A partir da década de 1970, os impactos da sociedade de consumo industrial sobre o meio ambiente tornaram-se amplamente reconhecidos e debatidos em diversos setores da sociedade, inserindo-se nas agendas de lideranças mundiais. Central para o debate sobre meio ambiente e crescimento econômico tem sido o papel das empresas que, tendo sido historicamente parte do problema, passaram a incluir o meio ambiente em suas atividades e na gestão de seus negócios. Grandes acidentes envolvendo usinas nucleares e contaminações e outros de menor porte aumentaram a percepção pública quanto aos riscos decorrentes de um processo de produção predatório que ignora os limites da natureza. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir as estratégias de internalização da gestão ambiental à estrutura da empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos, com enfoque na gestão hídrica da empresa. Para tanto, adotou-se uma metodologia baseada em análise documental e em um estudo de caso na empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. A revisão bibliográfica foi realizada em materiais obtidos na CETESB, na sede da Empresa Suzano e na Associação Brasileira de Papel e Celulose (ABTCPBRACELPA), além de teses e dissertações. Os dados para análise foram levantados em revistas setoriais com foco em gestão ambiental e em papel e celulose e nos relatórios de Sustentabilidade da empresa Suzano dos últimos 10 anos. Nesta etapa buscou-se avançar na compreensão das alternativas tecnológicas do setor de papel e celulose com foco na gestão da água, conhecer os participantes no mercado de papel e celulose e suas iniciativas voltadas ao tema da sustentabilidade. Foram ainda realizadas visitas à fábrica e à sede da empresa Suzano, com realização de entrevistas com a gerência de meio ambiente e qualidade. Os resultados alcançados revelam que três fatores têm sido determinantes para as mudanças na gestão hídrica na empresa, a saber: a legislação, que estabelece padrões de emissão de efluentes hídricos em corpos dágua; a pressão da opinião pública, notadamente a partir de meados da década de 1980 com relação à presença de compostos organoclorados (dioxinas) em efluentes de papel e celulose; e as exigências dos mercados importadores, como, por exemplo, quanto à certificação ambiental dos processos produtivos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa indicam que a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos passou de uma estratégia passiva com relação ao meio ambiente para uma estratégia proativa incorporando as exigências ambientais da legislação e de seus mercados no exterior. Conclui-se, portanto, que o meio ambiente tornou-se elemento-chave de competitividade e permanência no mercado para a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. / Since the 1970s, the impacts of the industrial production on the environment have become highly recognized and debated by ample sectors of society and taken over the agendas of leaders all over the world. Central to the debate between environmental protection and economic growth has been the role played by the business sector in the search for solutions to the environmental crisis by internalizing environmental demands. The aim of this paper is to discuss the strategies adopted by the Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose when interiorizing environmental concerns. Emphasis will be given to the industrial management of water resources in the last 30 years. To this effect, a case study method has been adopted. The bibliographic research was carried out through the use of materials, obtained at The State of São Paulo Environmental Agency), at ABTCP-BRACELPA (The Brazilian official Pulp and Paper Organization), and other studies on the pulp and paper sector. The data used in the analysis in environmental management magazines focused on the pulp and paper sector and the companys annual sustainability reports of the last 10 years. The aim was to acquire deeper understanding of the pulp and paper sector technological alternatives for cleaner production. In addition, interviews with the company´s Environment and Quality manager of the Suzano plant were also carried out. The results suggest that the company´s water management strategies have been determined by three key factors: the regulation, which sets the standards for effluent discharges; the pressure of public opinion, in the mid 1980s, particularly public demands for the elimination of the use of chlorine compounds (the dioxins); and the environmental demands of external markets such as those related to the environmental certification of production processes. The results reveal that, in the last 30 years, Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose has shifted from a passive strategy towards its environmental impacts to a proactive by interiorizing both the demands of the regulation and the demands of its overseas markets. In conclusion, the environment has become a key element both for the companys competitiveness and survival.

Orientador: Tullo Vigevani / Banca: Sebastião Velasco e Cruz / Banca: Francisco Luiz Corsi / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por finalidade discutir o setor de celulose e papel a luz do processo de globalização, com um olhar especial sobre produção e a mão-de-obra na década de 90 no Brasil. Procurando perceber em que medida os elementos atribuídos a globalização estão presentes neste setor. Nossa análise será efetivada através da discussão dos pontos mais relevantes que cercam a realidade do setor. Daremos início a nossa discussão observando as transformações ocorridas a partir da segunda metade do século XX e como estas refletem no setor. Assim, não poderíamos deixar de abordar o perfil da indústria, sua caracterização e trajetória. No contexto globalizado que o mundo vivencia torna-se importante observarmos a incidência e a abrangência do setor no Brasil e no mundo, procurando dar uma ênfase especial para a produção e mão-de-obra. Pois entendemos que na década de 90 vivenciamos um processo o qual procurou aumentar a produtividade e diminuir sensivelmente a mão-de-obra, com mudanças significativas para a segunda. Além disto, acreditamos inicialmente que com a globalização os setores com maior inserção no mercado mundial tendem a sentir mais esta tendência. / Abstract: This work has the purpose to discuss the pulp and paper sector at the focus of the globalization process, with a special glance on production and the labour on 90's in Brazil. Trying to notice in that measured the attributed elements of globalization are present in this sector Our analysis will be executed through the discussion of the most important points around the reality of the sector. We'll start our discussion observing the transformations happened since the second half of the century XX and how they act on the sector. Like this, we could not stop approaching the profile of the industry, your characterization and trajectory. In the context of the globalization that the world lives, it becomes important we observe the incidence and the inclusion of the sector in Brazil and in the world, trying to give a special emphasis for the production and labour. Therefore we understood that on 90's we lived a process that tried to increase the productivity and to reduce the labour sensibly, with significant changes for the labour. Besides, we believed initially that with the globalization, the sectors with larger insert in the world market feel more this tendency. / Mestre

A crescente preocupação mundial com o manejo dos recursos florestais tem exercido grande pressão nos ambientes extrativistas e industriais ligados à base produtiva silvícola. Em vista da dificuldade de se estabelecer quais empresas e produtores adotam padrões produtivos ambientalmente sustentáveis, o uso das certificações tem ganhado notoriedade, funcionando como mecanismo de sinalização de comportamento mercadologicamente valorizado. Este cenário representa empiricamente teorizações da Economia da Informação em um ambiente agroindustrial específico, apresentando ferramentas de emissão de sinais como potenciais redutores da assimetria de informação presente na estrutura econômica de comércio. Contudo, permanecem questionamentos sobre como este uso de certificações e conseqüente melhoria da disponibilidade informacional podem impactar sobre as firmas adotantes desta estratégia. Relacionando esta situação com elementos da Economia Industrial (abordagem Estrutura-Conduta-Desempenho) e caracterizando a sinalização como um elemento de Conduta, esta pesquisa se propõe a verificar empiricamente potenciais impactos desta estratégia de atuação no Desempenho resultante. Como objeto específico de estudo, elegeu-se, dentro da indústria silvícola brasileira, o setor de papel e celulose, dada a sua relevância econômica para o agronegócio brasileiro. O método de análise de desenvolve através de modelos econométricos que buscam estabelecer e mensurar relações de influência entre a evolução de adoção de certificações de manejo florestal sustentável no desempenho exportador agregado do setor para o período 1995- 2008 (dados mensais), visto que a prática de comércio internacional potencializa a disponibilidade assimétrica de informações. Os resultados encontrados são parcialmente conclusivos em direção à sustentação da hipótese de que o uso de certificações tem influências positivas sobre o desempenho de comércio exterior da indústria brasileira de papel e celulose. / World’s increasing concern regarding forest resources management has pressured the producers and industries connected to forestry activities. In face of the difficulty to differentiate agents’ productive patterns of behavior towards forests, the use of sustainable forest management certifications is becoming increasingly relevant, working as a supposedly market valued signaling device. This scenario represents empirically in a specific agroindustrial environment the theories developed in Information Economics, presenting signal emission tools as potential reducers of commercial information asymmetry. However, questions regarding how the use of these certifications and the consequent improvement of information availability impact on firms which adopt this strategy remain. Relating this situation with the elements of Industrial Economics (more specifically the Structure-Conduct-Performance approach) and defining the signaling behavior as a Conduct pattern, this research proposes an analysis of the possible impacts of this strategy in the resulting Performance. As object of study, the Brazilian Pulp & Paper (P&P) industry is chosen, given its economic importance for the country’s forest and agribusiness sectors. The methodology to develop this verification is based on econometric regression models, aiming to establish and measures influences between the sustainable forest management certifications implementation evolution in the aggregated exporting performance of the Brazilian P&P industry for the period 1995-2008 (monthly data), since the international trade is expected to rise the levels of information asymmetry and hence the value of signals. Results allow partial acceptance of the hypothesis that the use of certifications has positive influences on Brazilian P&P industry’s international trade performance.

The biological sludge formed in the pulp and paper wastewater treatment constitutes a costlyproblem to dispose off due to poor dewaterability. It is often incinerated or used as soilconditioner improvement. By using anaerobic digestion of the biological sludge, thedewaterability can be increased. Thanks to the formation of biogas, the sludge volume isdecreased and energy can be recovered as methane. By pre-treating the sludge, the biogasproduction can be increased, making the anaerobic digestion more economically feasible. Eleven samples of biological sludges from six Swedish pulp and paper mills, chosen torepresent different types and sizes of mills available in Sweden, were pre-treated with alkali(NaOH, pH12), heat (80˚C, 1 hr) and electroporation (2000 pulses, 10 kV/cm). Initialmethane production rate and methane potential of all sludges and pre-treatments weredetermined using batch experiment. A combination of two sludges (from the same mill) pretreatedwith alkali and heat was further investigated in a semi-continuous digester experiment. The batch experiments showed that alkali pre-treatment had the greatest positive effect onmethane production. Heat treatment performed second best, whereas electroporation had no orlittle effect. Overall, pre-treatments increased the initial methane production rate, but withinsignificant effects on the methane potential. Heat pre-treatment showed no difference inbiogas production compared to the control in the semi-continuous digester experiment. Alkalitreatment was shown to inhibit biogas production and cause high accumulation of acetate. Itcould not be concluded whether it was an effect from hydroxide or sodium ion addition.Further analysis of the NaOH impact on floc structure, toxicity and bioavailability issuggested to determine the suitability of alkali-treated sludge for anaerobic digestion. / Bioslam, som bildas vid vattenreningen på pappers- och massabruk, utgör en kostnad attomhänderta på grund av avvattningssvårigheter. Kvittblivning sker oftast genom förbränningeller användning som jordförbättringsmedel. Genom rötning kan slammet bli merlättavvattnat och tack vare att det bildas biogas minskar slamvolymen samtidigt som energikan utvinnas från metanet. Produktionen av biogas kan ökas genom att förbehandla slammetinnan rötning, vilket skulle innebära ekonomiska fördelar. Denna studie har undersökt effekten av förbehandling för elva bioslam från sex svenskapappers- och massabruk, valda att representera olika typer och storlekar på svenska bruk.Behandlingen gjordes med alkali (NaOH, pH12), värme (80˚C, 1 h) och elektroporering(2000 pulser, 10 kV/cm). Effekten av förbehandling på initial metanproduktionshastighet ochmetanpotential undersöktes med hjälp av satsvis utrötning (batch) av alla slam. Enkombination av två slam från samma burk utvärderades i ett semi-kontinuerligt rötningsförsökefter förbehandling med värme och alkali. Resultatet från utrötningsförsöket visade att den alkaliska förbehandlingen hade störst positivinverkan på metanproduktionen. Värmebehandlingen presterade näst bäst, medanelektroporeringen visade sig ha liten eller ingen effekt. Generellt sett ökade den initialametanproduktionshastigheten till följd av förbehandling, medan metanpotentialen förblevoförändrad. Värmebehandling gav ingen effekt på biogasproduktionen i det semikontinuerligarötningsförsöket jämfört med kontroll, medan alkalisk förbehandling inhiberadebiogasproduktionen och orsakade höga koncentrationer av ackumulerat acetat. Det kunde inteavgöras huruvida det var natrium- eller hydroxidjoner, som orsakade inhiberingen. För attkunna utvärdera möjligheten att röta slam, som förbehandlats med NaOH, rekommenderasvidare analys av dess påverkan på flockstruktur, toxicitet och biotillgänglighet.

<p>For complex technical systems in the electricity and pulp and paper industries, maintenance management addresses how to exploit physical assets in the most profitably way. This is a difficult task that requires taking into consideration parameters of totally different natures – e.g. reliability data, operating costs, condition of technical systems, the environment and rules and regulation.</p><p>An incorrect estimate of a residual lifetime can result in a premature renewal with accompanying high capital costs. If, however, renewal is delayed, a breakdown may occur which can cause major damage to technical equipment and a loss of income due to outages. Because of the complexity of many technical systems, it can be hard to select adequate data to use when making decisions about renewal strategies. To cope with this, one approach is to use less detailed models that are operated by skilled analysts.</p><p>This work demonstrates the advantage of such an approach by proposing two methods applied in a joint methodology that has its origins in RCM. The methodology consists of Dynamic Lifetime Model (DLA) and the Condition Based Index (CBI). The DLA method copes with the financial risk associated with the point in time for when a renewal is carried out and the CBI method uses critical parameters to estimate the condition of a technical system. The two methods together create a quantitative connection between reliability, maintenance and financial risk. A case study based validation of the methodology was carried out at SCA Ortvikens paper mill on a refiner system and Forsmark nuclear power plant. Lessons learned from the case study showed that the methodology could be used to identify which components could cause costly breakdown. By using the methodology a manager gets a decision support tool for estimating short-term and long-term consequences of decisions regarding maintenance management in order to maximize utility of the system concerned</p>

Under tillverkningsprocessen i massa- och pappersindustrin bildas avloppsflöden i flera olika steg. Ett av de miljöbelastande utsläppen utgörs av organiskt material. Organiskt material kan mätas som biokemisk syreförbrukning (BOD), kemisk syreförbrukning (COD) eller som totalt organiskt kol (TOC). Analys av COD inkluderar ofta miljöfarliga ämnen (till exempel kvicksilver). Naturvårdsverket har under flera år aviserat att analysen kan komma att förbjudas och därmed blir analys av TOC allt mer vanligt. EU:s referensgränsvärden anges dock i COD och design av reningsanläggningar utgår oftast från COD. Detta leder till att båda parametrarna kommer att fortsätta att vara aktuella. Med syftet att förbättra kunskapen om sambanden mellan COD och TOC för olika typer av avlopp inom massa- och pappersindustrin samlades jämförande serier över COD och TOC in från olika svenska bruk. Serierna analyserades med hjälp av regressions- och korrelationsanalys, för att sedan jämföras med medelvärdet av brukens COD/TOC faktorer (omvandlingsfaktorer). Studien innehöll även en del där information om analyser, förbehandlingar och övergången från COD till TOC samlades in genom intervjuer med personer ute på bruken. Som en avslutande del av projektet genomfördes ett laborativt arbete i mindre skala med främsta syfte att se hur konstant omvandlingsfaktorn var över tiden. Resultaten visade att korrelationen mellan COD och TOC ofta var hög men att omvandlingsfaktorn var beroende av typ av tillverkningsprocess och rening. Värdet på omvandlingsfaktorn varierade därför mycket mellan olika bruk och delströmmar. Bruk med tillverkningsprocesser som använder få kemikalier hade en mer lika omvandlingsfaktor sinsemellan än bruk med kemikaliekrävande processer. Dessutom gav en högre reningsgrad en lägre omvandlingsfaktor. Omvandlingsfaktorn föreföll varken påverkas av halten suspenderat material eller vara årstidsberoende. Dessutomvar den också relativt konstant över tiden. / The industrial production of pulp and paper generates wastewater in several different steps in the production chain. Organic material from the wastewater will have an impacton the surrounding environment. Biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygendemand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) are three ways to measure organicmaterial. When analyzing COD, harmful substances such as mercury are often used. The Swedish Environmental Agency has for several years forecasted that this analysis might be banned, and therefore analysis of TOC has become more and more common in Sweden. However, COD is often used as a design parameter when designing new wastewater treatment plants and the European Union’s reference values are given as COD. Hence, both parameters will continue to be used and both need to be taken into consideration. With the aim to improve the knowledge of the relationship between COD and TOC, data series with TOC and COD were collected. The data originated from several different Swedish pulp and paper mills, as well as from different types of waste water streams within each mill. The data series were analyzed using linear regression and correlation analysis, and then compared with the companies’ mean value of the ratio between COD and TOC (the conversion factor). Information about the shift from COD to TOC, and the analyzing methods and pretreatment methods was gathered by conducting interviews with employees at the different mills. The final part of the project was a laboratory study, with the main focus to examine if the conversion factor changed over time. The results showed that the correlation between COD and TOC often was high, but that the conversion factor depended on type of manufacturing process and waste water treatment. Mills with a low use of chemicals had a more similar conversion factor than mills with a more chemical demanding process. Furthermore, a high degree of purification resulted in a lower conversion factor. The conversion factor did not seem to depend on neither the content of suspended solids nor the time of the year. Additionally, the conversion factor was relatively constant over time.

The Swedish pulp and paper industry is the third largest exporter of pulp and paper products worldwide. It is a highly energy-demanding and water-utilising industry, which generates large volumes of wastewater rich in organic material. These organic materials are to different extents suitable for anaerobic digestion (AD) and production of energy-rich biomethane. The implementation of an AD process within the wastewater treatment plant of a mill would increase the treatment capacity and decrease the overall energy consumption due to less aeration and lower sludge production and in addition produce biomethane. Despite the many benefits of AD it is only applied at two mills in Sweden today. The reason for the low implementation over the years may be due to problems encountered linked to the complexity and varying composition of the wastewaters. Due to changes in market demands many mills have broadened their product portfolios and turned towards more refined products. This has increased both the complexity and the variations of the wastewaters´ composition even further, as the above changes can imply an increased pulp bleaching and utilisation of more diverse raw materials within the mills. The main aim of this thesis was therefore to generate knowledge needed for an expansion of the biomethane production within the pulp and paper industry. As a first step to achieve this an evaluation of the biomethane potential and the suitability for AD of wastewaters within a range of Swedish pulp and paper mills was performed. Thus, around 70 wastewater streams from 11 different processes at eight mills were screened for their biomethane potential. In a second step, the impact of shifts in wood raw material and bleaching on the AD process and the biomethane production was investigated and further evaluated in upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors. The screening showed that the biomethane potential within the Swedish pulp and paper industry could be estimated to 700 GWh, which corresponds to 40% of the Swedish biomethane production during 2014. However, depending on the conditions at each specific mill the strategy for the establishment of AD needs to differ. For mills producing kraft pulp the potential is mainly found in wastewaters rich in fibres, alkaline kraft bleaching wastewaters and methanol-rich condensates. The biomethane potential within thermo-mechanical pulp- (TMP) and chemical thermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) mills is mainly present in the total effluents after pre-sedimentation and in the bleaching effluents as these holds high concentrations of dissolved organic material. The screening further showed that the raw material used for pulp production is an important factor for the biomethane potential of a specific wastewater stream, i.e. hardwood (HW) wastewaters have higher potentials than those from softwood (SW) pulp production. This was confirmed in the lab-scale UASB reactor experiments, in which an alkaline kraft bleaching wastewater and a composite pulping and bleaching CTMP wastewater were used as substrates. AD processes were developed and maintained stable throughout shifts in wastewater composition related to changes in the wood raw materials between SW and HW for the kraft wastewater and spruce, aspen and birch for the CTMP wastewater. The lower biomethane production from SW- compared to HW wastewaters was due to a lower degradability together with a higher ratio of sulphuric compounds per TOC for the SW case. The impact of shifts between bleached and unbleached CTMP production could not be fully  evaluated in the continuous process mainly due to technical problems. However, due to the large increase in dissolved organic material when bleaching is applied, the potential biomethane production will increase during the production of bleached pulp compared to unbleached pulp. Based on the biomethane potentials obtained for one of the included CTMP mills, their yearly production of biomethane was estimated to 5-27 GWh with the lowest and the highest value corresponding to the production of unbleached spruce pulp vs. bleached birch pulp. Thus, the results of the investigations presented in this thesis show that the UASBreactor is suitable for AD of wastewaters within the pulp and paper industry. The results also show that challenges related to variations in the organic material composition of the wastewaters due to variations in wood raw materials could be managed. The outcome of the thesis work also imply that the production of more refined products, which may include the introduction of an increased number of raw materials and extended bleaching protocols, could increase the potential biomethane production, especially if the pulp production will make use of more HW. / Den svenska pappers- och massaindustrin är den tredje största exportören av massa och pappersprodukter och en viktig industriell aktör i Sverige. Det är en industri med hög energi- och vattenanvändning, som genererar stora mängder avloppsvatten rika på organiskt material. Detta organiska material kan via anaerob nedbrytning användas för att producera energirik biometan. Användandet av anaerob behandling, som ett steg i brukens vattenrening, genererar inte bara biometan utan kan också öka reningskapaciteten och minska energiförbrukning och kostnader tack vare minskat behov av luftning och minskad slamproduktion. Trots de många fördelarna med anaerob behandling är den idag bara tillämpad på två bruk i Sverige. En av orsakerna till detta kan vara processproblem som relaterats till avloppsvattnens komplexitet samt varierande sammansättning och flöden. Många pappers- och massabruk har utökat sina produktportföljer med bl a mer förfinade produkter, som en följd av en förändrad marknad. Dessa förändringar har ökat avloppsvattnens komplexitet och variation än mer, då ovan exempelvis kan medföra en ökad produktion av blekt massa samt att fler typer av träråvaror används vid ett och samma bruk. Huvudsyftet med föreliggande avhandling är att bidra med kunskap för en ökad produktion av biometan inom pappers- och massaindustrin. Som ett första steg genomfördes en övergripande utvärdering av ca 70 avloppsvattenströmmar från totalt 11 olika processer vid åtta svenska pappers- och massabruk med fokus på biometanpotential samt lämplighet för anaerob behandling. I ett andra steg utvärderades hur skiften i träråvara samt blekning påverkar biometanproduktionen samt processtabiliteten för en kontinuerlig anaerob nedbrytningsprocess i en UASBreaktor. Den initiala utvärderingen visade att den svenska pappers- och massaindustrin skulle kunna bidra med 700 GWh biometan per år, vilket motsvarar 40% av biometanproduktionen i Sverige under 2014. Beroende på utformningen av det enskilda bruket kommer strategier för implementering av anaeroba processer att se olika ut. För bruk som producerar sulfatmassa återfanns huvuddelen av biometanpotentialen i fiberrika avloppsvattenstömmar, alkaliska blekeriavlopp samt metanolrika kondensat. För bruk som producerar termomekanisk- (TMP) eller kemitermomekanisk (CTMP) massa föreligger biometanpotentialen framförallt i avloppsvatten rika på löst organiskt material såsom totalavlopp efter sedimentering och blekeriavlopp. Den initiala utvärderingen visade också att användandet av lövved ger en högre biometanpotential jämfört med barrved. Dessa resultat kunde bekräftas vid kontinuerliga experiment med anaerob nedbrytning i UASB-reaktorer, där ett alkaliskt blekeriavlopp från ett sulfatmassabruk och ett kombinerat massaproduktions- och blekeriavlopp från ett CTMP-bruk användes som substrat. Stabila anaeroba processer etablerades och bibehölls vid förändrad avloppsvattensammansättning på grund av skiften i träråvara (löv- och barrved för sulfatmassabruket samt gran, asp och björk för CTMP bruket). Den lägre produktionen av biometan för barrved jämfört med lövved kunde förklaras med en lägre nedbrytbarhet samt ett ökat svavelinnehåll i relation till mängden organiskt material. Skiften mellan avloppsvatten från blekt- och oblekt CTMP massa kunde inte utvärderas fullständigt i den kontinuerliga processen på grund av tekniska problem. Produktionen av blekt massa ökar dock mängden organiskt material i  avloppsvattnet, vilket medför att mer biometan kan produceras jämfört med då oblekt massa produceras. Baserat på biometanpotentialerna för ett av i studien ingående CTMP bruk uppskattas den årliga produktionen av biometan till 5-27 GWh, där den lägsta produktionen motsvarar oblekt granmassa och den högsta produktionen motsvarar blekt björkmassa. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att UASB-reaktorer är lämpliga för anaerob behandling av avloppsvatten inom pappers- och massaindustrin. Vidare visar resultaten från de kontinuerliga försöken att de utmaningar som medförs av den varierande sammansättningen av avloppsvattnens organiska material knutet till träråvaran kan hanteras. Slutligen, breddade produktportföljer samt produktionen av mer förfinade produkter, vilket kan innebära en ökad massablekning och ett ökat användande av olika träråvaror, kan öka brukens potentiella biometanproduktion, särskilt om mer lövved används för massaproduktion.

For complex technical systems in the electricity and pulp and paper industries, maintenance management addresses how to exploit physical assets in the most profitably way. This is a difficult task that requires taking into consideration parameters of totally different natures – e.g. reliability data, operating costs, condition of technical systems, the environment and rules and regulation. An incorrect estimate of a residual lifetime can result in a premature renewal with accompanying high capital costs. If, however, renewal is delayed, a breakdown may occur which can cause major damage to technical equipment and a loss of income due to outages. Because of the complexity of many technical systems, it can be hard to select adequate data to use when making decisions about renewal strategies. To cope with this, one approach is to use less detailed models that are operated by skilled analysts. This work demonstrates the advantage of such an approach by proposing two methods applied in a joint methodology that has its origins in RCM. The methodology consists of Dynamic Lifetime Model (DLA) and the Condition Based Index (CBI). The DLA method copes with the financial risk associated with the point in time for when a renewal is carried out and the CBI method uses critical parameters to estimate the condition of a technical system. The two methods together create a quantitative connection between reliability, maintenance and financial risk. A case study based validation of the methodology was carried out at SCA Ortvikens paper mill on a refiner system and Forsmark nuclear power plant. Lessons learned from the case study showed that the methodology could be used to identify which components could cause costly breakdown. By using the methodology a manager gets a decision support tool for estimating short-term and long-term consequences of decisions regarding maintenance management in order to maximize utility of the system concerned / QC 20111216

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PEREIRA_Tainara_2013.pdf: 1316115 bytes, checksum: e27f367a9554f43f23c9d5278c584514 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-28 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The aim of this study is to assess the potential effects of technical measures belong to the WTO TBT agreement on exports of Brazilian pulp and paper industry. The choice of this segment was due to the same consist of a major component of national export agenda, being susceptible to external regulations. For this, we employed a gravity model comprising Brazil and its importers who reported at least one technical measure within the analysis period 1997-2012. The econometric model, whose inference occurs through the Tobit method further comprises the GDP of the countries involved in trade , foreign tariffs for products affected, bilateral distances and the official languages of each of the trading partners considered. Through descriptive and statistical analyzes we found that greater attention is given to papers and supplies intended for toilet use and the information content present in these seems to be a decisive factor in purchasing their partners. The effect of technical measures on the segment revealed that some of the measures imposed are associated with lower export volumes, thus suggesting greater trade between the same restriction as notifications to the production processes on the product, as well as measures involving compliance which can influence the cost structure of exporting in an effort to adapt its products. Thus, it is expected that the results found to contribute to greater understanding of the effect of technical measures on the pulp and paper industry, as well as the behavior of these requirements over others products of agribusiness. / O objetivo desse estudo é verificar os potenciais efeitos das medidas da OMC sobre as exportações do setor de papel e celulose brasileiro. A escolha desse segmento se deu em virtude do mesmo consistir em um importante componente da pauta exportadora nacional, sendo suscetível a regulações externas. Para isso, foi empregado um modelo gravitacional compreendendo o Brasil e seus importadores que notificaram pelo menos uma medida técnica dentro do período analisado, 1997 a 2012. O modelo econométrico, cuja inferência se dá por meio do método Tobit, inclui ainda o PIB dos países envolvidos nas trocas comerciais, as tarifas externas aplicadas aos produtos afetados, as distâncias bilaterais e os idiomas oficiais de cada um dos parceiros comerciais considerados. Por meio das análises descritivas e estatísticas foi possível verificar que uma maior atenção é dada a papéis e insumos destinados ao uso higiênico e que o conteúdo informacional presente nestes parece não constituir fator decisivo na compra de seus demandantes. O efeito das medidas técnicas sobre o segmento revelaram que as algumas das medidas impostas estão associadas a volumes menores de exportação, sugerindo assim uma maior restrição comercial quanto às mesmas, como notificações destinadas aos processos produtivos, sobre o produto, bem como medidas que envolvem conformidade, as quais podem influenciar na estrutura de custos das exportadoras, no esforço de adequação de seus produtos. Assim, é esperado que os resultados encontrados contribuam para um maior entendimento a respeito dos efeitos das medidas técnicas sobre o segmento de papel e celulose, como também o comportamento dessas exigências sobre outros produtos do agronegócio.