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IPv6 : en nulägesstudieFlorin Snöarve, Jonathan, Nilsson, Filip January 2016 (has links)
IPv4-adresser är begränsat när det gäller antalet det finns att dela ut, ett framtida problem är att dessa adresser med största sannolikhet kommer att ta slut. Vårt arbete har således fokuserat på att inhämta information som bidrar till en klarare bild av hur dagsläget ser ut kopplat mot implementeringen av IPv6 som sker i Europa och Sverige. För att kunna förklara denna implementering på ett bra sätt finns det delar i arbetet som beskriver de tekniska hinder och möjligheter som bidrar till införandet av detta protokoll. Huvuddelen av tiden har spenderats med att inhämta information och fakta som ger en fördjupad kunskap i ämnet, med avsikten att skriva en gedigen bas som utredningsdelen i arbetet utger. Intervjuer har också varit en del, denna del finns i syfte att ge en bild över hur internetleverantörer arbetar med införandet av IPv6. De organisationer som finns och arbetar med införandet av IPv6 har alla en bra pool med fakta som beskriver hur situationen ser ut i dagsläget. RIPE NCCs databas visar klart och tydligt de organisationer som finns med i arbetet med implementeringen av IPv6. Denna databas samt information tagen från genomförda intervjuer ger oss en uppfattning om att införandet än så länge inte har kommit särskilt långt, detta i relation till bristen av IPv4 adresser som råder. I Sverige jobbar PTS mycket mot att hjälpa organisationer med en eventuell övergång till IPv6, deras arbete är ordentligt men problematiken där är istället att organisationer idag inte är i behov av denna information. Det positiva är således att informationen finns där, hos PTS, att hämta vid behov.Trots att de sista IPv4-blocken är utdelade finns det egentligen inget behov av att implementera IPv6 i dagsläget. Ett IPv4-nätverk med fungerande NAT fungerar och kommer med största sannolikhet fungera ett bra tag framöver.
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Avreglering och prisutveckling : En studie av prisutvecklingen av el- och telekommarknadenStjepanovic, Zoran, Gustafsson, Thomas January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Avreglering och prisutveckling : En studie av prisutvecklingen av el- och telekommarknadenStjepanovic, Zoran, Gustafsson, Thomas January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Untersuchung der Spezifität von Antiterminationsproteinen in Bacillus subtilis / Analysis of the specificity of antiterminator proteins in Bacillus subtilisHübner, Sebastian 28 October 2008 (has links)
No description available.
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Avaliação espacial e sazonal das concentrações de partículas totais em suspensão e elementos metálicos associados no ar do município de Ribeirão Preto / SP / Spatial and seasonal evaluation of concentrations of total suspended particles and associated metallic elements in the air of Ribeirão Preto cityMachado, Gabriel Pinheiro 29 March 2018 (has links)
A atmosfera é a camada de gases que envolve a Terra e apresenta componentes essenciais aos seres vivos, porém também apresenta poluentes capazes de tornar o ar nocivo à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. A poluição atmosférica é responsável por cerca de 3,6 milhões de mortes prematuras por ano no mundo todo e para contornar esse problema, autoridades criam padrões de qualidade do ar como limites de concentração de poluentes máximos tolerados em um período de tempo, com base em evidências científicas sobre o seu risco de exposição. Dentre os poluentes atmosféricos, destaca-se o material particulado, que é a união e a mistura de partículas sólidas e líquidas suspensas no ar. As Partículas Totais em Suspensão (PTS) são uma fração desta classe de poluentes, que apresenta um diâmetro inferior a 100 µm. Entre os PTS se destacam as partículas inaláveis grossas (2,5 µm <= 10 µm) e finas (<= 2,5 µm) por sua capacidade de atingir vias respiratórias inferiores, como traqueia e alvéolos, respectivamente. O material particulado pode conter também substâncias tóxicas como metais pesados, que podem gerar uma série de doenças carcinogênicas e efeitos adversos ao organismo. O presente estudo avaliou as concentrações de PTS e metais associados em três regiões distintas da cidade de Ribeirão Preto (Centro, Campus e Aeroporto), nas estações seca e chuvosa. Foi utilizado um amostrador de grande volume como método de coletas de PTS, por meio de filtros de fibra de vidro. Os metais foram dosados por Espectrometria de Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICPMS). Os valores das concentrações de PTS foram comparados com os padrões nacionais e estaduais de qualidade do ar, enquanto as concentrações de metais foram comparadas às diretrizes de instituições internacionais. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) nas concentrações de PTS e metais entre os pontos de coletas, exceto para Cu, Cr e Zn, que apresentaram maiores concentrações na região central (Cu e Cr) e no aeroporto (Zn). Foi verificada variação sazonal para PTS e os seguintes metais associados: As, Be, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn e V, sendo as maiores concentrações observadas no período seco. Os valores das concentrações de PTS não ultrapassaram os padrões de qualidade do ar no estado de São Paulo, porém na estação seca, duas amostras coletadas no Centro e uma no Aeroporto ultrapassaram o limite secundário determinado pela legislação nacional e dessa forma podem causar uma diminuição no bem-estar pela população que reside próxima a esses locais. Concluiu-se que apesar do ar da cidade de Ribeirão Preto ter se apresentado dentro dos limites da legislação para as concentrações de PTS, estas podem causar problemas à saúde da população. Dessa maneira, medidas preventivas devem ser tomadas por meio de políticas públicas para melhorar o controle da qualidade do ar local e reduzir os riscos à saúde da população / The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth and presents components essential to living beings, but also presents pollutants that can make the air harmful to human health and the environment. Air pollution is responsible for 3,6 million premature deaths per year worldwide and to circumvent this problem, authorities create air quality standards as limits of concentration of maximum tolerated pollutants over a period of time, based scientific evidence of their risk of exposure. Among the atmospheric pollutants, the particulate matter, which is the union and the mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air, stands out. Total Suspended Particles (TSP) are a fraction of this class of pollutants, which has a diameter of less than 100 ?m. Among the TSP, inhaled particles are coarse (2.5 ?m <= 10 ?m) and fine (<= 2.5 ?m) due to their capacity to reach lower respiratory tract, such as trachea and alveoli, respectively. Particulate matter may also contain toxic substances such as heavy metals, which can lead to a number of carcinogenic diseases and adverse effects on the body. The present study evaluated the concentrations of TSP and associated metals in three distinct regions of Ribeirão Preto city (Central City, Campus and Airport), in the dry and rainy seasons. A large volume sampler was used for TSP sampling, using glass fiber filters. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) dosed the metals. The TSP concentration values were compared to the national and state air quality standards, while the concentrations of metals were compared to the guidelines of international institutions. There were no significant differences (p <0.05) in the concentrations of TSP and metals between the sampling sites, except for Cu, Cr and Zn, which presented higher concentrations in the Central City (Cu and Cr) and at the Airport (Zn) . Seasonal variation was observed for TSP and the following associated metals: As, Be, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and V, being the highest concentrations observed in the dry period. TSP concentration values did not exceed air quality standards in the state of São Paulo, but in the dry season, two samples collected at the Central City and one at the Airport exceeded the secondary limit determined by national legislation and may represent a decrease in the welfare on these locations. It was concluded that although the air of Ribeirão Preto was occurred within the limits of the legislation for PTS concentrations, these can cause problems to the health of the population. In this way, preventive measures must be taken through public policies to improve local air quality control and reduce the health risks of the population.
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Diagnóstico ambiental sobre o material particulado em suspensão no entorno de pedreira: um estudo de caso em Jaboatão dos Guararapes/PEPinheiro de Melo Neto, Rútilo 31 January 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho trata da avaliação de material particulado em suspensão, tomando como caso
de estudo a comunidade do Engenho Santana no município de Jaboatão dos Guararapes/PE, onde
ocorre a extração de rochas graníticas para a produção de brita (Pedreira), bem como a produção
de asfalto (Usina). De modo geral, os processos de lavra e beneficiamento mineral das pedreiras
provocam a emissão de material particulado, aumentando sua concentração no ar atmosférico.
Assim, o estudo visou à avaliação dos particulados, partindo do diagnóstico ambiental sobre a
qualidade do ar em área residencial do entorno desses empreendimentos, localizada no Engenho
Santana. A metodologia da pesquisa aplicada nas avaliações, qualitativa e quantitativa, consistiu
em visitas técnicas no período de julho a setembro de 2011, através de entrevistas de campo e
análise de documentos. Outrossim, também se fez uso da técnica de Avaliação de Impactos
Ambientais
AIA para a identificação das fontes emissoras de particulados, assim identificando
posteriormente uma usina de asfalto como outra importante fonte emissora poluente do ar
atmosférico. Dos procedimentos para as medições de campo, fez-se uso de Amostradores de
Grande Volume
AGVs (ou Hivol) para medições de Partículas Totais em Suspensão
PTS e de
Materiais Particulados Inaláveis
MP10 no ar atmosférico, conforme postulados pela legislação
vigente (Resolução CONAMA no 03/1990) e regido pelas normas técnicas da ABNT NBR
no 9547/1997 e NBR no 13412/1995, respectivamente. Foram feitas medições que consistiram de
um total de 12 amostras, sendo 6 para PTS com Limite de Tolerância
LT de 24 horas; em cujo
padrão secundário (150µg/m3) foi ultrapassado em apenas uma vez (177.53µg/m 3); e 6 para
MP10, com o mesmo LT de 24 horas, em cujo padrão secundário (150µg/m3) foi inferior ao LT,
atingindo o valor (73.66 µg/m3). Da análise da concentração de PTS, baseado no índice de
qualidade do ar foi revelado que 66.6% das amostras foram classificadas como REGULAR,
16.7% como BOA e 16.7% como INADEQUADA; enquanto que, as concentrações de MP10,
obtiveram o percentual de 16.7% como REGULAR e 83.3% como BOA. Assim, pôde-se
constatar que a área de estudo apresenta concentrações de particulados (PTS e MP10) interferentes
a qualidade do ar ambiente local. Portanto, os subsídios técnicos e ambientais apresentados neste
trabalho servirão para o estabelecimento de medidas de monitoramento sistêmico e contínuo das
emissões atmosféricas, visando à melhora da saúde e bem-estar da população local
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L’HPr, une protéine clé dans l’établissement de la virulence chez Neisseria meningitidis / The HPr, a key protein in Neisseria meningitidis virulenceNait Abdallah, Jamila 12 October 2011 (has links)
Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) est un germe commensal du rhinopharynx ayant pour seul hôte l’homme. Malgré un portage asymptomatique largement répandu, et pour des raisons encore inconnues, elle peut échapper au système immunitaire de l’hôte et devenir pathogène provoquant ainsi méningite et septicémie pouvant être mortelles principalement chez les enfants. Au cours du processus infectieux, Nm alterne entre des phases de colonisation et de dissémination, et se retrouve alors confrontée à différents environnements. L’adaptation rapide à ces variations, par modulation de l’expression des gènes de virulence, représente un facteur important dans sa pathogénie. Les facteurs qui contribuent à la virulence de Nm sont essentiellement des structures présentes à la surface de la bactérie parmi lesquelles les pili et la capsule. Les gènes codant ces facteurs sont sous le contrôle de la protéine CrgA, régulateur transcriptionnel de la famille LysR qui intervient lors de l’adhésion de Nm aux cellules humaines. La protéine CrgA régule négativement sa propre expression ainsi de celle des gènes impliqués dans la synthèse de la capsule (sia) et des pili (pilE et pilC1). Par ailleurs, le PTS est un système de transduction du signal qui intervient, par phosphorylation ou via des interactions protéine/protéine, dans le transport des sucres et dans la régulation du métabolisme du carbone. Chez Nm, ce système est incomplet (constitué des protéines EI, HPr, et deux EIIA), il n’est donc pas fonctionnel pour le transport des sucres mais aurait pu conserver ses fonctions régulatrices. Nous avons montré que les protéines du PTS de Nm étaient actives in vitro et in vivo et que la cascade de phosphorylation du PTS était fonctionnelle. Nous avons également montré que l’inactivation du gène ptsH, codant la protéine HPr, entrainait une diminution significative de la synthèse de la capsule, une augmentation de l’adhésion du mutant aux cellules épithéliales humaines et une augmentation de l’expression de crgA. De ce fait, l’absence de l’HPr semble empêcher la répression de crgA et par conséquent celle des gènes sia. Par ailleurs, des expériences de co-immunoprécipitation, nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que l’HPr interagissait directement avec la protéine CrgA in vitro et in vivo. Ces résultats suggèrent que la protéine HPr interviendrait dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes de virulence de Nm via la régulation de l’expression de crgA. Ainsi, un lien entre métabolisme du carbone et virulence a été mis en évidence chez Nm. / Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is a commensal bacterium of the nasopharynx, which only colonizes humans. Despite a large number of asymptomatic carriers, and for reasons so far unknown, Nm occasionally becomes virulent, escaping the host’s immune system and causing septicaemia and meningitis, the latter being potentially lethal, mostly in children.During the infectious process, Nm alternates between phases of colonization and dissemination, each time facing different environments. This rapid adaptation to the changing environment occurs via the modulation of the expression of virulence genes and represents an important factor of pathogenicity. The structures involved in virulence in Nm are mainly present at the surface of the bacterium, including the pili and the capsule. The genes coding for these structures are controlled by the CrgA protein, a transcriptional regulator of the LysR family, which is induced during the adhesion of Nm to human cells. CrgA negatively regulates its own expression as well as the expression of those genes implicated in the synthesis of the capsule (sia) and pili (pilE and pilC1).Moreover, the PTS is a signal transduction system, which is involved, via phosphorylation or protein/protein interactions, in the transport of sugars and the regulation of the carbon metabolism. In Nm, the PTS is incomplete (only composed of the proteins EI, HPr and two EIIA), thus not functioning in the transport of sugars but it may have conserved regulatory functions.In this work, we demonstrate that the PTS proteins in Nm are active in vitro and in vivo and that the phosphorylation cascade of the PTS is functional. We further show that the inactivation of the ptsH gene, coding for the HPr protein, significantly reduces the synthesis of the capsule, enhances the adhesion of the mutants to human epithelial cells and increases the expression of crgA. Thus, the absence of HPr seems to inhibit the repression of crgA and as a consequence also the repression of the sia genes. Furthermore, from co-immunoprecipitation experiments we provide evidence that HPr directly interacts with the CrgA protein in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that the HPr protein in Nm regulates the expression of the virulence genes via the regulation of crgA expression. Thus, we provide evidence of a link between carbon metabolism and virulence in Nm.
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Biological and Ecological Aspects of Field Released Fire Ant Decapitating Flies Pseudacteon spp. (Diptera: Phoridae), Parasitoids of Red Imported Fire Ants Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Puckett, Robert T. 14 January 2010 (has links)
Multiple Pseudacteon phorid fly species, including P. tricuspis and P. curvatus,
have been released in the southern United States beginning in 1997 and 2003
(respectively) to serve as biological control agents against red imported fire ants
Solenopsis invicta Buren (hereafter referred to as RIFA). Field research in the United
States on phorid/RIFA interactions has addressed establishment and spread of released
species. Additionally, studies are needed on phorid biology and ecology with respect to
spatial distribution and phenology, phorid/habitat associations and phorid-mediated
affects on RIFA foraging patterns.
A suite of manipulative laboratory and field experiments/observations were
conducted to 1) develop a novel phorid sampling device to provide uniform and
repeatable sampling of flies, 2) assess spatial distributions and phenology of
Pseudacteon tricuspis and P. curvatus, 3) assess P. tricuspis and P. curvatus habitat
associations and 4) assess phorid-mediated affects on RIFA foraging patterns and caste
ratios. PTS Traps (developed for this research) are significantly more effective than
previous sampling methods in terms of mean number of flies collected, efficiency of use
and % trap success. Data collected with these traps allowed for the determination of
patterns of species-specific phenology and relative densities through time and speciesspecific
numerical/spatial superiority (Chapter IV). P. curvatus was significantly more
abundant than P. tricuspis in only one of the habitat types sampled (df (160) = 4.57, P <
0.005). P. tricuspis densities did not differ significantly among habitat type.
Llaboratory experiments revealed that phorid-exposed RIFA colonies foraged less
intensively diurnally (df = 1,558; P < 0.05) and more intensively nocturnally (df = 778;
P < 0.05) relative to control colonies. Field data regarding this compensatory nocturnal
foraging shift did not corroborate those of the laboratory work. In the field there was no
significant difference in foraging intensity during nocturnal (df (18) = -0.486, P = 0.633)
and diurnal (df (18) = 1.375 P = 0.186) sampling periods. Lastly, chi-square analysis of
RIFA forager size-classes revealed significant differences between phorid-infested
(treatment) and phorid-free (control) sites (X
2 = 6811.85, df = 3, P < 0.05) with a
significantly greater proportion of small RIFA foragers at the phorid-infested site.
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Die regulatorischen Funktionen des paralogen Phosphotransferase Systems (PTSNtr) in Escherichia coli. / The regulatory functions of the nitrogen-related phosphotransferase system, PTS(Ntr) in Escherichia coliLüttmann, Denise 25 January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Arabidopsis glyoxylate reductase 1 is localized in the cytosol and not peroxisomes in plant cellsChing, Steven LK 02 1900 (has links)
Glyoxylate reductase (GLYR) is a key enzyme in plant metabolism which catalyzes the detoxification of both photorespiratory glyoxylate and succinic semialdehdye, an intermediate of the γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) pathway. Two isoforms of GLYR exist in plants, GLYR1 and GLYR2, and while GLYR2 is known to be localized in plastids, GLYR1 has been reported to be localized in either peroxisomes or the cytosol. Here, the intracellular localization of Arabidopsis GLYR1 was reappraised by conducting microscopy-based experiments that address some novel mechanisms by which proteins can be directed to peroxisomes. For instance, the C-terminal tripeptide sequence of GLYR1, -SRE, despite its resemblance to a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal, was not sufficient for peroxisomal targeting. Collectively, the results define the cytosol as the intracellular location of GLYR1 and provide a useful reference for future studies of proteins proposed to be localized to peroxisomes and/or the cytosol. / NSERC
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