stratification in South African
society by socioeconomic differentials pertaining to race, socioeconomic indices and
infrastructural resources.
An availability sample of 5 14 participants from Potchefstroom (n=384) and
Mafikeng (n=130) completed questionnaires on psychological well-being, subjective
perceptions of health, personality factors and spirituality after informed consent was
obtained. Psychological well-being was measured with the Affectometer 2 (Kammann &
Flett, 1983), the Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1987) and Satisfaction with Life
Scale (Diener, Larsen and Griffin, 1985). General psychological well-being was defined
and operationalised in terms of the degree of sense of coherence, satisfaction with life
and affect balance; hedonic well-being in terms of the degree of satisfaction with life and
affect balance, and eudaimonic well-being in terms of the degree of sense of coherence
and satisfaction with life. Subjective perceptions of physical health was measure with the
General Health Questionnaire of Goldberg and Hillier (1979); Agreeableness and
Extraversion as personality factors with the NEO- Personality Inventory - Revised of
Costa and McCrae (1992); and Spirituality with the Spiritual Well-being Scale of
Paloutzian and Ellison's (1979).
The findings indicate, firstly, that perceptions of physical health (article I),
personality factors (article 2) and spirituality (article 3) mediate the relationship between
contexts and psychological well-being. Secondly, that the hedonic model of
psychological well-being (albeit variably conceptualised in article 1 and articles 2 and 3)
overall, yielded the highest amounts of variance. Thirdly, the results also indicated
differences among the two predominantly black and white samples in terms of the roles
played by subjective perceptions of health, personality factors and spirituality in the
relationship between contexts and psychological well-being. It is concluded that due
consideration must be given to social context and the dynamics of interaction between
social ecology and individual factors in order to make a meaningful contribution to the
understanding and promotion of psychological well-being. Theoretical and practical
implications of these findings are indicated. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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