L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer au développement de l'énergie éolienne au Liban et des problèmes de stockage qui y sont liés. Une analyse des caractéristiques du vent dans 14 sites libanais a été effectuée dans le but de sélectionner les sites optimaux pour l'implantation d'éoliennes. Après la sélection de ces cinq sites optimaux, le choix de l'éolienne adéquate et la détermination du nombre d'éoliennes qui pourrait être érigées dans chacun de ces cinq sites, une évaluation du potentiel éolien a été réalisée afin d'estimer la quantité d'électricité qui pourrait être produite par ces éoliennes. Les résultats montrent qu'il y a un excédent d'électricité produite par les éoliennes qui pourrait être enregistré pendant la nuit, ce qui nous a incités à travailler sur la conception et le dimensionnement d'un système de stockage hydraulique de l'énergie éolienne afin d'optimiser sa pénétration dans le réseau. Les cinq sites sélectionnés pour l'implantation d'éoliennes au Liban ont été soumis à la procédure d'évaluation et d'examen des impacts sur l'environnement, notamment sur le paysage et les oiseaux, ce qui aide à faciliter l'élaboration des projets prenant en compte tous les enjeux environnementaux. A la fin du travail, des pistes d'élaboration d'un règlement pour l'implantation d'éoliennes au Liban et une analyse économique du projet d'implantation d'éoliennes et d'un système de stockage ont été menées. / The objective of this thesis is to investigate of the development of the wind power in Lebanon and storage related issues. An analysis of wind characteristics at 14 Lebanese sites was carried out in order to select the optimal sites for the implementation of wind turbines. After the optimization procedure (5 sites in final), the choice of the appropriate wind turbine (in terms of capacity) and the determination of the number of wind turbines that could be erected in each of selected sites, an evaluation of the wind potential has been performed to estimate the level of electrical power that could be produced. The results show that there is an overproduction of electricity could be registered during the night, which prompted us to work on the design and dimensioning of a hydraulic storage of wind energy system to optimize its penetration into the grid. The five selected sites for the installation of wind turbines in Lebanon were subjected to the evaluation process and review of environmental impacts, particularly regarding landscape and birds, which helps to facilitate project development taking into account all environmental issues. At the end of the work, tentative regulations to erect wind turbines in Lebanon and an economic analysis of the wind project and implementation of a storage system have been proposed. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This diploma thesis deals with the design of repairs to the asphalt concrete facing of the upper reservoir of the pump-storage power station Dlouhé Strána. The first part summarizes the knowledge about asphalt concrete facings, experience from foreign constructions and a description of the damage on this hydraulic structure. The second part defines the variants of repairs and the selection of the most suitable on the basis of decision analysis.

Electrification in rural areas of West African countries remain to be a challenge for the growth of the region. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has set a target of 2030 to achieve 100% electrification in all member countries. Burkina Faso is one of the least electrified countries in the world, where only 9 % of the rural population has access to electricity. This study presents a conceptualization of techno-economic feasibility of pumped hydro storage (PHS) and electric batteries with solar photovoltaics (PV) in the context of Burkina Faso. The results are explored for an off grid standalone PV plus storage system for a rural setting and a grid connected PV system for an urban setup. The least cost configurations for both the cases are determined using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). The results indicate the need of extended solar penetration in Burkina Faso in response to the challenges of low electrification rates in the country. Adding more PV to the present electricity mix of Burkina Faso could drive down the cost of energy by 50 % compared to the present grid electricity prices by making cheap electricity available to the local population. Adding PHS to grid connected PV leads to a cost reduction of 8% over a lifetime of 25 years which does not provide enough motivation for the high investments in storage at present. Policy interventions that allow stacking up of revenues and benefits of storage are needed to make it more competitive. PV plus pumped hydro storage remains the optimal system architecture as compared to PV plus electric batteries for off grid standalone systems provided the geographic availability of lower and upper reservoirs. The capital cost of PV remains to be the most dominating factor in the cost of optimal system for both the urban and the rural cases, and driving down the costs of PV would have the most positive effect for increased electricity access in the country. / Elektrifiering i landsbygdsområden i västafrikanska länder är fortfarande en utmaning för tillväxten i regionen. Ekonomiska gemenskapen i Västafrikanska stater (ECOWAS) har satt upp ett mål 2030 att uppnå 100% elektrifiering i alla medlemsländer. Burkina Faso är ett av de minst elektrifierade länderna i världen där bara 9% av landsbygdsbefolkningen har tillgång till el. Denna studie presenterar en konceptualisering av teknisk ekonomisk genomförbarhet för pumpad vattenkraftlagring (PHS) och elektriska batterier med PV (photovoltaics) paneler i samband med Burkina Faso. Resultaten undersöks med avseende på ett fristående fristående PV plus lagringssystem för landsbygden och ett nätanslutet PV-system för en stadsinstallation. De lägsta kostnadskonfigurationerna för båda fallen bestäms med hjälp av HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). Resultaten visar på behovet av utökad solpenetrering i Burkina Faso som svar på utmaningarna med låga elektrifieringshastigheter i landet. Att lägga till mer PV till den nuvarande elmixen av Burkina Faso skulle kunna sänka energikostnaderna med 50% jämfört med de nuvarande elpriserna för nätet genom att göra billig el tillgänglig för lokalbefolkningen. Att lägga till PHS till nätansluten PV leder till en kostnadsminskning på 8% under en livslängd på 25 år som inte ger tillräcklig motivation för de stora investeringarna i lagring för närvarande. Politikåtgärder som möjliggör stapling av intäkter och fördelar med lagring behövs för att göra det mer konkurrenskraftigt. PV plus pumpad hydro förblir den optimala systemarkitekturen jämfört med PV plus elektriska batterier för fristående nät utanför nätet förutsatt geografisk tillgänglighet av nedre och övre reservoarer. Kapitalkostnaden för PV är fortfarande den mest dominerande faktorn i det lägsta kostnadssystemet för både stads- och landsbygdsfall och att köra ner PV-kostnaderna skulle ha den mest positiva effekten för ökad elåtkomst i landet.

Floquet’s theorem, a temporal analogue of Bloch’s theorem, is used for studying a time-dependent potential. With applications in cold atoms on optical lattices, quantum dots and more, there is a growing interest in Floquet engineering exotic materials and phases. By solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation scattering amplitudes are derived from which the transmission spectrum are generated. The driving field induces Floquet sidebands into which the particle can inelastically scatter. Fano resonances are observed when the incoming particle and a bound state of the staticpotential differ by some energy quanta. This process is mediated by the driving field. The scattering matrix and transmission spectra are reproduced from previous work on electron gas, graphene, and a semi-metal admitting a point of quadratic band touching (QBT). The QBT system is extended with linear tilting along the potential, which proves to be another good quantum number for tunable control.

<p>Rising interest in high-performance servers in data centers to support the increasing demands for cloud-computing and storage have challenged thermal management systems. To prevent these increased power density servers from overheating due to the high heat fluxes dissipated, new cooling methods have continued to be investigated in recent years. One such solution is pumped two-phase cooling which shows promise over traditional air cooling due to the reduced power consumption it requires to operate, while also being able to dissipate large amounts of heat from the small components in servers.</p> <p>    </p> <p>Although pumped two-phase systems as a cooling strategy have existed for multiple decades, sub-optimal component design have hindered the potential efficiencies achievable. This is especially prevalent in the condenser where, in order to meet required metrics, these heat exchangers are commonly oversized due to maldistribution at low vapor qualities and a lack of understanding about the condensation behavior within certain geometries.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Through the work presented in this thesis, the capabilities of an air-cooled microchannel condenser model are explored for future use in optimization studies for data center applications. To perform this research, an investigation into the boundary conditions of these systems and common condenser modeling strategies were carried out. Using this knowledge, a flexible discretized condenser model was developed to capture the behavior of pumped two-phase cooling in data centers under a wide range of operating conditions. In conjunction, an experimental test setup was sized, designed, and constructed to provide validation for the model. Then, using the model, some initial parametric studies were conducted to identify the sensitivity effects of various parameters on overall condenser performance. In this initial study, some favored boundary conditions and geometries were found that both minimize refrigerant pressure drops and maximize heat transfer. For an air-cooled condenser operating with R1234ze(E), these include: refrigerant entering the condenser around 40% quality, operating at moderate refrigerant mass fluxes through the channels (130 - 460 kg/m^2-s), and designing microchannel condenser tubes with many tightly packed square ports. Continued investigation into the contributing parameters of weight in the future using the tools developed in this thesis will lead to further optimized condenser designs and operating conditions.</p>

No description available.

[pt] Umas das principais características do Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro é a alta penetração de renováveis, principalmente da energia hidráulica, e com destaque para a expansão das fontes solar e eólica. No entanto, estas duas últimas têm como particularidades a inerente variabilidade e imprevisibilidade, mesmo no curto prazo. Para lidar com este problema, usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis (UHR) vem sendo consideradas com uma boa complementação às fontes intermitentes devido a sua capacidade de armazenamento de energia em períodos de baixa demanda. No Brasil, ainda não há UHRs em operação comercial, e este trabalho analisará a viabilidade econômico-financeira de sua implantação no país. Adicionalmente, será estudada a contratação ótima, sob o ponto de vista da UHR, em dois mercados, um de longo prazo e outro de curto prazo com preços de liquidação de diferenças (PLD) horários. / [en] One of the main characteristics of the Brazilian Electrical System is the high penetration of renewable energy, mainly hydroelectric power, and especially the expansion of solar and wind power sources. However, these last two sources have as their main characteristics the inherent variability and unpredictability, even in the short term. To deal with this issue, pumped-storage hydropower plants (UHR) are being considered as a good complementation to these intermittent sources, due to their energy storage capacity in low demand periods. In Brazil, there are still no UHRs in commercial operation, and this work will analyze the economic and financial viability of their implementation in the country. In addition, the optimal hiring, from the UHR s point of view, will be studied in two markets: long-term and short-term with hourly settlement prices (PLD).

Pumped hydro energy storages commonly plan their operations on short-term forecasts of the upcoming electricity prices, meaning that errors in these forecasts would entail suboptimal operations of the energy storage. Despite the high investment costs of pumped hydro energy storages, few studies take a holistic approach to the uncertainties involved in such investment decisions. The aim of this study is to investigate how forecast errors in electricity prices affect the chosen size configuration in investment decisions for pumped hydro energy storages. Moreover, sizing decisions are made in the long-term and involve long-term uncertainties in electricity prices. A robust decision-making framework including long-term electricity price scenarios is therefore used to evaluate the effects of including forecast errors in the sizing decision. By simulating the day-to-day operation of the energy storage with short-term forecasts, the effects of including the errors are compared to using perfect information. Using this approach, the most robust capacity is shown to increase by 25 MW, from 2 375 MW to 2 400 MW, when including forecast errors instead of assuming perfect information in the simulations. This indicates that the deviations in short-term forecasts require the pumped hydro energy storage operator to be more flexible in their operations, thus requiring a higher capacity. In addition, the profitability of the energy storage decreased significantly when including forecast errors in the simulations, showing the importance of taking the short-term forecast errors into account in sizing and investment decisions of pumped hydro energy storage. / Driften av pumpkraftverk optimeras med hjälp av kortsiktiga prognoser av elpriser, vilket innebär att fel i dessa prognoser leder till suboptimal drift. Trots att investeringar i pumpkraftverk är kostsamma, har få studier ett holistisk synsätt kring osäkerheter i investeringsbeslutet. Målet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kortsiktiga prognosfel i elpriser påverkar den optimala dimensionering av pumpkraftverk. Investeringsbeslut i pumpkraftverk är långsiktiga och kräver estimat av framtida elpriser, vars karakteristik är osäker. Ett ramverk som bygger på robust beslutstagande, med scenarier över framtida elpriser, används därför för att bedöma effekten av att inkludera kortsiktiga prognosfel i investeringsbeslutet. Genom att simulera den dagliga driften av energilager, undersöks effekten av att inkludera prognosfel jämfört med perfekt information. Med detta tillvägagångsätt ökade den mest robusta kapaciteten med 25 MW, från 2 375 MW till 2 400 MW, när prognosfel inkluderades. Detta visar på att fel i kortsiktiga prognoser kräver pumpkraftverket av vara mer flexibelt, vilket ges av höjdkapacitet. Lönsamheten minskade också signifikant när prognosfel inkluderades, vilket visar på vikten av att ta hänsyn till kortsiktiga prognosfel i beslut kring dimensionering och investering av pumpkraftverk.

This master thesis explores the application of Pumped-Storage Hydroelectricity (PSH) within an electricity market characterised by a substantial share of renewable and intermittent electricity production. The purpose of PSH is to enhance the alignment of supply with demand by storing energy at electricity surplus and releasing it during shortage. The Juktan Power Station, once the largest pumped hydro storage facility in Sweden with a storage capacity of about 25 GWh and maximum generation of 335 MW, serves as a case study. An in-depth analysis of the properties of the Swedish electricity market and its influencing factors is conducted. Wind speed data is successfully used to increase accuracy of price prediction. Furthermore, a model is developed to calculate potential profitability employing various operation methods. In conclusion, large-scale PSH provide significant benefit to the stability of the electricity system with a clear increase in value after 2020. However, concerns about grid tariff design, electricity market development and energy storage incentives means that investments are not obviously profitable. / Detta examensarbete utforskar tillämpningen av pumpkraftverk på en modern elmarknad med betydande andel förnyelsebar och intermittent electricitetsproduktion. Syftet med pumpkraft är att förbättra anpassningen av tillgång och efterfrågan genom att lagra energi vid elöverskott och frigöra den vid underskott. Juktan Kraftstation, tidigare Sveriges största pumpkraftverk med en lagringskapacitet på ca 25 GWh och maximal generatoreffekt på 335 MW, används som fallstudie. En analys av den svenska elmarknaden och dess påverkande faktorer genomförs. Vindhastighetsdata används framgångsrikt för att förbättra träffsäkerheten för elprisförutsägelser. Vidare utvecklas en modell för att beräkna potentiell lönsamhet med olika driftmetoder. Sammanfattningsvis visas att storskalig pumpkraft ger betydande fördelar för elsystemet med tydlig förstärkning efter 2020. Däremot identifieras potentiella problem såsom elnätsavgiften, svårigheten att långsiktigt förutspå elmarknadens utveckling samt incitament för energilagring, vilka sammantaget gör att pumpkraftinvesteringar inte är självklart lönsamma.

Ce travail s’intéresse à l’étude d’un système de pompage turbinage à vitesse variable avec une machine asynchrone doublement alimentée face aux perturbations de réseau électrique. L’objectif est d’assurer la continuité de service de cet élément stabilisateur de réseau électrique de sorte qu’il reste connecté au réseau même en cas de perturbations. Le contrôle du système dans les différentes phases de fonctionnement en mode sain a été tout d’abord développé ainsi qu'une étude de stabilité de système utilisant l’analyse modale. Les différents outils nécessaires pour cette analyse ont été tout d’abord mis en oeuvre. Ensuite, les limites de stabilité du système ont été étudiées tenant compte de la variation de longueur de ligne. Le comportement du système en présence des défauts a été par la suite étudié. Les défauts de réseau considérés sont les défauts symétriques et les défauts asymétriques. Une solution basée sur la modification de la stratégie de contrôle a été adoptée pour le cas des défauts symétriques et une solution basée sur l’ajout d’éléments au circuit de puissance a été adoptée pour les cas des défauts asymétriques. Un dispositif expérimental de 4kW a été mis en oeuvre pour la validation des développements menés dans le cadre de cette thèse. / This work focuses on the study of a variable speed pumped storage system based on a doubly fed induction machine in case of grid disturbances. Thus the main objective is to improve the fault ride through capabilities of this grid stabilizer and to guarantee its connection with the grid even under disturbances. The system control in the different operating phases in healthy conditions is developed and then a system stability study is conducted using the eigenvalue analysis. The system stability limits have been investigated taking into account the variation of grid line length so the grid impedance variation. Then the system behavior under disturbances is analyzed. Theconsidered grid faults are symmetric and asymmetric faults. The investigated fault ride through capabilities of the pumped storage system consist of two solutions, one based on the modification of the control strategy was adopted for the symmetric faults and one based on hardware modification has been adopted for the asymmetric ones. A 4kW laboratory set-up has been developed for experimental validation.