This thesis sets out to explore the reasons why individuals and communities affected by development operations are generally unable to influence and control the content of development interventions, and also how this disadvantaged position could potentially be ameliorated. The aim is to identify systematic and conceptual shortcomings at the governance level – that is, the issues that are valid on their own account and do not rely on the ideological stance about sustainable development. Accordingly, the thesis suggests four principles of accountability that, if implemented, would ensure a more balanced governance of development projects. It then explores whether and how decision-making in the context of World Bank financing currently adheres to these principles, both in terms of substantive standards of accountability and the procedural mechanisms that are put in place to uphold these standards. The analysis goes beyond the classic emphasis on the World Bank’s founding treaties, or enforcement of operational policies through the Inspection Panel. Instead, the thesis introduces the distinction between general (public international and domestic law), specialized (operational policies) and project-specific (agreements) rules, which, it is argued, are all directly relevant in the context of individual interventions. The notion of ‘project law’ is suggested as a helpful theoretical construct that enables such an analysis across traditional categories of sources. On the whole, ‘project law’ emphasizes the problematic link between different rules at the project level and points towards some fundamental difficulties of ensuring accountability for development transactions. The key argument of the thesis is that affected persons should be explicitly recognised under ‘project law’ and that such status could be useful in devising a system of accountability at the project level. It is also suggested that the governance of development interventions would benefit from better defined and more stringent public law rules and procedures, since these would clarify the limits of contractual freedom within ‘project law’. As a result of such greater certainty, it would be easier to hold decision-makers to account. Under the current system of World Bank financing, such improvements would be contingent primarily on the will of those who hold decision-making power, and their consent to be subjected to a more stringent accountability regime. In other words, whilst the legal tools may exist, there is also a need for the political will to use them.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ivan Filipe de Almeida Lopes Fernandes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Políticas Públicas, 2017. / O presente trabalho trata da extrafiscalidade como instrumento de política pública na tributação no Brasil, e visa a traçar um panorama da influência das políticas públicas na seara da tributação brasileira. A extrafiscalidade, conceituada como o uso de instrumentos tributários para fins não arrecadatórios, com vistas a outros valores contemplados legalmente e socialmente, vem sendo utilizada pelo Estado de forma indireta para garantir seus interesses, mas também como ferramenta de realização de políticas públicas e sociais. Realizamos estudos de casos envolvendo modificações na tributação das bebidas alcoólicas utilizando, em especial, o modelo de coalizões de defesa para demonstrar o funcionamento da extrafiscalidade como política pública. A dissertação está dividida em quatro capítulos, sendo que no primeiro pretende-se realizar análise do panorama normativo brasileiro da extrafiscalidade, a fim de situar o problema apresentado na realidade do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. No segundo capítulo, visa-se a discorrer sobre a relação existente entre as políticas públicas e o Fisco, tratando, ainda, da parte metodológica e apresentando o modelo de coalizões de defesa. No terceiro capítulo, pretende-se realizar o estudo da extrafiscaldade a partir do campo das políticas públicas, demonstrando as ligações existentes entre as decisões do corpo do Estado e o manejo de tributos, com foco no IPI (imposto sobre produtos industrializados). No capítulo cinco, por fim, serão identificadas e estudadas com maior profundidade as ações extrafiscais, coalizões e realizados os estudos de casos, a fim de se verificar quais os envolvidos em cada modificação e a sua eventual influência no processo de tomada de decisão. / This study deals with extrafiscality as an instrument of public policy in Brazilian taxation, and aims to draw a view of the influence of public policies in the area of Brazilian taxation. Extrafiscality, considered as the use of tax instruments for non-tax purposes, with a view to other legally and socially contemplated values, has been indirectly used by the State to guarantee its interests, but also as a tool for public and social policies. We have carried out case studies involving changes in the taxation of alcoholic beverages, using in particular the model of advocacy coalitions to demonstrate the functioning of extrafiscality as a public policy. The study is divided into four chapters: the first one is intended to analyze the normative Brazilian panorama of extrafiscality, in order to situate the problem presented in the reality of the Brazilian legal system. The second chapter aims to discuss the relationship between public policies and the Treasury, dealing with the methodological part and presenting the model of advocacy coalitions. In the third chapter, we intend to carry out the study of extrafiscalisty from the field of public policies, demonstrating the links between the decisions of the state body and the management of taxes, with a focus on IPI (tax over industrialized products). In chapter five, finally, extra-fiscal actions, coalitions and case studies will be identified and studied in greater depth in order to verify who is involved in each modification and its possible influence in the decisionmaking process.

O direito internacional dos refugiados constitui um dos mais importantes mecanismos de proteção internacional do indivíduo, sendo objeto de Convenção com alto número de ratificações e de legislação nacional ainda mais protetiva. Não obstante o amplo acervo normativo disponível, desenvolvido para lidar com os desafios impostos pelos frequentes fluxos migracionais que marcaram a primeira metade do século XX, fenômenos recentes tornaram evidente a necessidade de revisão, ainda que parcial, de sua estrutura. Políticas de controle de fronteiras adotadas na Europa levaram ao incremento do fluxo de refugiados entre Estados do Sul. Paralelamente, a transferência de parte do controle para fora das águas territoriais europeias fenômeno observado também no sudeste asiático põe o direito internacional dos refugiados em confronto com a regulamentação do direito do mar. Enquanto isto, o Brasil, por não possuir histórico recente relevante de recebimento de migrantes, enfrenta grande dificuldade para garantir até mesmo o reconhecimento da condição de refugiado. Neste contexto, é imprescindível o enfrentamento de tais problemas, compatibilizando o instituto do refúgio com as necessidades das primeiras décadas do século XXI. / The international refugee law is one of the most important mechanisms of international protection of the individual, being object of a Convention with a high number of ratifications and of even more protective national legislation. Notwithstanding all the existing legal norms, which were developed to deal with the challenges posed by the frequent emigrational flows that marked the first half of the twentieth century, recent phenomena have made the need of at least partial - revision evident. Border control policies adopted in Europe led to an increasing flow of refugees between southern states. At the same time, the transfer of some European border control activities to the high seas - phenomenon also observed in Southeast Asia led to a collision between the international refugee law and the law of the sea. Meanwhile, Brazil, which had no relevant recent history of receiving migrants, faces great difficulty in ensuring even the recognition of refugee status. In this context, it is essential to face these problems, adapting the refuge to the needs of the first decades of the twenty-first century.

In this article, the author analyses the tort not only from a private view, but also from a public function as part of the legalpolitical- economic structure of a State. Likewise, he analyses the significance of the liability rule and how this social-democratic way of organizing law and entitlements fixes the size of the liability;however, it is an inaccurate description of what occurs in the world, as in the case of eminent domain. Therefore, he claims a more significant economic role for the liability rule. / En el presente artículo, el autor analiza la responsabilidad extracontractual no solo desde una visión privada, sino también desde una función pública como parte de la estructura legal-política-económica de un Estado. Asimismo, analiza el significado de la regla de responsabilidad y de cómo esta manera social-demócrata de organizar el derecho y las titularidades fijan el tamaño de la responsabilidad; sin embargo, esta es una descripción inexacta de lo que ocurre en el mundo como en el caso de las expropiaciones. Por ello, afirma un papel económico más significativode la regla de responsabilidad.

Qu’est-ce que la consultation ? Si le sens courant de la notion ne fait pas de doute, son sens juridique est incertain. Et pourtant, elle est de ces mécanismes qui irriguent tous les pans du droit public. Les textes normatifs la nomment, comme une évidence, pour désigner les procédures les plus diverses. On consulterait donc de la même manière un individu, un organisme, une autorité, des électeurs. Qu’y a-t-il de commun entre toutes ces « consultations » ? La consultation est-elle une notion singulière ou doit-elle être, désormais, diluée dans d’autres modes d’action publique qui, par leur déroulement ou par leur effets, lui ressemblent ? Identifier la consultation, c’est en constater l’utilité, c’est comprendre pourquoi le phénomène persiste, c’est aussi en éprouver les limites. Si le bilan de la consultation est positif, il est nuancé par le constat de sa prolifération. La réguler, c’est la préserver, c’est s’assurer qu’elle remplit la fonction qui lui est assignée et c’est garantir la lisibilité du droit. L’étude de la consultation ne se limite pas à donner un sens juridique à un mot du quotidien. Elle permet d’éviter la confusion des procédures, elle aide les autorités normatives à user au mieux de ses vertus et elle permet au destinataire de la norme de comprendre ses enjeux / What is consultation ? If its ordinary meaning makes no doubts, its legal meaning is more uncertain, yet consultation is one of these mechanisms that are in every part of Public Law. Regulatory texts refer to it to designate various procedures. We then consult an individual as we do it with an organism, an authority or even voters. What do all these « consultations » have in common ? Is it a singular notion or must it be diluted in other forms of publicaction which resemble it through their process and effects ? To identify consultation means acknowledging its utility, it means understanding why this phenomenon persists, and it also means testing its limits. While consultation as process, has mostly positive effects, this statement has to be nuanced by its proliferation. To regulate this process means to preserve it, make sure it’s fulfilling its functions and ensure there adability of the law. Consultation’s study does not limit itself to the process of giving a legal meaning to an ordinary word. It allows the avoidance of procedure’s intermingling, it helps regulatory authorities to use its virtues at its best, and finally it allows the norm’s recipient to actually understand its stakes

L'intérêt public local est une notion du droit administratif français qui apparaît comme une fausse évidence, attachée à la mise en œuvre jurisprudentielle de la clause générale de compétence des collectivités territoriales. Sa singularisation conceptuelle aboutit à la constitution d'un fondement juridique tangible dans la personnalité morale de droit public des collectivités territoriales. L'évolution du droit de la décentralisation, notamment constitutionnel, permet de déterminer le cadre positif de son existence. Une démarche objective et prudente confère à la notion un contenu propre, de nature finaliste, correspondant à la vocation générale des collectivités territoriales à satisfaire les besoins propres de leur population locale. Cependant, le caractère opérationnel de ce contenu ne masque pas l'hétérogénéité des fonctions de la notion d'intérêt public local. Leur différenciation conduit à considérer, à la faveur de l'étude de la jurisprudence, que la notion est efficiente dans les relations qu'entretiennent les collectivités territoriales avec leur propre environnement. Elle constitue ainsi un titre à agir dynamique, d'ailleurs systématisé en matière d'intervention économique locale. Si l'intérêt public local est largement convoqué par le juge administratif face aux décisions issues d'une habilitation légale identifiée, il ne conduit pas à créer ou contester le principe même de cette habilitation. Cette dernière limite fonctionnelle constitue la borne opérationnelle de la notion d'intérêt public local, qui ne permet pas, pour l'heure, d'agir sur la répartition légale des compétences entre personnes publiques. / Local public interest is a french administrative law notion which appears as a misleading evidence because of the standard case law related to the local authorities « general competence clause ». Its conceptual definition allows to highlight its legal foundation within the local authorities public-law legal personnality. The evolutions of the devolution law, especially in the areas of constitutionnal law, establish a positive framework for its existence. An objective and cautious approach confers to the notion an actual finalistic substance corresponding to the general nature of local authorities to ensure that local communities' needs are actually met. However, the operationnal aspect of this content does not mask the heterogeneity of the local public interest functions. According to a review of the case law, the distinguishing of its functions demonstrates the efficiency of the notion in the scope of the local government functions by constituing a dynamic legal capacity to act, systematised particuliarly in local initiatives in the economic sphere. If local public interest is widely used by administrative courts to supervise decisions deriving from a grant of legislative power, it can neither provide the basis to create, nor to dispute the principle of this legislative power. This ultimate functional limit remains the operational barrier to the local public interest which does not allow to act on the distribution of functions between public authorities so far.

A noção de serviço público, desde sua incorporação ao direito brasileiro, na primeira metade do século XX, sofreu profundas alterações. A atividade privativa do Estado, destinada à satisfação de necessidades coletivas e sujeita a um regime jurídico especial de direito público passa a ser questionada e desafiada por uma lógica de mercado cada vez mais crescente da qual decorre um anseio cada vez maior pela abertura dos mercados e pela eliminação de monopólios e privilégios. O serviço público como atividade exclusivamente estatal tem que ser revisto. Contudo, não tem que ser revisto para sua extinção. Tem que sê-lo para sua adequação, a qual deve ser empreendida em face do atual conteúdo da Constituição Federal de 1988. Na esteira do constitucionalismo da segunda metade do século XX, a carta constitucional brasileira foi farta na criação de direitos aos cidadãos. Nessa óptica, assegurou o direito fundamental da livre iniciativa e instituiu o princípio constitucional da livre concorrência, o que não pode passar despercebido no processo de revisão dos serviços públicos. O acesso de particulares às atividades constituídas como serviços públicos passa a ser cada vez mais constante, sob o pálio dos mais diversos regimes e instrumentos jurídicos. Como resultado, deve se procurar quais os contornos atuais do serviço público, quais os impactos do regime concorrencial sobre sua essência e quais os instrumentos que devem ser manejados pelo direito administrativo para superar os efeitos desses impactos. É esse, com precisão, o objetivo da presente tese. / The concept of public service has been through deep changes since its incorporation in Brazilian law system. The monopolistic activity of the State, aiming at satisfying social necessities and subject to a special public law regime is nowadays questioned and challenged by a rising market oriented logic that gives rise to the desire of a complete market opening and the elimination of monopolies and privileges. The public service must be revisited and reviewed. However, it must not be revisited to be extinguished. It must be revisited to become more accurate and adequate in view of the content of the Federal Constitution of 1988. In accordance with the constitutionalism of the second half of the 20th Century, the Brazilian Constitution created in favor of the citizens a considerable list of fundamental rights. In this perspective, it guaranteed the fundamental right of freedom of profession and created the constitutional principle of the free competition, what must have impacts upon the concept of public service. The accessibility of third private parties to the development of activities of public services is each day more common, under the protection of several legal instruments and legal regimes. As a result, the current configuration of the public service must be investigated, as well as the impacts of the competition thereon and the instruments that must be managed by the administrative law to mitigate the results of such impacts. This investigation is precisely the scope of this dissertation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Paulo Pellegrini Saker.pdf: 678577 bytes, checksum: 4b49d93c803453f3425461db580cb60f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-20 / This master degree dissertation aims to analyse the basic sanitation public policy related to development. The theme lies on the importance of sanitation public utilities, regarding public health. We discuss about legislative and administration competence of federation components, in order to discipline and carry out that kind of service. The purpose is to specify its titularity, social, political and economical implications. Comments are made about other patterns in foreign countries. Historical facts of the service in Brazil are reported, from the beginning to the approval of this Marco Regulatório do Saneamento Básico (Basic Sanitation Regulative Mark) and its implications (results). Everything, with the aim of pointing out ways to the improvement of the sanitation public service, towards overcoming underdevelopment. At last, controverted points are examined, concerning to its possibilities as a private process and to its organization, by using a plain approach to mechanisms of management partnership among the federation components and its subordination to hydrographical planning. / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo a análise da política pública de saneamento básico e o desenvolvimento. A importância do serviço público de saneamento, levando-se em conta sua relação com a saúde pública. Discute-se sobre a competência administrativa e legislativa dos entes da federação, para disciplinar e executar esse serviço. O escopo é precisar sua titularidade, quais suas implicações sociais, políticas e econômicas. São elaborados comentários sobre outros modelos de saneamento em países estrangeiros. Relatam-se de fatos históricos do serviço no Brasil, do início à aprovação do Marco Regulatório do Saneamento Básico e suas implicações. Tudo, com o objetivo de apontar caminhos para a melhora do serviço público de saneamento, em busca da superação do subdesenvolvimento. Por fim, são examinados os pontos controvertidos com relação a sua privatização e organização, por meio de abordagem simples sobre os mecanismos de gestão associativa entre os entes da federação e sua subordinação ao planejamento por bacias hidrográficas.

This master´s thesis deals with a methods of construction permits under the Building Act. In the first part defines the basic terms related. The second part deals with the permitting proces in the life cycle of construction. In the third part discusses the decisive authorities and the general procedures. The following parts deal with specific methods of permits under the Building Act. This is the definition of construction without the need for permits and construction requiring only notification. The next part deals with the proces of building permit and permitting of construction through a public law contract or a certificate of an authorized inspector. In the last part assessed and summarized the opinions of employees building authority, which were obtained through a questionnaire.

Energy law of the Czech Republic Abstract The diploma thesis is devoted to the Energy law of the Czech Republic and its main purpose is to analyse the regulation of enterprise in the energy sectors under public law. The thesis concentrates mostly on the regulation under the Energy act, but it also reflects relevant regulation contained in other statutes, regulations, European Union legislation or international agreements. The thesis also reflects the consequences of the stated regulation for the enterprises performing business activities in the energy sector. For this purpose, the thesis distinguishes between various entities operating on the market with (i) electricity, (ii) gas and (iii) heating. Besides it also defines what preconditions individual subjects must meet to perform the activities in energy sector and what obligations the energy law imposes on them. In this context the thesis concentrates on the instruments of legal regulation used in this field, especially the licence, the certificate of independence and the state authorization for the construction of the power stations or some gas facilities. Moreover, the thesis compares stated legal tools with legal tools used abroad; in particular with legal tools used in the Slovak Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany that were chosen because of...