Remote healthcare is a demanding as well as emergent research area. The rise of healthcare costs in the developed countries have made the policy makers for trying to find an alternate model of healthcare rather than relying on traditional healthcare system. Although advancement in the sensor technology, forthcomingness of devices like smart phones and improvement in artificial intelligence technology have made the remote healthcare close to reality but still there are plenty of issues to be solved before it becomes a commonly used healthcare model. In this thesis, studies of two vital physiological parameters pulse rate and oxygen saturation were done to unearth some patterns using Case-Based Reasoning technique. A three-tiered application is developed focusing remote healthcare. The results of the thesis could be used as a starting point of further research of two above mentioned physiological parameters in order to detect anomalous condition of health.

This thesis works with measuring possibilities of blood oxygen saturation, analysis methods used and their calibration. It also deals with design of the block diagram of pulse oximeter for measuring blood oxygen saturation.

No description available.

A utilização de equipamentos para monitoração de parâmetros fisiológicos não é apenas crucial em pacientes que são submetidos a alguns procedimentos médicos, mas é também de extremo valor para animais em uso similar. Este projeto tem como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoração de saturação de oxigênio e freqüência cardíaca para roedores; tal sistema é composto por um dispositivo protótipo compacto e sensor óptico. No presente trabalho, foram utilizadas as tecnologias dos microcontroladores da Microchip para realizar as diversas digitalizações; a tecnologia USB, para realizar a comunicação com computadores e o desenvolvimento da interface desenvolvida com o software disponível da National Instruments, o LabVIEW. Neste estudo, o sistema desenvolvido foi empregado em camundongos e foram realizadas diversas avaliações em laboratório e em campo para a validação do dispositivo protótipo. Os batimentos cardíacos e a saturação de oxigênio, tanto em repouso quanto em movimento, foram detectados pelo protótipo. Os valores de freqüência cardíaca variaram entre 545 e 700 bpm enquanto os valores de saturação de oxigênio variaram entre 80 a 95%. / The equipments use to monitoring physiological parameters isnt just crucial in patients who are submitted to some medical procedures but it is also of extreme value for animals in similar use. This project has as main objective the development of a monitor oxygen saturation and cardiac frequency for mice; the system is compound of a compact prototype device and optic sensor. In the present work, the Microchip microcontrollers technologies had been used, to realize many digitalization; the USB technology interface, to realize the communication with computers and the interface development developed with the available National Instruments software, the LabVIEW. In this study, the developed system was used in mice and have been realized many evaluations in laboratory and field for the prototype validation device. The cardiac beatings and oxygen saturation, as much in rest how in movement they had been detected by the prototype. The values of heart rate had varied of 545 to 700 while the values of oxygen saturation had varied of 80 to 95%.

A utilização de equipamentos para monitoração de parâmetros fisiológicos não é apenas crucial em pacientes que são submetidos a alguns procedimentos médicos, mas é também de extremo valor para animais em uso similar. Este projeto tem como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoração de saturação de oxigênio e freqüência cardíaca para roedores; tal sistema é composto por um dispositivo protótipo compacto e sensor óptico. No presente trabalho, foram utilizadas as tecnologias dos microcontroladores da Microchip para realizar as diversas digitalizações; a tecnologia USB, para realizar a comunicação com computadores e o desenvolvimento da interface desenvolvida com o software disponível da National Instruments, o LabVIEW. Neste estudo, o sistema desenvolvido foi empregado em camundongos e foram realizadas diversas avaliações em laboratório e em campo para a validação do dispositivo protótipo. Os batimentos cardíacos e a saturação de oxigênio, tanto em repouso quanto em movimento, foram detectados pelo protótipo. Os valores de freqüência cardíaca variaram entre 545 e 700 bpm enquanto os valores de saturação de oxigênio variaram entre 80 a 95%. / The equipments use to monitoring physiological parameters isnt just crucial in patients who are submitted to some medical procedures but it is also of extreme value for animals in similar use. This project has as main objective the development of a monitor oxygen saturation and cardiac frequency for mice; the system is compound of a compact prototype device and optic sensor. In the present work, the Microchip microcontrollers technologies had been used, to realize many digitalization; the USB technology interface, to realize the communication with computers and the interface development developed with the available National Instruments software, the LabVIEW. In this study, the developed system was used in mice and have been realized many evaluations in laboratory and field for the prototype validation device. The cardiac beatings and oxygen saturation, as much in rest how in movement they had been detected by the prototype. The values of heart rate had varied of 545 to 700 while the values of oxygen saturation had varied of 80 to 95%.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-07-11T17:01:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keila Surama Alves de Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 2075342 bytes, checksum: 2ef6fd7be76314f6aabeab2fa8fd9e9d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-12T11:28:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keila Surama Alves de Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 2075342 bytes, checksum: 2ef6fd7be76314f6aabeab2fa8fd9e9d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T11:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keila Surama Alves de Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 2075342 bytes, checksum: 2ef6fd7be76314f6aabeab2fa8fd9e9d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Objective: to determine the oxygen saturation level (SaO2) in human pulps of molars by pulse oximetry. Methods: the oxygen saturation level was evaluated in 112 healthy molars using the pulse oximeter and the patient's response time to stimulus with the cold refrigerant gas Endo Ice and recorded with digital timer. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v program. 18.0. Quantitative variables were described by mean and standard deviation when the distribution was symmetric and median and interquartile range when asymmetric. Variables with symmetric distribution were compared between teeth for independent samples and intra-individual for paired samples by Student t test, and the asymmetric distribution with the Mann-Whitney test. To correlate the variables each other was used the Pearson correlation coefficient, and to compare more than two groups together the analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Tukey, being statistically significant p <0,05. Results: the average level of SaO2 for the 112 pulps of healthy molars was 85,09%, and there was no correlation with the SaO2 average of the patient´s indicator finger (92,89%). There was a significant difference (P = 0,037) between the average level of SaO2 of the first (85,76%) and second superior molars (81,87%), and it was not significant (P = 0,177) between the first (85,58%) and second (88,15%) inferior molars. The superior molars had lower average level of SaO2 (83,59%) when compared to the inferior molars (86,89%), with a statistically significant difference (P = 0,018). The average of the patient's response time to the cold stimulus was 1,12 seconds, with no statistically significant difference between superior (1,25 seconds) and inferior molars (0,99 seconds). Conclusion: the average level of SaO2 in healthy molars pulps was 85,09%, and the average of the superior molars was 83,59% and inferior molars was 86,89%. The average of the patient's response time to the cold stimulus was 1,12 seconds, with no statistically significant difference between superior (1,25 seconds) and inferior molars (0,99 seconds) and there was no correlation between the patient's response time to the cold stimulus and the oxygen saturation level for healthy molars. / Objetivo: determinar o nível de saturação de oxigênio (SaO2) em polpas humanas de molares hígidos por meio da oximetria de pulso. Material e métodos: o nível de SaO2 foi avaliado em 112 molares hígidos utilizando-se o oxímetro de pulso, e o tempo de resposta do paciente ao estímulo ao frio com gás refrigerante e registrado com cronômetro digital. A análise estatística foi feita pelo programa SPSS v. 18.0. Foram descritas as variáveis quantitativas pela média e desvio padrão quando a sua distribuição foi simétrica e mediana e intervalo interquartil quando assimétrica. As variáveis com distribuição simétrica foram comparadas entre dentes para amostras independentes e intra-indivíduo para amostras pareadas pelo teste t de Student, e as com distribuição assimétrica pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Para correlacionar as variáveis entre si foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, e para comparar mais de dois grupos entre si o teste de Análise de Variância (ANOVA) seguido do teste post-hoc de Tukey, sendo estatisticamente significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: o nível médio de SaO2 para as 112 polpas dos molares hígidos foi 85,09%, e não houve correlação com a média do dedo indicador do paciente (92,89%). Houve uma diferença significante (P= 0,037) entre o nível médio de SaO2 dos primeiros (85,76%) e dos segundos molares superiores (81,87%), não sendo significante (P= 0,177) entre os primeiros (85,58%) e segundos (88,15%) molares inferiores. Os molares superiores apresentaram menor nível médio de SaO2 (83,59%) quando comparados aos inferiores (86,89%), sendo a diferença estatisticamente significativa (P= 0,018). A mediana do tempo de resposta do paciente ao estímulo ao frio foi de 1,12 segundos, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa entre molares superiores (1,25 segundos) e inferiores (0,99 segundos). Conclusão: o nível médio de SaO2 em polpas de molares hígidos foi de 85,09%, sendo a média dos molares superiores de 83,59% e a dos inferiores de 86,89%. A mediana do tempo de resposta do paciente ao estímulo ao frio em molares hígidos foi de 1,12 segundos, não havendo diferença estatística entre superiores (1,25 s) e inferiores (0,99), e não houve correlação entre o tempo de resposta do paciente ao estímulo ao frio e o nível de saturação de oxigênio para molares hígidos. Palavras-chave: oxímetro de pulso, polpa dentária, saturação de oxigênio, teste frio.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-05-04T18:19:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Giulliano Caixeta Serpa - 2015.pdf: 6440012 bytes, checksum: b6d8b56774a4711b3b6a269330b817a1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T12:53:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Giulliano Caixeta Serpa - 2015.pdf: 6440012 bytes, checksum: b6d8b56774a4711b3b6a269330b817a1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T12:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Giulliano Caixeta Serpa - 2015.pdf: 6440012 bytes, checksum: b6d8b56774a4711b3b6a269330b817a1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-25 / Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the level of oxygen saturation in normal pulps of premolars maxilary in different age groups. Methodology: 120 premolars were selected in normal conditions and pulp divided by age of 24 teeth each: 20-24 years; 25-29 years; 30-34 years; 35-39 years; 40 to 44 years. the level of oxygen saturation of these teeth was determined by pulse oximetry. The ANOVA was used to check for differences between these age groups in the level of oxygen saturation and the Tukey test to identify which differed from each other. Results: The mean oxygen saturation encompassing all age groups was 86,2%, already for each separately it was found that: 20-24 years (89,71%), 25-29 years (87,67%) 30 to 34 years (88,71%), 35-39 years (84,80%), 40-44 years (80,00%), with the latter being statistically significant reduced level of others. Conclusion: The oxygen saturation level in normal pulps premolars averaged 86.2%, a significant reduction from 40 to 44 years. / Objetivo: Estabelecer o nível de saturação de oxigênio em polpas normais de pré-molares em diferentes faixas etárias. Material e Método: Foram selecionados 120 pré-molares superiores humanos em condições pulpares de normalidade e divididos por faixa etária (n=24): 20 a 24 anos; 25 a 29 anos; 30 a 34 anos; 35 a 39 anos; 40 a 44 anos. O nível de saturação dos dentes foram avaliados por um oximetro de pulso. A análise de variância ANOVA foi utilizada para verificar a existência de diferença entre as faixas etárias em relação ao nível de saturação de oxigênio, e o teste de Tukey para identificar quais diferiam entre si. Resultados: A média de saturação de oxigênio em todas as faixas etárias foi de 86,2%. A análise dos valores obtidos em cada faixa sugere que na última faixa etária verificou-se um nível reduzido, significante em relação as demais [(20 a 24 anos (89,71%); 25 a 29 anos (87,67%); 30 a 34 anos (88,71%); 35 a 39 anos (84,80%); 40 a 44 anos (80,00%)]. Conclusão: O nível de saturação de oxigênio em polpas normais de pré-molares apresentou uma média de 86,2%, com redução significante entre 40 a 44 anos.

This thesis had the purpose to look into the accuracy of the pulse oximeter, the experienced as well as the actual. A pulse oximeter utilizes optics to non-invasively estimate the oxygen saturation (SO2) in the blood with an indirect value (SpO2). The accuracy of the pulse oximeter and its two belonging sensors (ear and finger) was compared against the method that is considered to give the most reliable value of this parameter, i.e. arterial blood gas test (SaO2). The experienced accuracy was evaluated with the help of a questionnaire. The target group was healthcare professionals at four main hospitals in Stockholm, and further three departments were chosen at each hospital; lung, cardiology, and emergency department. Additional data was collected with help of measurements performed on patients, where readings from pulse oximeters were compared against arterial blood gas tests. Data was collected from two measurement sites on the body, the ear and the finger. Differences between SpO2 and SaO2 as well as differences between ear and finger for the same pulse oximeter were investigated. The result from the two methods indicated that the healthcare professionals were aware of existing deviations between SpO2 and SaO2, and some also had strategies to deal with them. The trend of the collected data was analyzed to draw a conclusion of the most accurate pulse oximeter according to the tests. There was not enough data collected to make any statistical conclusion, but according to the data none of the pulse oximeters fulfilled the set requirement. Differences existed when SpO2 was compared against SaO2, and also when SpO2 from the ear and finger for the same pulse oximeter were compared against each other. According to the data, one pulse oximeter was concluded to be more accurate than the others. Suggestions for future work can be to collect a bigger amount of data to be able to draw a statistical conclusion, and eventually focus on interviews to look deeper into the healthcare professionals’ strategies and workflow. / Den här uppsatsen syftade till att undersöka pulsoximeterns mätnoggrannhet, så väl den upplevda som den faktiska. En pulsoximeter utnyttjar optik för att icke-invasivt uppskatta syremättnaden (SO2) i blodet med ett indirekt värde (SpO2). Mätnoggrannheten hos pulsoximetern och dess två sensorer (öra och finger) jämfördes med den metod som anses ge det mest korrekta värdet av denna parameter, dvs. analys av arteriellt blodgastest (SaO2). Den upplevda mätnoggrannheten studerades med hjälp av enkät. Målgruppen var sjukvårdspersonal anställda på fyra stora sjukhus i Stockholm, och vidare valdes tre avdelningar; lungvårds-, hjärtintensivvårds- och akutvårdsavdelningen. Vidare samlades data in genom utförda mätningar på patienter, värden erhållna med hjälp av pulsoximetrar jämfördes med blodgastester. Data samlades in från två mätställen, öra och finger, för respektive pulsoximeter. Skillnader mellan SpO2 och SaO2 samt skillnader mellan öra och finger för samma pulsoximeter undersöktes. Resultatet av de två metoderna visade att sjukvårdspersonalen är väl medvetna om att skillnader existerar mellan SpO2 och SaO2, och även att många hade strategier för att hantera dessa. Trenden hos data som samlades in med hjälp av testerna utnyttjades för att kunna dra en slutsats angående mätnoggrannheten i relation till blodgastester. För lite data samlades in för att kunna dra någon statistisk slutsats, men data pekade på att ingen av de testade pulsoximetrarna uppfyllde den av författarna fastställda accepterade skillnaden. Skillnader visade sig existera vid jämförelse mellan SpO2 och SaO2, och även när SpO2 från örat och finger för samma pulsoximeter jämfördes mot varandra. Enligt data var en av de testade pulsoximeterna mer noggrann än de andra. Förslag på framtida arbete kan vara att samla in mer data för att ta fram ett statistiskt resultat, samt eventuellt komplettera datainsamlingen med intervjuer för att vidare undersöka strategier och arbetssätt hos sjukvårdspersonalen.

Accurate assessment of a child’s health is critical for appropriate allocation of medical resources and timely delivery of healthcare in both primary care (GP consultations) and secondary care (ED consultations). Serious illnesses such as meningitis and pneumonia account for 20% of deaths in childhood and require early recognition and treatment in order to maximize the chances of survival of affected children. Due to time constraints, poorly defined normal ranges, difficulty in achieving accurate readings and the difficulties faced by clinicians in interpreting combinations of vital signs, vital signs are rarely measured in primary care and their utility is limited in emergency departments. This thesis aims to develop a monitoring and data fusion system, to be used in both primary care and emergency department settings during the initial assessment of children suspected of having a serious infection. The proposed system relies on the photoplethysmogram (PPG) which is routinely recorded in different clinical settings with a pulse oximeter using a small finger probe. The most difficult vital sign to measure accurately is respiratory rate which has been found to be predictive of serious infection. An automated method is developed to estimate the respiratory rate from the PPG waveform using both the amplitude modulation caused by changes in thoracic pressure during the respiratory cycle and the phenomenon of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, the heart rate variability associated with respiration. The performance of such automated methods deteriorates when monitoring children as a result of frequent motion artefact. A method is developed that automatically identifies high-quality PPG segments mitigating the effects of motion on the estimation of respiratory rate. In the final part of the thesis, the four vital signs (heart rate, temperature, oxygen saturation and respiratory rate) are combined using a probabilistic framework to provide a novelty score for ranking various diagnostic groups, and predicting the severity of infection in two independent data sets from two different clinical settings.

Apple WatchTM huserar funktionaliteter inom medicinteknik. Detta är ett examensarbete inom medicinteknik som ställer frågan om hur pass bra mätningar den utför i förhållande till motsvarande medicinteknisk produkt. Smartklockan kan identifiera R-toppar i EKG mycketväl, och därigenom också förmaksflimmer. I förhållande till pulsoximeter presenteras syremättnad några procentenheter för högt och följsamheten är något stel. Apple WatchTM mäter puls bra vid högre hjärtslagsfrekvenser, men har kraftigt begränsad träffsäkerhet och sämre följsamhet vid mätningar i vila. Det kan inte styrkas att Apple WatchTM kan användas som verktyg för att ställa någon medicinsk diagnos, utifrån testerna i detta arbetet, där datamängd och urvalsgrupp samtidigt varit för liten för att kunna ge riktig statistisk signifikans. / The Apple WatchTM has functionalities related to the field of medical technology. This is a degree project in medical engineering that raises the question how adequate measurements it can acquire, in relation to a corresponding medical device. The Apple WatchTM can identify R waves in ECG very well and thereby also atrial fibrillation. In relation to pulse oximeters, oxygen saturation is given a few percentage points too high and the compliance is somewhat rigid. Apple WatchTM measures heart rate well at higher heart rates, but has severely limited accuracy and has poorer compliance when measuring at rest. The tests of this work shows that the Apple WatchTM should not be used as a tool for making any medical diagnosis, but the amount of data and test subjects were not sufficient enough to make it statistically significant.