Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Since the city’s founding in 1821, Indianapolis has hosted a public market, situated on Market Street, between Delaware and Alabama Streets. The City Market served as an economic engine for Indianapolis, connecting rural farmers with urban communities and providing business-venture opportunities for a growing immigrant population. This thesis examines the evolution of the City Market’s historic and cultural importance in the urban landscape of Indianapolis through three critical periods. This study, moves chronologically through the building’s historical development from inception to reinvention in the modern era. Peeling back the layers of City Market history reveals the dynamic needs of the city, a colorful reflection of urban economic life. The final chapter suggests feasible ways to incorporate this building’s robust and colorful past into the space through proposed interpretation.

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L'administration utilise de plus en plus le procédé contractuel, notamment les marchés publics, contrats par lesquels elle satisfait ses besoins en travaux, fournitures et services. Au sein des marchés, à côté des procédures formalisées soumises aux directives communautaires, une catégorie particulière de marché a été créée par le code des marchés publics de 2004 : les marchés à procédure adaptée (M.A.P.A.). Ces marchés, qui constituent une innovation du code de 2004 et qui ont été repris par le code de 2006, sont définis par l'article 28 du code comme les marchés « dont les modalités sont librement fixées par le pouvoir adjudicateur en fonction de la nature et des caractéristiques du besoin à satisfaire, du nombre ou de la localisation des opérateurs économiques susceptibles d'y répondre ainsi que des circonstances de l'achat ». Les modalités laissées à l'appréciation du pouvoir adjudicateur ne doivent pas pour autant porter atteinte aux principes généraux de la commande publique (liberté d'accès à la commande publique, égalité de traitement des candidats et transparence des procédures). Ainsi, la liberté accordée aux acheteurs publics dans le cadre des M.A.P.A. a pour contrepartie une responsabilité accrue. Cette marge de manœuvre accorde une place importante à la jurisprudence pour définir le régime de ces marchés et laisse place à l'innovation des acheteurs publics. / The administration uses increasingly the contract process, including procurement, contracts under which it satisfies its needs works, supplies and services. In markets, in addition to formal procedures subject to EU directives, a particular category of contract was created by the Public Procurement Code 2004 : markets appropriate procedure (MAPA). These markets are an innovation of the Code of 2004 and which were included in the Code of 2006, are set out in Article 28 of the Code as markets "whose terms are freely set by the contracting authority in accordance with the nature and characteristics needed to meet the number or location of economic operators likely to respond and the circumstances of the purchase. "Terms at the discretion of the contracting authority should not necessarily undermine the general principles of public procurement (freedom of access to public procurement, equal treatment of candidates and transparency of procedures). Thus, the freedom granted to public purchasers within the MAPA is offset by an increased responsibility. This flexibility gives an important place to the courts to define the treatment of these markets, leaving room for innovation in public buyers.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-04-19T11:25:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Mercado Central de Pelotas - a permanência no lugar do consumo.pdf: 4696949 bytes, checksum: ff8cbd3bba62a2f069046426b7c07ccf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-04-20T22:25:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Mercado Central de Pelotas - a permanência no lugar do consumo.pdf: 4696949 bytes, checksum: ff8cbd3bba62a2f069046426b7c07ccf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T22:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Mercado Central de Pelotas - a permanência no lugar do consumo.pdf: 4696949 bytes, checksum: ff8cbd3bba62a2f069046426b7c07ccf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A presente dissertação constitui-se num estudo interpretativo sobre os mercados públicos tradicionais. O trabalho usa como caso piloto o Mercado Central de Pelotas (RS, Brasil), mas relaciona-o com outros casos igualmente pesquisados, como os mercados de Buenos Aires e o antigo mercado de Bagé. A partir desse recorte singelo, o trabalho se propõe a realizar uma interpretação dos fenômenos de consumo urbano, especialmente no tocante à construção, percepção e uso do espaço. Partindo da hipótese de que os mercados públicos tradicionais foram deteriorados para dar lugar aos supermercados, com prejuízos para a economia popular e a qualidade do espaço urbano, o trabalho procura justificar o entendimento de que a sociedade de consumo não edifica, e sim reifica a realidade, a partir da manipulação dos estímulos ambientais, com fins mercadológicos. Processo no qual os arquitetos teriam importância fundamental, como cúmplices ou críticos. Agindo em nome da segunda postura, propõe-se que a memória social dos mercados públicos deve ser preservada como representação do longo período em que o estado funcionou como promotor da economia popular. Os mercados públicos teriam sido equipamentos capazes não só de oferecer gêneros alimentícios a preços acessíveis, como também de promover o empreendedorismo; duas condições das quais carece a conjuntura atual, marcada pela alta dos preços dos alimentos e dos níveis de desemprego urbano. Se tal distorção fosse intrínseca à exploração econômica do solo urbano as cidades nem sequer teriam surgido, no entanto, o que uma breve caracterização das origens da atividade comercial revela é que as cidades se formaram justamente porque a troca permitiu um equilíbrio pacífico entre as demandas e ofertas dos gêneros necessários à preservação da vida. Essa função ancestral das atividades de troca se encontra preservada nos mercados públicos, onde a substituição da gôndola pela banca representa uma respeitosa aproximação face a face entre comerciantes, produtores e consumidores. / This is an interpretive study on the traditional public markets. The study takes for a pilot case Pelotas Central Market (Mercado Central de Pelotas) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, but sets it against other equally surveyed facilities, like Buenos Aires markets and the old Bagé Central Market. Departing from this simple sketch, the task purported to perform an interpretation of the urban consumption phenomena, particularly those referring to the building, perception, and usage of public spaces. Taking the viewpoint that the traditional public markets were ruined to give room to supermarkets and the subsequent damage to the popular economy and deterioration of the urban space, the work means to justify the working hypothesis that the consumption society does not edificate, but reificates the reality from the manipulation of the environmental stimuli with marketing goals, a process in which architects have played a fundamental role as accomplices or critics. Acting in the name of the second ideological viewpoint, it is proposed that the social memory of public markets be preserved as a representation of the long period in which the State has acted as a promoter of popular economy. Public markets have been facilities prepared not only to supply foodstuffs for cheap pricing but to promote entrepreneurship as well, two conditions the present state of the market lacks, as it is marked by the raise of food prices and the levels of urban unemployment. If said distortion had been intrinsic to the economic exploitation of urban soil, towns would not even had been built in the first place. On the contrary, a brief characterization of the origins of commercial activities reveals to us that towns have actually been established because the exchange of goods allowed for a peaceful balance between demand and offer of goods necessary to life preservation. This ancestor role of exchange activities is still preserved in the public markets where the substitution of gondolas by stands represents a respectful approach to the face-to-face dealings between vendors, producers, and consumers.

La reprise des contrats de travail est indéniablement déterminée par le transfert d'entreprise. C'est en effet en raison d'une telle opération que le législateur français prévoit, à l'article L1224-1 c.trav., que tous les contrats de travail en cours au jour du transfert sont automatiquement repris par le cessionnaire. Cependant, ce lien est aujourd'hui oublié sous un enchevêtrement de dispositifs alternatifs ou spécifiques, prévoyant une reprise des contrats de travail en dehors de tout transfert d'entreprise. Ces développements s'expliquent notamment par l'échec du droit européen à harmoniser la législation des États membres sur le sujet. Le droit européen, ne souhaitant pas instaurer une protection uniforme, a fait le choix de n'apporter qu'une définition lacunaire des notions qui constituent pourtant l'essence du transfert d'entreprise. En somme, chaque État est donc libre d'interpréter à sa convenance les dispositions des directives successives, avec, pour seule régulation, l'œil avisé de la Cour de Justice de l'Union Européenne. Cette cacophonie juridique est une opportunité certaine. En effet, au vu de la diversité d'appréhension du sujet par différents droits internes (principalement allemand, anglais et espagnol), une étude comparative permet de mettre à jour les avantages et les carences de notre droit français. Pour ce faire, il conviendra de partir du seul consensus européen sur la question : la perte d'un marché ne constitue pas un transfert d'entreprise. De la redéfinition de l'entreprise à la protection des droits de l'employeur et des salariés, la présente étude propose une simplification du droit du transfert d'entreprise. / The taking over of the employment contracts is undeniably determined by the business transfer. It is indeed because of such a circumstance that the article L1224-1 of the French Labour Code provides for the French legislation, to take over automatically all the work contracts in progress on the day of the transfer by the transferee. However, this link is nowadays forgotten under a confusion of alternative or specific provisions, providing for the taking over of the employment contracts outside any business transfer. Those developments can be explained by the failure of the European law to standardise the legislation of the Member-States on that particular point. The European law does not want to establish an identical protection and has made the choice to bring an incomplete definition of the notions that make however the gist of business transfer. All in all, each state is free to interpret to its convenience the dispositions of successive directives, under the sole control of the European Court of Justice. This legal cacophony is an opportunity. Indeed, since the topic is so variedly dealt with by different national laws (mainly German, English and Spanish), a comparative study enables to reveal the pros and cons of our French law. The starting point of our reflexion will be the only European consensus on this issue: the loss of a market shall by no means entail a business transfer. From the redefinition of the notion of business to the protection of the rights of both employers and employees, this present study advocates for a simplification of business transfer law.

L’adaptation des ports maritimes aux nouvelles donnes du commerce international, ne peut se réaliser sans une implication des opérateurs privés dans la gestion des activités portuaires. Cette participation exige que, les activités industrielles et commerciales des ports, leur soient confiées par le biais de montages juridiques efficients. Parmi ceux-ci, les concessions portuaires apparaissent comme les outils juridiques offrant un cadre d’accueil, en termes de performance et de rentabilité des activités économiques dans les ports maritimes. Or, aujourd’hui, le problème de la qualification juridique de ces concessions portuaires semble se poser dans la mesure où règne un désordre juridique en droit administratif. Cette thèse vise, ainsi, à apporter un éclairage à la question. Son introduction générale expose, d’abord, la notion de concession portuaire et aborde ensuite l’objectif de cette étude en mettant l’accent sur sa problématique : le contrat de concession dans les ports peut-il être classé dans une famille juridique préétablie et être rattaché à une catégorie juridique préexistante ? Pour répondre à cette question, la première partie de cette thèse s’est attachée à mettre en relief la diversité des éléments caractéristiques des concessions portuaires. Cette opération d’identification a mis l’accent sur les éléments essentiels et ceux qui sont non essentiels permettant la qualification juridique des concessions portuaires. Mais, cette qualification théorique ne peut être judicieuse et cohérente que si elle est confrontée à la constante évolution de la pratique des montages concessifs réalisés par les opérateurs économiques dans les ports. C’est à cette grille d’analyse que s’est livrée la seconde partie de cette thèse. Elle a, ainsi, porté sur la diversité de la pratique concessive dans les ports maritimes français et africains. Aussi, ont été examinés les montages concessifs dans les ports français en comparaison avec ceux utilisés dans les ports européens (Anvers, Rotterdam, Hambourg) et dans les ports de l’Afrique notamment en Côte d’Ivoire, au Sénégal, au Cameroun, en Algérie et au Maroc. Cette analyse comparative qui est illustrée par des documents professionnels montre, finalement, que la qualification juridique des concessions portuaires qui est l’axe central de cette thèse est un exercice périlleux. Elle ne peut se faire qu’au cas par cas, selon les pays et en tenant compte des efforts conjugués de la doctrine, de la jurisprudence, des textes législatifs et réglementaires. / The adaptation of sea ports to the new rules of international trade can only happen with the involvement of private port managing operators. This involvement requires the entrustment of ports industrial and commercial activities, through efficient legal devices/arrangements/frameworks. Among these, port concessions seem like legal instruments providing a good setting, in terms of performance and profitability for economic activities in sea ports. However, the legal qualification/classification/characterization of these port concessions can be an issue since a legal disorder is observed in administrative law. The thesis is thus aiming at sheding light on this matter. The introduction firstly exposes the notion of port concession and then adresses the objective of this study by outlining its problematic : can port concession contracts be classified into a pre-establisehd legal group and attached to a pre-existing legal category ? To address the question, the first section of this thesis highlights the diversity characterizing port concessions. This identification process outlines the essentiel and non-essential elements, enabling the legal qualification of port concessions. However, this theoretical qualificaiton can only be wise and coherent if it adapts to the constant evolution of the use of concessive framework by the economic agents in sea ports. The second section of the thesis thus tackles the issue, by considering the diversity in use of concessions in sea ports of France and Africa. The concessive devices of French sea ports have been compared to those of other European ports (Antwerp, Rotterdam, Hamburg) and African ports, in particular in Ivory Coast, Senegal, Cameroon, Algeria and Morocco. The comparative analysis illustrated through professional documents, shows that the legal qualification of port concessions, which is the center of this thesis, is a perilous enterprise. It can be done only on a case by cas basis, according to the various countries and taking into account the joint forces of doctrine, jurisdiction, as well as legal and regulatory texts.

Depuis le début des années 2000, la Commission européenne suivie par la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne (CJUE), ont déterminé les exigences du droit de l'Union dans de nombreux domaines concernant l'organisation et le fonctionnement de l'action administrative en matière de services publics. L'interprétation des règles dictées par le Traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne, fixe les modalités de la gestion publique, qu'il s'agisse de la création des services d'utilité publique ; de leurs formes de gestion quelles soient structurelles ou conventionnelles ; des droits particuliers accompagnant leur bon fonctionnement ; ou encore de l'encadrement des aides publiques nécessaires à leur financement. Ces progressions qui devraient être normalisées par l'adoption d'une future directive, ont largement influencé la manière de concevoir, en France, la gestion des services publics autant que la participation publique dans l'économie. La recherche de l'optimisation du fonctionnement des services et de l'efficacité économique de l'opération, motive désormais le recours au procédé de la gestion déléguée. Source d'inspiration, le droit de l'Union et particulièrement le travail de la CJUE, contribuent à la réflexion sur l'enrichissement des mécanismes de gestion des services publics, qui disposent en outre, d'un cadre privilégié à l'échelon local. Pour autant, cette influence est réciproque. Renouvelée au travers du concept de « partenariat public- privé », la concession est envisagée comme un outil clef pour la relance économique de l'Europe, et demeure une référence en matière de montages contractuels complexes. / Since the beginning of 2000, The European Commission and the European Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), have determined the requirements of European Union Law in various areas relating to the organization and the functioning of the administrative action on public services matters. The interpretation of rules dictated by the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union is setting out the terms of the public management whether the creation of public utility, their forms of management , structural or contractual, special rights accompanying their proper functioning, or even the framework of public aid to finance it. These progressions which should be normalized by the adoption of a future directive have greatly influenced the way to perceive in France, the management of public services as much as the participation in the economy. The search for optimizing the functioning of the services and the economic efficiency of the operation is urging from now on to use the delegated management process. The European Union Law, source of inspiration, and more particularly the work of the CJEU, are contributing to a reflection on the enrichment of the mechanisms of the management of public services, which have furthermore a privileged frame locally. However, this influence is reciprocal. Renewed through the concept of “public-private partnership”, the concession is envisaged as a key tool for the recovery of the European Economy, and remains a reference on complex contractual arrangements.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas Murilha-1.pdf: 14097136 bytes, checksum: de6509aa6792a81ed834e6fa52dc439d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / This research aims to study the theories and concepts hygienists present on the body of doctors and engineers, from the early nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth century, checking the impact thereof on the construction of public buildings - markets and slaughterhouses . We also intend to investigate an analytical perspective that focuses on the constructive-typological conceptions of slaughterhouses and public markets of these cities, which are the objects of investigation of research both in Europe and Brazil. From the second half of the nineteenth century, the construction of slaughterhouses and markets began to be administered by the municipalities of S?o Paulo Province. These buildings were linked to food production and movement of goods. Generally, they were built in locations away from the urban center at the time, so as to cater to the principles hygienists. The epidemics that afflict European cities in Brazil were also concerned with the arrival of cholera by ship from Europe in the 1850s and led the Imperial Government passed obliging local councils to adopt their positions on health determinations, provided the imperial legislation of 1828, which are based on the theory that hygienist largely attributed to the "poison" in this environment the cause of several epidemics. Since then, the political hygienist who largely had their bases in the miasma theory, began to explain the control of government in the marketing of foodstuffs in the cities. Municipalities are now responsible for the construction and administration of abattoirs and markets, which, thereafter, they became public, no longer private. Many of these buildings built in cities in the interior have been demolished, and the Municipal Slaughterhouse of Campinas, designed by renowned architect-engineer Francisco de Paula Ramos de Azevedo. The slaughterhouse of Vila Mariana in Sao Paulo with Alberto Kuhlmann design, opened in 1887, was preserved and is now a cultural center. Still, it was preserved in Sao Paulo Municipal Market of Santo Amaro, opened in 1897, built in brick masonry, where it supplies the capital of timber, grain and other goods produced in the region or received from nearby cities like Itapecerica and Embu. Indeed, part of this heritage today tumbled by CONDEPHAAT Sao Paulo is linked to the production office of architect-engineer Francisco de Paula Ramos de Azevedo. This is the case Paulistano Municipal Market, opened in 1933, built in neoclassical style. Another example is the Municipal Market of Campinas, opened in 1908, also designed by Ramos de Azevedo, and this style neomourisco. This paper presents a set of case studies of public markets and slaughterhouses still exist in some cities in the interior, which are of significant historical value and still unprotected by the municipal bodies. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo o estudo das teorias e as concep??es higienistas presentes junto ao corpo de m?dicos e engenheiros, a partir do in?cio do s?culo XIX at? meados do s?culo XX, verificando a repercuss?o das mesmas na constru??o de edif?cios p?blicos mercados e matadouros. Pretende-se tamb?m investigar uma perspectiva de an?lise que foca as concep??es tipol?gicas-construtivas dos matadouros e mercados p?blicos destas cidades, sendo estes os objetos de investiga??o da pesquisa, tanto na Europa como no Brasil. A partir da segunda metade do s?culo XIX, a constru??o de matadouros e mercados passaram a ser administrados pelas municipalidades da Prov?ncia Paulista. Estes edif?cios estavam ligados ? produ??o aliment?cia e a circula??o das mercadorias. Geralmente, os mesmos foram constru?dos em locais afastados do centro urbano na ?poca, para assim, atenderem aos princ?pios higienistas. Os surtos epid?micos que acometiam as cidades europ?ias tamb?m se manifestaram no Brasil com a chegada da c?lera atrav?s de navios vindos da Europa na d?cada de 1850 e fez com que o Governo Imperial passasse a obrigar as c?maras municipais a adotarem em suas posturas determina??es sanit?rias, previstas na legisla??o imperial de 1828, sendo estas fundamentadas na teoria higienista que em grande parte atribu?a ao veneno presente no ambiente a causa das diversas epidemias. A partir de ent?o, as pol?ticas higienistas que em grande parte possu?am na teoria miasm?tica suas bases, passaram a explicar o controle das administra??es p?blicas na comercializa??o dos g?neros aliment?cios nas cidades. As C?maras Municipais passam a ser as respons?veis pela constru??o e administra??o dos matadouros e mercados, da qual, a partir da?, os mesmos passaram a ser p?blicos, n?o mais particulares. Muitos destes edif?cios constru?dos em cidades do interior paulista j? foram demolidos, como o Matadouro Municipal de Campinas, projetado pelo renomado arquiteto-engenheiro Francisco de Paula Ramos de Azevedo. O Matadouro da Vila Mariana em S?o Paulo com projeto de Alberto Kuhlmann, inaugurado em 1887, foi preservado e ? hoje um centro cultural. Ainda, em S?o Paulo foi preservado o Mercado Municipal de Santo Amaro, inaugurado em 1897, constru?do em alvenaria de tijolos, onde este abastecia a capital de madeiras, cereais e outras mercadorias produzidas na regi?o ou recebidas de cidades pr?ximas, como Itapecerica e Embu. Na verdade, parte deste patrim?nio hoje tombado pelo CONDEPHAAT de S?o Paulo est? vinculada ? produ??o do escrit?rio do arquiteto-engenheiro Francisco de Paula Ramos de Azevedo. ? o caso do Mercado Municipal Paulistano, inaugurado em 1933, constru?do no estilo neocl?ssico. Outro exemplo ? o Mercado Municipal de Campinas, inaugurado em 1908, tamb?m projetado por Ramos de Azevedo, sendo este em estilo neomourisco. O presente trabalho apresenta um conjunto de estudos de caso de matadouros e mercados p?blicos ainda presentes em algumas cidades do interior paulista, sendo estes de significativo valor hist?rico e ainda desprotegidos pelos ?rg?os municipais.

The number of public markets in the United States increased from more than 300 in the 1970s to more than 8,600 by 2016. This increase in markets is related to changes in food production, localism and the local food systems movement, socioeconomic changes, cultural changes, and perceptions of embeddedness. Research on the underlying conditions for the success of public markets is scant in the United States, and especially in the USDA Southwest Region. This study provides analysis of public market locations as compared with non-market locations by drive-time trade areas during a 20-year period, 1996 and 2016, to gain further insights into factors leading to their success. The results from logit regression analyses and simulations of socioeconomic, college-town status, and climate-grid classifications find an increased likelihood of public markets with population, education, college town status, and some climate-grid locations. Median income, surprisingly, has an inverse relationship with public market success. Qualitative data and a literature review point to three types of embeddedness that motivate customers to attend public markets. This study concludes that "local nontradable consumer goods" tied to place are offered at these "nontradable consumption amenities." These amenities are "third places" that promote social interaction and become important places of community, farmer support, and commerce across the Southwest Region.