Depuis les années 1970, les historiens de la pensée économique comme les sociologues se sont largement penchés sur les interactions entretenues par les outils issus des théories économiques et par les pratiques effectives de marché. Ces travaux indiquent la porosité de la frontière entre activité scientifique – observer, mesurer, théoriser – et participation au monde social. Tel est précisément l’objet d’un courant important de la sociologie économique, portant le nom de « performativité » : les économistes instituent les marchés autant qu’ils les observent et théorisent, ils produisent et façonnent le monde social tel que nous le vivons aujourd’hui. Cette sociologie, que l’on qualifiera de « performativiste », entend étudier l'influence des théories économiques en s'attardant principalement sur les dispositifs techniques dont celles-ci renseignent l'élaboration. Elle part du constat que ces dispositifs encadrent et conditionnent les comportements sociaux, de sorte que la réalité économique est petit à petit amenée à se conformer aux théories. Tel est, par exemple, le principe assumé du design de marché : les économistes conçoivent, à partir de leurs théories, des systèmes d’enchère, d’appariement, ou des plate-formes marchandes, dans le but d’amener la réalité à se comporter comme leurs modèles. S'il convient assurément de souligner l'originalité heuristique de ces réflexions, la présente recherche entend questionner la pertinence explicative des outils conceptuels qu'elles mobilisent, en identifier les limites et apporter une contribution théorique à la question de la performativité. Cette pertinence sera jugée (et c’est un choix qu’il conviendra de justifier) à l’aune de la capacité de la théorie de la performativité à penser les échecs performatifs. À savoir quand une théorie échoue à faire fonctionner le monde social conformément aux mécanismes qu’elle décrit. On montrera que la théorie performativiste arbore un certain type de relativisme, un relativisme qui limite précisément sa capacité à saisir les cas d’échec. On tentera de montrer que cette limite est intimement liée au fait qu’elle aborde principalement la performativité par le prisme des dispositifs techniques. À l'image d'un moteur à explosion ou d'un logiciel open source, le monde social est, dans cette perspective, d'une extrême malléabilité. Libre aux économistes de le façonner à l'image de leurs propres théories. / No English summary available.

This thesis estimates the impact of non-tariff measures (NTMs) notified by the importing countries on agricultural trade. The non-tariff measures constitute the technical measures notified under the SPS and TBT agreements and the non-technical measures to trade. Two approaches are used; the inventory approach and the econometric approach which makes use of the gravity model. The inventory results suggest that African countries face more restrictions on their exports than what they impose on their imports. Also, Uganda, Senegal and Mali are among the top twenty most affected importers. The empirical results suggest that the impact of the overall group on non-tariff measures is ambiguous but when measures are disaggregated into technical and non-technical measures, the results show that the technical measures promote agricultural trade and that the non-technical measures restrict trade. Also, imports of industrialized nations from fellow industrialized nations are promoted by the technical measures but are restricted by non-technical measures, while those from non-industrialized countries are affected negatively by both technical and non-technical measures. Out of the five regions considered, Africa faces the largest negative impact by both technical and non-technical measures. / Master of Science

Pastaraisiais metais Lietuvoje buvo priimti svarbiausieji baudžiamieji ir baudžiamojo proceso įstatymai- Baudžiamasis kodeksas, Baudžiamojo proceso kodeksas, Bausmių vykdymo kodeksas bei juos lydintys poįstatyminiai aktai. Šie įstatymai dar ilgai turėtų lemti valstybės nuostatas dėl formų ir procedūrų bei būdų, naudojamų tiriant nusikalstamas veikas bei nagrinėjant bylas teisme. Nusikalstamų veikų tyrimas, jas įvykdžiusių asmenų nustatymas ir nubaudimas yra itin svarbi valstybės veiklos rūšis, o kovos su nusikalstamumu sėkmingumas, rezultatyvumas turi didžiulės įtakos kitoms socialinio gyvenimo sferoms. Tačiau ši valstybės veikla dėl objektyvių ir subjektyvių priežasčių pakankamai ilgai trunka ir kainuoja brangiai, reikalauja didelių žmogiškųjų bei materialinių išteklių, bet to, nėra pakankamai rezultatyvi. Kuriant naująjį baudžiamojo proceso įstatymą buvo siekiama nustatyti optimalias procesines formas, užtikrinančias, kad teisingumas baudžiamosiose bylose būtų įgyvendinamas mažiausiomis procesinėmis sąnaudomis, siekiant sudaryti įstatymines prielaidas, įgalinančias “greičiau suktis teisingumo mašinai”. Tačiau siekiant supaprastinti, atpiginti ir pagreitinti baudžiamąjį procesą negalima nukrypti nuo pagrindinės baudžiamojo proceso paskirties - ginant žmogaus ir piliečio teises bei laisves, visuomenės ir valstybės interesus greitai, išsamiai atskleisti nusikalstamas veikas ir tinkamai pritaikyti įstatymą. Taigi siekiant užtikrinti greitą, ekonomišką ir maksimaliai... [to full text] / In recent years main criminal legislation and laws on criminal procedure together with the relevant regulatory enactments were adopted in Lithuania. These laws are considered to determine forms, procedures and methods of state’s position towards crimes. Moreover, those forms, procedures and methods shall be used in the investigation of crimes or hearing of cases in courts for a long time. Investigation of crimes is one of the most significant state’s activity fields. The success in combat against crime and its good results shave a great influence on other spheres of social life. However, due to various factors, this state’s activity field requires much time, considerable expenses and enormous human and material resources. However, this activity does not provide satisfactory results. When a new law on criminal procedure was adopted, the focus was on establishment of effective procedural forms that would ensure implementation of justice in criminal cases with the least procedural expenses and precondition a more accelerated operation of ‘the mechanism of justice’. Seeking to simplify and accelerate criminal procedure and decrease its expenses, the main purpose of criminal procedure, namely, to solve crimes in detail and in the shortest possible time, to apply an appropriate law at the same time regarding human rights and freedoms and interests of society and state should be regarded. Therefore, to ensure an accelerated, economical and good-resulting criminal justice, it is... [to full text]

Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas Radviliškio rajono 10 kV skirstomasis tinklas. 2009 m. duomenimis 10 kV elektros oro linijų ilgis buvo 988,62 km ir kabelinių elektros linijų 115,6 km. Visos elektros oro linijos yra statytos su gelžbetoninėmis atramomis. Linijų tankis 0,68 km/km2. Dėl elektros tiekimo nutraukimų vartotojai patiria materialinę žalą. Kadangi visos linijos buvo statytos tuomet kai Lietuva buvo TSRS sudėtyje. Lietuvai įstojus į Europos Sąjungą, pasikeitė reikalavimai skirstomajam tinklui. Apskaičiuosime kai kuriuos esamo tinklo parametrus ir pabandysime palyginti su normatyviniais. Šiame darbe pateikiame išvadas apie nagrinėjamo elektros tinklo patikimumą. Ar tinklą galima toliau eksploatuoti. Iš gautų rezultatų bus galima spręsti kokiais būdais galima pagerinti tinklo būklę. / In this final paper the 10 kV distributive networks in Radviliskis district has been analysed. According to the data of 2009, the length of 10 kV air route of electricity was 988,62 km and the length of cable route of electricity was 115,6 km. All the air route of electricity has been built using ferroconcrete supports. The density of routes is 0,68 km/ km2. The consumers of electricity experience material harm due to abortion of distribution of electricity. The requirements for distributive networks have been changed when Lithuania joined EU, because all the electricity routes have been built when Lithuania was part of the Soviet Union. We will try to evaluate some parameters of present network and to compare with normative. In this paper the conclusions about the reliability and further maintenance of electricity network has been formulated. Agreeably with results received, solutions for current network improvement have been given.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PEREIRA_Tainara_2013.pdf: 1316115 bytes, checksum: e27f367a9554f43f23c9d5278c584514 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-28 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The aim of this study is to assess the potential effects of technical measures belong to the WTO TBT agreement on exports of Brazilian pulp and paper industry. The choice of this segment was due to the same consist of a major component of national export agenda, being susceptible to external regulations. For this, we employed a gravity model comprising Brazil and its importers who reported at least one technical measure within the analysis period 1997-2012. The econometric model, whose inference occurs through the Tobit method further comprises the GDP of the countries involved in trade , foreign tariffs for products affected, bilateral distances and the official languages of each of the trading partners considered. Through descriptive and statistical analyzes we found that greater attention is given to papers and supplies intended for toilet use and the information content present in these seems to be a decisive factor in purchasing their partners. The effect of technical measures on the segment revealed that some of the measures imposed are associated with lower export volumes, thus suggesting greater trade between the same restriction as notifications to the production processes on the product, as well as measures involving compliance which can influence the cost structure of exporting in an effort to adapt its products. Thus, it is expected that the results found to contribute to greater understanding of the effect of technical measures on the pulp and paper industry, as well as the behavior of these requirements over others products of agribusiness. / O objetivo desse estudo é verificar os potenciais efeitos das medidas da OMC sobre as exportações do setor de papel e celulose brasileiro. A escolha desse segmento se deu em virtude do mesmo consistir em um importante componente da pauta exportadora nacional, sendo suscetível a regulações externas. Para isso, foi empregado um modelo gravitacional compreendendo o Brasil e seus importadores que notificaram pelo menos uma medida técnica dentro do período analisado, 1997 a 2012. O modelo econométrico, cuja inferência se dá por meio do método Tobit, inclui ainda o PIB dos países envolvidos nas trocas comerciais, as tarifas externas aplicadas aos produtos afetados, as distâncias bilaterais e os idiomas oficiais de cada um dos parceiros comerciais considerados. Por meio das análises descritivas e estatísticas foi possível verificar que uma maior atenção é dada a papéis e insumos destinados ao uso higiênico e que o conteúdo informacional presente nestes parece não constituir fator decisivo na compra de seus demandantes. O efeito das medidas técnicas sobre o segmento revelaram que as algumas das medidas impostas estão associadas a volumes menores de exportação, sugerindo assim uma maior restrição comercial quanto às mesmas, como notificações destinadas aos processos produtivos, sobre o produto, bem como medidas que envolvem conformidade, as quais podem influenciar na estrutura de custos das exportadoras, no esforço de adequação de seus produtos. Assim, é esperado que os resultados encontrados contribuam para um maior entendimento a respeito dos efeitos das medidas técnicas sobre o segmento de papel e celulose, como também o comportamento dessas exigências sobre outros produtos do agronegócio.

Die auf mitgliedstaatlicher und EU-Ebene grundrechtlich verbürgte Freiheit des Eigen-tums verlangt, das Urheberrecht effektiv zu schützen. Staatlich durchgeführte oder ange-ordnete technische Maßnahmen wie Netzsperren (IP- oder DNS-Sperren) und Deep Packet Inspection ermöglichen es u.a., gezielt die Übertragung von Daten zu blockieren, deren unlizenzierter Austausch über das Internet – etwa über Streaming-Portale – das Urheber-recht verletzt. Im Internet besteht ohne derartige technische Maßnahmen ein Durchset-zungsdefizit, da die unmittelbaren („Content Provider“) und mittelbaren Anbieter („Host-Provider“) der Inhalte oft nicht effektiv in Haftung genommen werden können; die techni-schen Betreiber der Infrastruktur des Internets („Internet Service Provider“) hingegen können dem staatlichen Zugriff nicht ausweichen. Die angesprochenen technischen Maß-nahmen greifen jedoch in verschiedene Grundrechte des Grundgesetzes und der Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ein. Betroffen sind insbesondere die unterneh-merische Freiheit (Art. 16 Charta) der Internet Service Provider, die Informationsfreiheit (Art. 11 Abs. 1 Charta), das Recht auf Achtung der Kommunikation (Art. 7 Charta), das Recht auf Schutz personenbezogener Daten (Art. 8 Abs. 1 Charta) der Internet-Nutzer sowie die jeweiligen mitgliedstaatlichen Entsprechungen dieser Grundrechte. Der Gegen-stand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Vereinbarkeit der Anwendung technischer Maßnahmen zur Durchsetzung des Urheberrechts mit europäischem Primärrecht und dem Grundgesetz. / The Fundamental Right to Property, which is guaranteed at Member State and EU level, requires that copyright be effectively protected. Technical measures implemented by or required by states, such as IP/DNS blocking or Deep Packet Inspection, enable, inter alia, the targeted blocking of transmissions of data whose unlicensed exchange over the inter-net – e.g. via streaming portals – infringes copyrights. Without such technical measures, there is an enforcement deficit in the internet, as the direct ("content providers") and indi-rect providers ("host providers") of the content often cannot be effectively held liable; the technical operators of internet infrastructure ("internet service providers"), on the other hand, cannot evade governmental intervention. The technical measures mentioned, how-ever, affect various fundamental rights of the German Constitution (the “Grundgesetz”) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The rights affected are, in particular, the Freedom to Conduct a Business (Article 16 of the Charter) of internet ser-vice providers, the Freedom of Information (Article 11(1) of the Charter), the Right to Re-spect for Communications (Article 7 of the Charter) and the Right to Protection of Person-al Data (Article 8 (1) of the Charter) of internet users, and the respective Member State equivalents of these fundamental rights. Subject matter of this thesis is to examine whether the use of technological measures to enforce copyrights is in compliance with Eu-ropean primary law and the German Grundgesetz.