För drygt ett decennium sedan började marknaden för tryckpapper att vika. Den svenska pappers- och massaindustrin fick en ny annorlunda konkurrent genom introduktionen av till exempel smarta telefoner och surfplattor. Utvecklingen har medfört att svenska pappers- och massaföretag i högre utsträckning har börjat titta på mer radikala innovationer i sin produktutveckling där nya användningsområden för träråvaran utforskas, en inriktning som kräver kompetenser utöver de som bolagen besitter internt. Studiens syfte är att undersöka olika samarbetsformer inom svensk pappers- och massaindustri för att kartlägga vilka faktorer som varit, och är, framgångsrika för produktinnovationer. Ambitionen är också att undersöka om det skett en förändring i samarbetenas karaktär under de senaste 25 åren. De företag som deltagit i studien är SCA, Södra Cell, Holmen/MoDo, Stora Enso, BillerudKorsnäs och Rottneros samt ett antal samarbetspartner till dem. Resultaten visar att såväl samarbetsformer som vilka aktörer svensk skogsindustri samarbetar med har förändrats i stor utsträckning. Branschen har börjat söka alltmer samarbete med andra branscher samtidigt som samarbeten med konkurrenter har minskat kraftigt. Under samma period har det blivit viktigare att reglera samarbeten i avtal och bland annat hur de immateriella värdena, som patent, fördelas mellan deltagarna i ett samarbete. En annan slutsats är att det finns en koppling mellan samarbeten och genereringen av en organisations produktinnovationer. Företag är beroende av extern kompetens för att lyckas med radikala innovationer och en bred kunskapsbas är att föredra för att bäst producera produktinnovationer. Extern kompetens kan till exempel hjälpa företagen att öka förståelsen för andra/nya marknader och kan således vara ett sätta att hitta helt nya användningsområden för den värdefulla råvara skogen erbjuder. Nyckelord: radikal innovation, samarbete, svensk pappers- och massaindustri / During the last decade has the market for printing paper begun to decline. The introduction of the smart phones and tablets quickly became a disturbing factor for the printing paper companies. This has forced the product development in the Swedish pulp and paper companies, to a greater extent, to look at more radical innovations. This requires the exploration of new applications and possibilities for the forest resource, an approach that requires expertise beyond what the companies possess internally. This study aims to investigate various forms of collaboration within the Swedish pulp and paper industry to identify factors that have been and are successful for product innovations. The aim has also been to investigate whether there is a change in the character of collaborations in the last 25 years. The participating companies in the study were SCA, Södra Cell, Holmen/MoDo, Stora Enso, BillerudKorsnäs, and Rottneros, plus some of their collaboration companies. The results show that the forms of collaboration in which the Swedish forest industry cooperate have changed considerably. The industry has begun to seek more cooperation with other industries, while collaboration with competitors has decreased. It seems to have become more important to regulate collaborative agreements, primarily how the intangible resources, like patents, are distributed among the participants in collaborations. Another conclusion is that there is a link between collaboration and the success of a firm’s product innovation. Companies are dependent on external knowledge for the success of radical innovations and a broad knowledge base is preferable to best be able to generate product innovations. External knowledge could, for example, help companies increase their understanding of other or new markets and may thus be a way to find new uses for the valuable raw material forest offers. Key words: radical innovation, collaboration, Swedish pulp and paper industry

Reducing energy consumption in pulp and paper refining requires a deep understanding of all the processes involved. This dissertation investigates fundamental mechanics of the low consistency mechanical refining process. Three studies investigate forces applied to wood fibers with the focus on how force profiles during bar passing events change with process variables such as fiber length and refiner load. In the first study a high resolution rotary encoder and a piezo ceramic force sensor are implemented in a 16-inch laboratory-scale low consistency refiner to explore the effect of plate gaps on bar-force profiles. The rotary encoder data is used to locate the rotor bars relative to the stator bar in which the sensor is located. Force profiles for bar passing events are registered to the position of rotor bars relative to the stator bar in which the sensor is located and mean force profiles are produced. These mean force profiles have potential to shed light on the fundamental mechanisms of mechanical refining. For large gaps, there is a late peak in the force profiles that occurs toward the end of the bar passing event. For gaps that are less than the critical gap, below which fiber cutting occurs, there is an early peak in the force profiles that occurs at the start of the bar passing event. It is hypothesized that the early peak represents the corner force and, therefore, that corner force is causal in the onset of fiber cutting. In the second study a set of piezo ceramic force sensors is implemented in a 52-inch mill-scale low consistency refiner to explore the effect of varying operating conditions on bar force profiles. Force profiles for individual bar passing events are identified based on key features in the time domain force data based on the knowledge acquired from the previous study in the pilot-scale refiner. The individual bar force profiles are classified as single peak events which feature one peak corresponding to the fiber compression force and as dual peak events corresponding to fiber compression force and the corner force. It is shown that dual peak events which are considered to represent the corner force, are present throughout the whole range of refining and increase with increased refining energy. After applying the dual peak analysis to the data from the previous study this behaviour was also found in the pilot-scale refiner data. Furthermore, it is found that different radial positions on the stator plate are subjected to different force profiles. This is thought to be due to the difference in tangential speed and a change in the fiber and floc material properties at different radial positions. In the third study the effect of refiner plate wear on bar force sensor measurements is explored by applying the dual peak analysis to long term data acquired from the mill-scale refiner. Bar passing events are analysed based on the dual peak ratio and the timing of the early peak in the dual peak events. Force measurements are evaluated over the full run time of a set of refiner plates. When comparing force profiles with refiner plate wear measurements and discharge fiber analysis, it is found that the decrease in the prevalence of the corner force correlates with the wear of the leading edge of the refiner bars, or bar rounding, for the run time of the refiner plate. This is accompanied by a decrease in plate performance which is represented by a decrease in fiber length and freeness reduction for the same refiner load. / Graduate

No description available.

Abstract Purpose Changing processes and an organization quickly and successfully is a challenging task. Thus, standardization of the process of making changes as well can be useful to reach the goal of increased performance. Many different aspects can be considered when investigating the critical factors that lead to a successful change. Assessing whether these critical factors can be utilized to formulate standards is, therefore, an interesting topic to delve deeper into. Thus, the purpose is “Explore how change management processes in the pulp and paper industry can be standardized, and how the change management process can be improved.” and the research questions (RQ):  RQ1. What are the critical factors of the change management processes in the pulp and paper industry?  RQ2. How can standardization of change management processes be achieved in the pulp and paper industry? Method This is a qualitative study where information has been gathered through a literature review and a multiple case study. The empirical data was primary data gathered through interviews. Theoretical information was gathered based on keywords selected through brainstorming sessions and found in articles. A data analysis model was used when analysing the empirical data.  Findings Six critical factors were found as an answer to RQ1. These six critical factors for pulp and paper industries were found within broader studies on change management factors as well. Standardization of change management processes on a general level was deemed possible. However, when investigating detailed levels of change management processes there are indications that it is possible to some degree, but it is more difficult to transfer a standardized process between different types of changes. Future Research More research can be beneficial in change management on more detailed levels and how standards can be transferred between types of change, and if this is only applicable to pulp and paper industries or to 24-hour continuous production processes. The conceptual maturity model presented in this report could be explored further and has the potential to be modified further to fit the needs of different organizations and industries. The conceptual guideline that was presented in the report needs to be tested and verified. Limitations This project has excluded international factories from its studied area. This project also scopes in toward the pulp and paper industry as its focus and did not analyse if its result is applicable to other industries or not. Additionally, this project did not verify if the implementation of the resulting guidelines yields a positive or negative outcome, further study is required.

In papermaking, online measurement of product properties is crucial for process control. However, current practices are limited to QCS scanner measurements, offering only partial coverage. The introduction of infrared imaging provides full coverage temperature measurements but leaves other properties unmeasured. This study aims to predict these properties using available data from QCS scanners and infrared imaging and construct a full coverage prediction. This work focuses on the prediction of two properties: moisture and grammage. The analysis revealed distinct relationships between and within properties. For example, the strong correlation between temperature and moisture makes a full coverage prediction of moisture especially promising. Meanwhile, the weak non-linear relationship between temperature and grammage makes the prediction of grammage challenging, but still with feasibility. These findings led to the proposal of two prediction models: a linear regression model with a moving window for moisture prediction and a CNN-BiLSTM model for grammage prediction. Both models share the same essential idea of a scanner-infrared data replacement trick. However, the inability to synchronize scanner and infrared data prevents the evaluation of full-scale predictions. Despite this limitation, the proposed approaches show promise, particularly for moisture prediction. Further investigation is warranted, especially for grammage prediction, once the synchronization challenge is resolved.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of environmental regulations for water-borne emissions in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Furthermore, the study intends to analyze if there are differences in the effectiveness before and after the restructuring of the Swedish regulatory procedures in 1999. It also addresses the impact of compliance periods in the regulatory process. The method is econometric and based on the use of a fixed-effect panel data regression model. The data comprise 1 698 unique observation from 21 Swedish pulp and paper mills during the time period 1980-2013 regarding emissions, emission standards and production levels. The results display that the environmental regulation in the industry has been effective in the sense that emissions have decreased with the implementation of performance standards. Furthermore, the period before 1999 shows a greater reduction of emissions than the period after 1999. Finally, the results indicate that the use of compliance periods appears to have contributedto a greater reduction in emissions compared to cases where no such periods are granted. / Syftet med denna studie är att analysera effektiviteten av miljöregleringen av vattenbaserade utsläpp inom den svenska massa- och pappersindustrin. Dessutom avser denna studie att analysera om det finns några effektivitetsskillnader före och efter omstruktureringen av den svenska regleringsprocessen år 1999. Studien behandlar även effekten av anpassningsperioder i regleringsprocessen. Metoden är ekonometrisk och baseras på en "fixed-effect" panel datamodell. Datamaterialet består av 1 689 unika observationer från 21 svenska massa- och pappersbruk under åren 1980 - 2013 avseende utsläpp, gränsvärden och produktionsnivåer. Resultatet visar att miljöregleringen har varit effektiv i den meningen att utsläppen har minskat med införandet av gränsvärden. Dessutom, perioden innan 1999 visar en större utsläppsreduktion än perioden efter 1999. Till sist, resultaten indikerar att användandet av anpassningsperioder verkar ha bidragit till större utsläppsreduceringar i jämförelse till de fall där dessa perioder inte beviljades.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de 2 reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente e manta de lodo (UASB), em escala de bancada, tratando licor negro diluído, durante 635 dias de operação contínua. Durante a Fase I os reatores foram alimentados com licor negro diluído, enriquecido com nutrientes essenciais, simulando os efluentes de uma indústria de pasta celulósica não branqueada. Durante a Fase II, um dos reatores foi alimentado com o mesmo substrato mais uma mistura de cinco compostos organoclorados, simulando os efluentes de uma indústria de pasta celulósica branqueada. O aumento da taxa de carregamento orgânico, na Fase I, de 0,40 kg DQO/dia m3 para 0,70 kg DQO/dia m3 não provocou diminuição da eficiência de remoção de DQO. Por outro lado, o aumento da taxa de carregamento hidráulico de 0,50 m3/dia m3 para 1,00 m3/dia m3 provocou diminuição de aproximadamente 10% na eficiência média de remoção de DQO no reator 1 e em torno de 12% no reator 2. A adição de 15,00 mg/L dos compostos organoclorados, não influenciou significativamente o desempenho do reator. A eficiência média de remoção de DQO na Fase II foi de 82% no reator de controle e de 79% no reator de tratamento. As eficiências médias de remoção dos compostos organoclorados foram de: 99,9% para o 2-clorofenol, 97,5% para o 2,4- diclorofenol, 95,8% para o 2,6-diclorofenol, 98,9% para o 2,4,6-triclorofenol e 92,8% para o tetraclorocatecol. / This research was conducted to assess the performance of two bench scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors used for the treatment of diluted black liquor, over 635 days of continuous operation. During Phase I of the study both reactors were fed with the diluted black liquor enriched with essential nutrients. This substrate simulated the wastewater from unbleached cellulose pulp plant. Progressing in the research, during Phase II, one of the reactors was fed with the same substrate plus a mixture of five chlorinated organic compounds to simulate the wastewater from a bleached pulp plant. The increase in the organic loading rate, during Phase I, from 0.40 kg COD/m3.day to 0.70 kg COD/m3.day did not result in a decrease in the COD removal efficiency. On the other hand, the increase in the hydraulic loading rate from 0.50 m3/day.m3 to 1.00 m3/day.m3 resulted in a decrease of approximately 12 percent points in the average COD removal efficiency in the reactor 1 and approximately 12 percent points in the reactor 2. The addition of 15 mg/L of chlorinated organic compounds did not have a significant influence in the reactor performance in this research. The removal efficiency of COD during the second phase reached 82% in the control reactor and 79% in the treatment reactor. The average removal efficiencies for the chlorinated organic compounds were: 99.9% for 2-chlorophenol; 97.5% for the 2,4-dichlorophenol; 95.8% for the 2,6- dichlorophenol; 98.9% for the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 92.9% for the tetrachlorocatechol.

Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação comparativa de desempenho termodinâmico de sistemas térmicos em uma unidade industrial de fabricação de celulose e papel Kraft. Foram coletados dados de projeto e operação para o sistema atual de utilidades e de um novo sistema em fase de implantação. A análise exergética é utilizada como ferramenta de avaliação quantitativa e qualitativa para os principais componentes do sistema de cogeração de energia: caldeiras de força, caldeiras de recuperação química, turbinas e válvulas redutoras. Diferentes critérios de desempenho globais e relativos são determinados através de balanços simultâneos de energia e entropia (balanços exergéticos). As irreversibilidades ou entropia gerada nos sistemas são determinadas através da exergia destruída. Esta abordagem revela os principais pontos onde a energia é degradada em sua qualidade, indicando onde devem ser buscadas alternativas de otimização termoeconômica para um melhor aproveitamento dos recursos energéticos disponíveis. / This work presents a comparative evaluation from thermodynamic performance view of thermal systems in a Kraft pulp and paper mill. The design information and the data of the industrial operation were collected for the current utility system and for the new system that has been buit. The exergy analysis is applied as the quantitative and qualitative evaluation tool for the main energy conversion systems: power boilers, chemical recovery boiler, turbines and throttling valves. Different global and relatives performance criteria are estimated by simultaneous energy and entropy balances (exergy balances). The irreversibility or generated entropy in the systems is determined by the destroyed exergy. This approach reveals the places where energy quality is mainly degraded and shows where alternatives for optimization must be sought for a better use of the available energetic resources.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoTavares.pdf: 1919804 bytes, checksum: 567abbd68bf62ca08ed06ad41b77bb6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-14 / This thesis focuses on the case of Bahia Sul Celulose e Papel, a high profile industrial project for paper and pulp exportation implemented in 1989 in Bahia s southern city of Mucuri. Their use of eucalyptus as renewable raw material has led our research to a delicate and complex subject, that is, the expansion of forests of this exotic plant along enormous stretches of land throughout some states (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia). Such high speed allocation meant to provide for the increase of cellulose and paper production has generated the expression "green desert", which is establishing itself in environmental literature and whose meaning is being disputed among several conflicting interests: businesses in the sector, government offices, and local communities (which include residents, workers, union members, social movements, quilombola communities, Indian groups, and others). Having established that scenario as the center of our research, our work argues that the socio-environmental impact is clear and forcefully defines the relations between the capital (which is exogenous, and has a non-democratic dynamics of expansion), the social actors (with their dreams of social ascension and consumption), the community (considered in its social, cultural and political dynamics), and government (which, on the one hand, legislates in favor of sustainability and, on the other, yields to the implantation of great industrial projects that harm the environment and do not guarantee jobs nor increase in tax revenues). Therefore, "green desert" is, for this thesis, more than an important motto that nowadays congregates nets of social movements, civil entities and non-governmental organizations. It is an opportunity to lean over the "shadows" of environmental problems in a reflection that points to a new order of segregation and disseverance, which is defined by the imperatives of technical and economic aspects, and which may, ultimately, bring about the desertification of life / Esta tese concentra-se no estudo de caso da Bahia Sul Celulose e Papel, um projeto industrial de grande envergadura, implantado em 1989, no município de Mucuri, região do Extremo Sul da Bahia, e destinado à exportação de celulose e de papel. Utilizando-se de uma matéria-prima renovável o eucalipto -, encontramos, na interface desta pesquisa, um delicado e complexo tema que é o da expansão das florestas desta planta exótica por enormes extensões de terra que se deslocam por vários estados (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e Bahia). Deste deslocamento em alta velocidade para atender ao aumento da produção de celulose e papel, deriva a expressão deserto verde que já ganha presença marcante na literatura socioambiental pela disputa de seus significados entre os vários interesses em conflito: o empresariado do setor, o poder público e a comunidade local (que inclui desde moradores, trabalhadores, sindicalistas, movimentos sociais locais, comunidades quilombolas, grupos indígenas, e outros). Reunidos os elementos centrais que compõem as partes de nossa pesquisa, esta tese apresenta uma visão de que os impactos socioambientais existem e marcam de forma clara e contundente as relações entre o capital (exógeno e sua dinâmica não-democrática de expansão), os atores sociais (com seus sonhos de ascensão e de consumo), a coletividade (enquanto portadora de uma dinâmica social, cultural e política) e o poder público (que, ao mesmo tempo, legisla a favor da sustentabilidade e, de outro, cede espaços para a implantação de grandes projetos industriais que afetam o equilíbrio ambiental e não garantem geração de empregos, nem aumento de arrecadação de impostos). Portanto, deserto verde é, para esta tese, mais do que uma importante bandeira de luta que reúne, hoje, redes de movimentos sociais, entidades civis e organizações não-governamentais. Trata-se de se debruçar sobre as sombras dos impactos sócio-ambientais numa reflexão que aponte para uma nova ordem de segregação e apartação, definida pelos imperativos dos aspectos técnicos e econômicos e, que, no limite, podem prenunciar uma desertificação da vida

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoTavares.pdf: 1919804 bytes, checksum: 567abbd68bf62ca08ed06ad41b77bb6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-14 / This thesis focuses on the case of Bahia Sul Celulose e Papel, a high profile industrial project for paper and pulp exportation implemented in 1989 in Bahia s southern city of Mucuri. Their use of eucalyptus as renewable raw material has led our research to a delicate and complex subject, that is, the expansion of forests of this exotic plant along enormous stretches of land throughout some states (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia). Such high speed allocation meant to provide for the increase of cellulose and paper production has generated the expression "green desert", which is establishing itself in environmental literature and whose meaning is being disputed among several conflicting interests: businesses in the sector, government offices, and local communities (which include residents, workers, union members, social movements, quilombola communities, Indian groups, and others). Having established that scenario as the center of our research, our work argues that the socio-environmental impact is clear and forcefully defines the relations between the capital (which is exogenous, and has a non-democratic dynamics of expansion), the social actors (with their dreams of social ascension and consumption), the community (considered in its social, cultural and political dynamics), and government (which, on the one hand, legislates in favor of sustainability and, on the other, yields to the implantation of great industrial projects that harm the environment and do not guarantee jobs nor increase in tax revenues). Therefore, "green desert" is, for this thesis, more than an important motto that nowadays congregates nets of social movements, civil entities and non-governmental organizations. It is an opportunity to lean over the "shadows" of environmental problems in a reflection that points to a new order of segregation and disseverance, which is defined by the imperatives of technical and economic aspects, and which may, ultimately, bring about the desertification of life / Esta tese concentra-se no estudo de caso da Bahia Sul Celulose e Papel, um projeto industrial de grande envergadura, implantado em 1989, no município de Mucuri, região do Extremo Sul da Bahia, e destinado à exportação de celulose e de papel. Utilizando-se de uma matéria-prima renovável o eucalipto -, encontramos, na interface desta pesquisa, um delicado e complexo tema que é o da expansão das florestas desta planta exótica por enormes extensões de terra que se deslocam por vários estados (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e Bahia). Deste deslocamento em alta velocidade para atender ao aumento da produção de celulose e papel, deriva a expressão deserto verde que já ganha presença marcante na literatura socioambiental pela disputa de seus significados entre os vários interesses em conflito: o empresariado do setor, o poder público e a comunidade local (que inclui desde moradores, trabalhadores, sindicalistas, movimentos sociais locais, comunidades quilombolas, grupos indígenas, e outros). Reunidos os elementos centrais que compõem as partes de nossa pesquisa, esta tese apresenta uma visão de que os impactos socioambientais existem e marcam de forma clara e contundente as relações entre o capital (exógeno e sua dinâmica não-democrática de expansão), os atores sociais (com seus sonhos de ascensão e de consumo), a coletividade (enquanto portadora de uma dinâmica social, cultural e política) e o poder público (que, ao mesmo tempo, legisla a favor da sustentabilidade e, de outro, cede espaços para a implantação de grandes projetos industriais que afetam o equilíbrio ambiental e não garantem geração de empregos, nem aumento de arrecadação de impostos). Portanto, deserto verde é, para esta tese, mais do que uma importante bandeira de luta que reúne, hoje, redes de movimentos sociais, entidades civis e organizações não-governamentais. Trata-se de se debruçar sobre as sombras dos impactos sócio-ambientais numa reflexão que aponte para uma nova ordem de segregação e apartação, definida pelos imperativos dos aspectos técnicos e econômicos e, que, no limite, podem prenunciar uma desertificação da vida