Phytosterols are steroid chemicals produced by plants for the purposes of membrane function and hormone production. Phytosterols can cause endocrine disruption in aquatic species at very low concentrations and are suspected of contributing to endocrine disruption linked to pulp and paper effluent. Wastewater from the pulp and paper industry is often treated biologically in aerated stabilization basins (ASBs) that expose phytosterols to a range of redox zones. Phytosterol removal in ASBs varies and stigmasterol has even been shown to increase across the treatment system. Little is known about the microbial processes that occur within ASBs and their effect on phytosterol removal. The objective of this research was to assess the biotransformation potential of phytosterols in a simulated ASB treatment system and to improve understanding of the processes that occur within the various redox zones and their impact on the removal of phytosterols. To assess the biotransformation of phytosterols under aerobic conditions, three assays were conducted using a stock aerobic culture fed with pulp and paper wastewater. The assays tested three conditions: phytosterols present as a sole added carbon source, phytosterols with dextrin as an added carbon source, and phytosterols with ethanol as a solubilizing agent and added carbon source. Phytosterol biotransformation was found to be limited by low phytosterol solubility. When solubilized, phytosterol removal occurred in two phases: an initial near-linear removal, followed by accelerated removal during the culture's stationary stage, possibly due to the release of extracellular cholesterol oxidase. The anoxic and anaerobic biotransformation of phytosterols was examined through a series of three semi-batch cultures maintained under nitrate-reducing, sulfate-reducing and fermentative/methanogenic conditions, all developed from stock cultures fed with pulp and paper wastewater. Phytosterol removal was significant in the nitrate-reducing culture, although microbial activity and phytosterol removal declined in later stages. Phytosterol removal was also observed in the sulfate-reducing culture, although there was a significant lag period before removal occurred. No phytosterol removal was observed in the fermentative/methanogenic culture. Phytosterol biotransformation was also examined in the context of a lab-scale ASB fed continuously with pulp and paper wastewater. The steady-state ASB effluent and sediment characteristics were examined over three hydraulic retention times (HRTs). Effluent quality was not significantly affected by a change in HRT but sediment characteristics were significantly affected and, at shorter HRTs, phytosterols accumulated in the sediment. Wastewater bioassays demonstrated the release of phytosterols during the breakdown of solids. This research improves the understanding of biological processes within ASBs and their effect on phytosterol removal.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Waikato, 2007. / Title from PDF cover (viewed March 19, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-118)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 daura_sp_me_mar.pdf: 5184821 bytes, checksum: 721b562957c110653dc7f61fa880fc9c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho tem por finalidade discutir o setor de celulose e papel a luz do processo de globalização, com um olhar especial sobre produção e a mão-de-obra na década de 90 no Brasil. Procurando perceber em que medida os elementos atribuídos a globalização estão presentes neste setor. Nossa análise será efetivada através da discussão dos pontos mais relevantes que cercam a realidade do setor. Daremos início a nossa discussão observando as transformações ocorridas a partir da segunda metade do século XX e como estas refletem no setor. Assim, não poderíamos deixar de abordar o perfil da indústria, sua caracterização e trajetória. No contexto globalizado que o mundo vivencia torna-se importante observarmos a incidência e a abrangência do setor no Brasil e no mundo, procurando dar uma ênfase especial para a produção e mão-de-obra. Pois entendemos que na década de 90 vivenciamos um processo o qual procurou aumentar a produtividade e diminuir sensivelmente a mão-de-obra, com mudanças significativas para a segunda. Além disto, acreditamos inicialmente que com a globalização os setores com maior inserção no mercado mundial tendem a sentir mais esta tendência. / This work has the purpose to discuss the pulp and paper sector at the focus of the globalization process, with a special glance on production and the labour on 90's in Brazil. Trying to notice in that measured the attributed elements of globalization are present in this sector Our analysis will be executed through the discussion of the most important points around the reality of the sector. We'll start our discussion observing the transformations happened since the second half of the century XX and how they act on the sector. Like this, we could not stop approaching the profile of the industry, your characterization and trajectory. In the context of the globalization that the world lives, it becomes important we observe the incidence and the inclusion of the sector in Brazil and in the world, trying to give a special emphasis for the production and labour. Therefore we understood that on 90's we lived a process that tried to increase the productivity and to reduce the labour sensibly, with significant changes for the labour. Besides, we believed initially that with the globalization, the sectors with larger insert in the world market feel more this tendency.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1030710 bytes, checksum: 9b0e0ff537803c01debc58646c785003 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / The composition and adsorptive capacity of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in a eucalyptus bleached kraft pulp mill activated sludge plant were investigated. Samples of primary and secondary effluents and activated sludge were collected over five months. Effluents were characterized by quantifying dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical (COD) and biological (BOD) oxygen demands, adsorbable organic halogen (AOX), acid soluble lignin (ASL), and specific absorbance (SUVA254). EPS extracted from sludge were characterized in terms of protein, carbohydrates and DOC. The samples were analyzed by GC-MS to identify the main compounds present in effluents and in EPS extracts. In addition, a laboratory study was conducted to assess the relative importance of degradation and adsorption as removal mechanisms of organic matter in aerobic biological effluent treatment. The characterization results showed the profile of organic matter removal in the treatment system, with removal efficiencies of 85, 78 and 40% for BOD5, DOC and COD, respectively. High removal (40%) was also achieved for the compounds measured as AOX. The SUVA254 relationship increased slightly from 1.13 to 1.43 (L / mg.m). The characterization of EPS from the treatment plant sludge showed that proteins (19.9 mg / g VSS) represented 3.5 times more mass than carbohydrates (6.1 mg / g VSS), the DOC content was 6.0 mg / g VSS. Octadeca-9,12-dienoic and hexadecanoic acids were identified in EPS extracts, indicating the importance of participation of exopolymers in the adsorption of pollutants, since these lipophilic wood extractives were not degraded during the biological treatment and were identified with the same structures in the secondary effluent. In the organic matter adsorption study, the values of DOC, phenols and ASL were significantly lower after treatment with active biomass (AE) than after treatment with inactive biomass (IE) and without biomass (SE). COD and extractives showed no significant difference between AE, IE and SE treatments, although there was a tendency towards lower values of these parameters after AE treatment. EPS protein/carbohydrate ratios were 5.65, 6.95 and 6.05 for AE, IE and the control treatment, respectively. Average parameter values found in the laboratorystudy were higher than those found in the characterization of the EPS fromthe treatment plant sludge. The adsorptive capcity of EPS was verified from the results obtained in this study. / A composição e capacidade de adsorção das substâncias poliméricas extracelulares (EPS) do lodo ativado do sistema de lodos ativados de uma fábrica de polpa kraft branqueada de eucalipto foram investigadas. Amostras de efluente primário e secundário e do lodo biológico foram coletadas mensalmente ao longo de cinco meses. Os efluentes foram caracterizados quantos aos valores das demandas química (DQO) e bioquímica (DBO5) de oxigênio, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), halógenos orgânicos adsorvíveis (AOX), lignina solúvel em ácido (LSA), fenóis e absorbância ultravioleta específica (SUVA254). Extratos das EPS do lodo biológico foram preparados e caracterizados quanto aos teores de proteínas, carboidratos e COD. A identificação dos principais compostos presentes nos efluentes e nos extratos de EPS foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa- espectrometria de massa (CGEM). Um estudo laboratorial também foi realizado para avaliar a importânica relativa da degradação e adsorção para a remoção das diferentes classes de compostos orgânicos no tratamento biológico aeróbio. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram o perfil de remoção da matéria orgânica no sistema de tratamento. Houve remoção de 85, 78 e 40% para DBO5, DQOs e COD, respectivamente. Elevada remoção (40%) também foi conseguida para o AOX. A relação SUVA254 apresentou um ligeiro aumento de 1,13 para 1,43 (L/mg.m). A caracterização das EPS do lodo do sistema de tratamento da fábrica mostrou que as proteínas (19,9 mg/g SSV) representaram 3,5 vezes mais massa das EPS do que os carboidratos (6,1 mg/g SSV), o contéudo de COD total foi 6,0 mg/g SSV. Os ácidos octadeca-9,12-dienóico e hexadecanóico foram identificados em extratos de EPS, evidenciando importância da participação dos exopolímeros na adsorção dos poluentes, já que estes extrativos lipofílicos da madeira não foram degradados durante o tratamento biológico, pois puderam ser identificados com as mesmas estruturas no efluente secundário. vii Nos estudos de adsorção da matéria orgânica, os valores de COD, LSA e fenóis totais foram significativamente menores após o tratamento com biomassa ativa (AE) do que após os tratamentos com biomassa inativa (IE) e sem biomassa (SE). Para a DQO e os extrativos, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos AE, IE e SE, embora houvesse uma tendência de menores valores desses parâmetros após o tratamento AE. A relação proteína/carboidratos foi de 5,65, 6,95 e 6,05, para AE, IE e o controle, respectivamente. Os valores médios dos parâmetros encontrados no estudo laboratorial foram superiores aos resultados obtidos na caracterização das EPS do lodo sistema de tratamento da fábrica. Através dos experimentos foi possivel verificar a propriedade adsortiva das EPS.

De maneira geral, o abastecimento de madeira de indústrias de celulose brasileiras provém de áreas plantadas próprias e de madeira comprada no mercado. Programas de planejamento florestal de longo prazo procuram, normalmente, abranger o manejo da floresta plantada de forma dissociada à aquisição de madeira de fontes externas. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto da variação de valores de aquisição da madeira de mercado em modelos de programação linear que consideram seu volume adquirido como uma das variáveis-resposta. Fundamentado em dados florestais de 155 Unidades de Produção fornecidos pela International Paper do Brasil Ltda., empresa do ramo de papel para imprimir e escrever situada em Mogi-Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo, o trabalho apresenta resultados provenientes da geração de 80 modelos de programação linear submetidos a cinco diferentes cenários de valores de madeira de mercado. As abordagens dos modelos foram divididas em: modelos de maximização do valor presente líquido e modelos de minimização do valor do custo presente, subdivididos em modelos Global e Regionalizado (procurando observar uma condicionante administrativa da empresa), ordenados ou de produção livre e, finalmente, submetidos ou não a restrições operacionais de área máxima de colheita. Os resultados permitem observar que as diferentes abordagens de planejamento possuem graus variados de sensibilidade a variações de valores de madeira de mercado, notadamente os modelos de minimização do valor presente do custo. Esta sensibilidade pode ser medida pelas variações provocadas nos programas de colheita de madeira própria e compra de madeira de mercado, pela flutuação das idades médias de colheita, pelos resultados das funções-objetivo e pelo percentual de aproveitamento de área própria. Os dados também sugerem que há vantagem em manejar a floresta pelo modelo Global, que desconsidera os limites administrativos da empresa. Também, pode-se afirmar que a maximização do valor presente líquido das prescrições é a abordagem preferível em função de demonstrar maior robustez na geração de planos de manejo menos sensíveis aos diferentes cenários de valor da madeira de mercado. / Generally, the Brazilian pulp industry wood supply is largely provided by planted forests owned by the companies and wood purchased in the market. Long term planning programs usually address the two supplying sources – fee forests and market wood -separately. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of different wood acquisition value scenarios in linear programming models that consider the amount of purchased wood as one of the variables. Based on data of 155 Production Units supplied by International Paper do Brasil Ltda., a printing paper company located in Mogi-Guaçu, State of São Paulo, the study presents results from the generation of 80 linear programming models submitted to five different wood acquisition value scenarios. The approach was divided into: maximization of net present value and minimization of the present cost, divided into Global and Regionalized models (pertaining to a company administrative restriction), with regulated or floating production and submitted or not to operational restrictions as a maximum harvesting area. Results allow observing that the different modeling approaches show different degrees of sensitivity to variations in the wood acquisition value – notably the minimization models. That sensitivity can be measured against variations in the harvesting and wood purchase programs, the floatation of the average harvesting ages, results of the objective function values and the percentage of utilization of fee lands. Results also suggest that there are advantages in managing the forest through the Global model, not considering the actual administrative limitations. Also, the maximization approach is the preferred one once it demonstrates more robustness through the generation of management programs less sensitive to the different proposed wood acquisition value scenarios.

A presente tese analisa a configuração, a reestruturação e a dinâmica do setor de celulose e papel no Brasil (em especial o seu mercado de trabalho), mostrando que esses processos foram distintos para as indústrias desse setor, que são: a indústria de celulose, a indústria de papéis e a indústria de artefatos de papéis. A tese está organizada em quatro capítulos, incluindo a Introdução. O segundo capítulo, Análise do processo de configuração do setor de celulose e papel no Brasil, destaca como a conduta das empresas multinacionais, as políticas públicas e o dinamismo dos mercados doméstico e externo geram evoluções e dinâmicas distintas para as indústrias desse setor, desde sua origem até 2009, e implicaram em suas distintas inserções na Divisão Internacional do Trabalho - DIT ao longo do tempo. Demonstra-se que a configuração dessas indústrias foi diferenciada nos últimos cinquenta anos, sendo que a expansão da indústria de celulose foi para atender o mercado internacional e as indústrias de papéis e artefatos de papéis são mais centralizadas em atender o mercado doméstico em resposta à forma como os países se organizaram dentro da DIT. O terceiro capítulo, Impactos da reestruturação do setor de celulose e papel no Brasil sobre o desempenho de suas indústrias, usou dados em painel e estimou equações visando identificar se as variáveis de estrutura e de abertura comercial tiveram influência sobre o desempenho das indústrias do setor no período de 1986 a 2007 com base nos dados da PIA IBGE, da BRACELPA e do Sistema ALICE-Web. Pode-se concluir que a variável de concentração de mercado (HHI) teve impacto positivo sobre a medida de desempenho margem preço-custo; o aumento na taxa de importação tem relação negativa com a margem preço-custo; e a origem do capital tem relação positiva com a medida de desempenho considerada. O quarto artigo, Impactos da liberalização comercial e da reestruturação industrial sobre o mercado de trabalho do setor de celulose e papel no Brasil, analisa a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho desse setor entre 1996 e 2008 usando dados da RAIS. Verificou-se: 1) aumento no número de empregados no setor de celulose e papel nesse período, mas redução desse número para a indústria de celulose e para a indústria de papéis; 2) a indústria de celulose emprega proporcionalmente mais trabalhadores com maior escolaridade e idade do que a indústria de artefatos de papéis; 3) os salários pagos na indústria de celulose foram maiores que nas outras duas indústrias e no setor de celulose e papel como um todo; 4) predomínio do uso da mão de obra masculina e diferencial salarial entre homens e mulheres nas três indústrias, entretanto, esse diferencial foi menor na indústria de celulose em 2008; 5) a maioria das variáveis explicativas propostas para analisar o impacto sobre os salários apresentou o sinal esperado nas regressões. As variáveis abertura comercial, proporção de mulheres em relação aos homens e escolaridade média dos trabalhadores foram as que apresentaram melhor significância estatística. As duas primeiras atuam para reduzir o salário e a última para aumentá-lo. / The present thesis analyzes the configuration, the restructuring and the dynamics of the pulp and paper sector in Brazil (paying a special attention to its labor market), showing that these processes were different to the industries of this sector: the industry of pulp, industry of papers and industry of paper-made products. The thesis is organized in four chapters, including the Introduction. The second, Analysis of configuration process of pulp and paper sector in Brazil, highlights how the conduct of multinational companies, the public policies and the dynamism of domestic and external markets generate distinct evolutions and dynamics for the three industries inside the pulp and paper sector in Brazil since the origin of this sector until 2009 and implicated in distinct insertions of these industries in the International Work Division - DIT along time. It is demonstrated that the configuration of these industries was differentiated during the last fifty years, pointing out the expansion of pulp industry, from 1970 on, to attend the international market and the paper and paper artifacts industries are more focused in attending the domestic market in response to the way the countries organized themselves inside DIT. The third chapter, Impacts of pulp and paper sector´s restructuring in Brazil on the performance of its industries, organized data in panel and run equation to determine if the variables of structure and commercial openness that had influence the performance of industries under analysis. The period of time considered was from 1986 to 2007 and data utilized came from PIA IBGE, from BRACELPA and from Alice-Web System. It can be concluded that the variable of market concentration (HHI) had positive impact on the performance measure cost-price margin; the increase in the importation rate has negative relation with price-cost margin; and the capital´s origin has positive relation with the performance measure considered. The fourth chapter, Impacts of trade liberalization and industrial reorganization the market place of pulp and paper sector in Brazil, analyses the labor market dynamics of this sector between 1996 and 2008 using data from RAIS. The main findings are: 1) increase in the number of employees of the pulp and paper sector in this period, but reduction of this number to the pulp industry and to the paper industry; 2) the pulp industry employs proportionally more workers with higher scholarity and age than the paper-made products industry; 3) salaries paid in the pulp industry were higher than in the other two industries and in the pulp and paper sector as a whole; 4) predominance of masculine labor force and salary differential between men and women in the three industries, however, this differential was lower in the pulp industry in 2008; 5) the majority of the explicative variables proposed to analyze the impact on the salaries presented the expected signal in regressions. The variables commercial openness, proportion of women in relation to men and workers average scholarity were the ones that presented better statistic significance. The first two act to reduce salaries and the third one to increase salaries.

Busca-se investigar o desenvolvimento geográfico desigual da Suzano no Maranhão, atentando para a relação com o Estado, os conflitos sociais e os impactos ambientais. Concebe-se, aqui, a Suzano como um agente social e econômico dotado de características particulares cujas ações influenciam e reverberam nas dimensões socioambientais do espaço geográfico maranhense e além fronteiras. Para isto realizou-se três etapas principais: trabalhos de campo, a revisão bibliográfica e a produção da dissertação. Além da apresentação, introdução e metodologia, a dissertação está dividida em cinco capítulos. No primeiro capítulo procurou-se entender o debate realizado por alguns geógrafos acerca da discussão desenvolvimento/subdesenvolvimento. São destacados os seguintes autores: 1) Yves Lacoste, 2) Milton Santos 3) Horieste Gomes, 4) Germán Wettstein, 5) Carlos Walter Porto-Gonçalves e 6) Jorge Montenegro Gómez. No segundo capítulo, advogo que a leitura do capitalismo contemporâneo, para além da dicotomia desenvolvido-subdesenvolvido, deve tomar como base a teoria do desenvolvimento geográfico desigual do capitalismo, sustentada pelos geógrafos Neil Smith e David Harvey. No capítulo terceiro, trouxe para a discussão reflexões acerca do papel do Estado na evolução histórica do Grupo Suzano, bem como seu consequente desenvolvimento. Sustento que o apoio do Estado é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento da empresa. Apoio esse que se materializa em isenções fiscais, planos de desenvolvimento e apoios financeiros, como no caso do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES). No quarto capítulo, que trata sobre os projetos de desenvolvimento, o intuito é ofertar um panorama geral acerca da territorialização da empresa no referido Estado. Procuro, sempre que possível, refletir teoricamente acerca da interconexão dos projetos florestais, plantas industriais, acessos rodoferroviários e terminal portuário. Por fim, apresento uma reflexão na qual pretendo compreender a produção da natureza como estratégia de acumulação analisando a aquisição da empresa de biotecnologia FuturaGene pela Suzano / Seeks to investigate the uneven geographical development of Suzano in Maranhão state, noting the relationship with the state, social conflicts and environmental impacts. Suzano is conceived here, as a social and economic agent endowed with individual characteristics whose actions influence and reverberates on social and environmental dimensions of Maranhão geographical space and beyond its frontiers. To accomplish this, I set three main stages: field work, literature review and the production of the dissertation. Besides the presentation, introduction and methodology, the dissertation is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter it was sought to understand the debate held by some geographers about the development / underdevelopment discussion. The following authors are highlighted: 1) Yves Lacoste, 2) Milton Santos 3) Horieste Gomes, 4) Germán Wettstein, 5) Carlos Walter Porto-Gonçalves e 6) Jorge Montenegro Gómez. In the second chapter, I advocate that the reading of contemporary capitalism, beyond the dichotomy developed-underdeveloped, must be based on the theory of uneven geographical development of capitalism, supported by geographers Neil Smith and David Harvey. In the third chapter, brought to discussion reflections about the State\'s role in the historical evolution of the Suzano Group and its consequent development. I argue that State support is crucial for the development of the company. Support which materializes in tax exemptions, development plans and financial support, as in the case of the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES). In the fourth chapter, which deals with development projects, the aim is to offer an overview about the territorialization of the company in that State. I try, whenever possible, to reflect theoretically about the interconnection of forestry projects, industrial plants, rail-road accesses and port terminal. Finally, I present a reflection in which I want to understand the production of nature as accumulation strategy analyzing the acquisition of biotechnology company FuturaGene by Suzano

Submitted by Vinícius Bononi de Almeida (almeida_vini@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-07-22T14:52:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final 2013_07_22.pdf: 1465090 bytes, checksum: c6369bd05576eeb31c6f0cdde2c5fc4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-07-22T15:23:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final 2013_07_22.pdf: 1465090 bytes, checksum: c6369bd05576eeb31c6f0cdde2c5fc4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-22T17:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final 2013_07_22.pdf: 1465090 bytes, checksum: c6369bd05576eeb31c6f0cdde2c5fc4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / Pulp and Paper is one of the most important energy intensity industries in Brazil. Industrial units are intensive in both use of thermal and electrical energy, in many processes during pulp and papermaking manufacturing. Much of this energy demand is supplied by fuel from process itself, such as black liquor and forest biomass; however, in many cases units are not self-sufficient in electricity. Initially, Pulp and Paper energy matrix was based on fuel oil supply, abundant and cheap. However, with oil crisis and Brazilian recession established in the second half of 70s, there were fast and significant changes, motivated by incentives of black liquor utilization in chemical recovery boilers. Natural gas, explored in Santos and Campos Basins, and also with the construction of Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline, has become a good energy option for replacement of fuel oil supply. In this paper we have analyzed possible trajectories for Brazilian Pulp and Paper energy matrix, in a short and medium term, even as identified changing factors in matrix historical data and defined trends for fuel market and technological development associated with energy usage. Main changes in Pulp and Paper energy inputs share were explained not only by the price ratio, but also to sectorial policies, as self-generation incentives and utilization of byproducts to reduce dependence of external supply of fuel and electricity. Investments to increase process efficiency and adoption of advanced technologies in power generation will lead to less dependence on external supply. Rising fossil fuel prices, associated with anon-transparent price formation in vertical markets, has motivated an increase of biomass use in energy matrix. Moreover, given the uncertainty about pulp future demand and prices, Pulp and Paper competitiveness is related to products diversity, by applying forest biorefineries concept and performing biomass multiple utilizations in different technological routes. / O segmento de papel e celulose é um dos mais importantes segmentos industriais eletrointensivos do país. As unidades industriais são intensivas tanto no uso de energia térmica quanto elétrica, nas diversas etapas da produção de celulose e posteriormente na fabricação de papel. Grande parte dessa demanda energética é suprida por combustíveis provenientes do próprio processo, como o licor negro e biomassa florestal, entretanto, em muitos casos as unidades não são autossuficientes em energia. A matriz energética dessa indústria se baseou, inicialmente, no suprimento através do óleo combustível, abundante e barato. Todavia, com as crises de petróleo e a recessão estabelecida no país na segunda metade da década de 70, ocorreram rápidas e significativas mudanças, motivadas pelo incentivo do uso do licor negro em caldeiras de recuperação química. O gás natural, com a exploração das bacias de Santos e Campos, bem como com a construção do Gasoduto Brasil-Bolívia, também se tornou uma boa opção energética para a substituição do óleo combustível. Nesse trabalho buscou-se analisar as possíveis trajetórias da matriz energética da indústria de papel e celulose brasileira, no horizonte de curto e médio prazo, assim como identificar os fatores de transformação no histórico da matriz e definir tendências para o mercado de combustíveis e para o desenvolvimento tecnológico associado ao uso dos produtos energéticos no setor. As principais mudanças na participação dos insumos energéticos dessa indústria se deveram não somente pela relação de preço, mas também associadas às políticas setoriais, como o incentivo à autoprodução de energia e aproveitamento de subprodutos para diminuir a dependência externa de combustíveis e energia elétrica. Investimentos no aumento de eficiência dos processos e a adoção de tecnologias avançadas na geração de energia levarão à menor dependência externa de combustíveis e energia elétrica. A elevação dos preços dos combustíveis fósseis, associada à formação pouco transparente do preço em mercados verticalizados, tem proporcionado um incentivo à ampliação do uso de biomassa na matriz energética. Além disso, diante das incertezas sobre a demanda futura de celulose,a competitividade da indústria de papel e celulose estará vinculada à diversidade nos produtos gerados, aplicando o conceito de biorrefinarias florestais e realizando os múltiplos aproveitamentos da biomassa em rotas tecnológicas distintas.

Abstract The results of the comparison of various dissolution methods for sulphur showed, that HNO3 together with H2O2 gave more complete decomposition of organic components than HNO3 alone. The acid procedure with a mixture of HNO3+H2O2 slightly underestimated the S concentrations of plant material. The losses of sulphur were the highest in the dry ashing digestion procedure (HF(DAC)). The Leco combustion technique with infrared (IR) detection gave good precision and accuracy for sulphur. For the determination of heavy metals in plant materials, both the HNO3 and HNO3+H2O2 procedures were especially effective for determining Cr. However, the HNO3+HClO4 procedure gave lower results, and HF and HF(DAC) procedures greater values for Cr. Sulphur accumulation in pine needles around the pulp and paper mills was clearly higher than other points in the Kemi area. For example, within a radius of about 1-1.5 km around the mills of Oy Metsä-Botnia Ab Kemi Mills, the sulphur concentrations for (C) and (C+1) needles were 28 % and 26 % higher than those in the corresponding background samples collected in Kuivaniemi at a distance about 25 km from Kemi. Pine needles do not appeared to be appropriate a method for monitoring the accumulation of Fe, Zn, V and Pb emitted from pulp and paper mills. However, the Ca concentrations in (C+1) needles in the vicinity of the Oy Metsä-Botnia Ab Kemi Mills was 48 % higher than the average Ca concentration calculated from all (C+1) needles; thus it is likely that part of the Ca in the needles is derived from the mills. The regional distribution pattern of Cr and Ni in mosses in the Kemi-Tornio area in 2000 showed clearly that the most polluted area (Cr > 200 μg/g and Ni > 20 μg/g) appeared to lie within a few kilometres of the ferrochrome and stainless steel works of AvestaPolarit Stainless Oy. Within this area, the Cr concentrations in mosses were 4-13 times higher than those outside the urban area of Tornio. The area most polluted by the opencast chromium mining complex (Cr > 200 μg/g and Ni < 20 μg/g) appeared to be in the immediate vicinity of complex. All the 95th percentile values for TSP (total suspended particles) in the mine area of AvestaPolarit Chrome Oy Kemi Mine were below the current Finnish air quality limit value of 300 μg/m3. However, the 98th percentile value exceeded the Finnish air quality guideline value of 120 μg/m3 at one monitoring site. According to leaching studies, the sum of calculated annual airborne pollution impact of water-soluble fraction (H2O) and environmentally mobile (CH3COONH4) fraction from the AvestaPolarit Chrome Oy Kemi Mine was Cr 1.2 kg, Fe 29 kg, Cu 63 kg, Ni 2.5 kg and Cd < 100 mg. According to the homogeneity studies of heavy metal deposition on TSP filters, Cr, Ni, Cu and Fe were non-uniformly distributed over the glass fibre filters. The rsd values varied between 5.4-33.9 % for Cr, between 7.5-35.0 % for Ni, between 3.6-25.9 % for Cu, and between 6.6-19.9 % for Fe.

In the production of pulp, paper and cardboard, a large amount of water is used daily. The water has to be purified in the internal purifying plant before it reaches the receiving body of water. In the biological purifying stage at the Stora Enso Skoghall mill, an aerated basin is used where the microorganisms, using oxygen, oxidize the organic material to carbon dioxide. The air is pumped from the bottom of the basin and the oxygen can then be transported from the air bubbles to the water through diffusion. The problem with aeration of waste water from the forest industry is that wood residues, such as fatty acids, are making the transport of oxygen in water more difficult. Previous studies show that adding salt improves aeration and the use of energy during the aeration process decreases. In many of the Swedish forest industries the electric power required for the aeration process is responsible for more than 50% of the total use of energy. The aim of this report is to study the aeration of waste water from a forest industry in order to make the aeration in the biological purification stage more energy efficient. The experimental part includes aeration experiments and measurement of surface tension when adding salt in clean and untreated process water. All experiments have been carried out in lab-scale at Karlstad University. The salts used during the study were sodium chloride, lime sludge and also precipitator dust, of which the two latter are by-products of pulping. The project has reached its goal, to compare and measure the speed of aeration when adding different salts to waste water from the forest industry in order to make the purification process more efficient.  This study shows that adding by-products may increase the speed of the aeration of waste water from the forest industry and decrease the use of energy during the aerobic treatment process. Adding precipitator dust to the fabrication water increases the speed of the aeration by 60%. The standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) decreased from 314tonnes O2/d to 118tonnes O2/d. The energy demand during the aeration process decreased by 100 MWh per day. / Vid framställning av massa, papper och kartong används dagligen stora mängder vatten som måste renas vid det interna reningsverket innan det når recipienten. En av industrierna är Stora Enso, Skogshalls bruk. I det biologiska reningessteget vid Skoghalls bruk används en luftad damm där mikroorganismer med hjälp av syre oxiderar det organiska materialet till koldioxid. Luft pumpas in från botten av dammen och syret kan transporteras från luftbubblorna till vattnet genom diffusion. Problemet vid syresättning av skogsindustriellt avloppsvattnet är att vedrester som exempelvis fettsyror följer med avloppsvattnet och försvårar syretransporten. Tidigare studier visar att vid tillsats av salt förbättras syresättningen och att energianvändningen vid luftningsprocessen minskar. De salter som valts i den här undersökningen är natriumklorid samt mesa och elfilteraska. Varav det två sista är biprodukter från massaframställningen. I många av Sveriges skogsindustrier står elen till luftningsprocessen för mer än 50 % av den totala energianvändningen. Det här arbetet syftar till att undersöka syresättningen av ett skogsindustriellt avloppsvatten med avsikt att energieffektivisera luftningen i det biologiska reningssteget. Den experimentella delen omfattar syresättningsförsök samt mätning av ytspänning vid tillsats av salt i både rent vatten och obehandlat processvatten. Samtliga försök har utförts i labbskala vid Karlstads universitet. Det här arbetet har uppnått sitt mål med att jämföra och mäta hastigheten av syresättning vid tillsats av olika salter i skogsindustriellt avloppsvatten med avsikt att energieffektivisera reningsprocessen. Resultatet tyder på att tillsats av biprodukter kan öka hastigheten vid syresättning av skogsindustriellt avloppsvatten och därmed minska energianvändningen vid den aeroba reningsprocessen. Vid tillsats av elfilteraska i processvattnet ökar hastigheten av syresättningen med 60 %. Det verkliga syrebehovet i dammen, SOTR sjönk från 314 ton O2/dygn till 118 ton O2/dygn. Energibehovet vid luftningsprocessen minskade med 100 MWh/dygn.