Doctor Educationis / It is rare in law and in other disciplines for a word or a phrase to appear to mean what it does not. This is, however, true when it comes to life imprisonment or life sentence. I Unlike sentences like the death penalty, there have been instances where even those who are expected to know the meaning of the sentence of life imprisonment have misunderstood it.2 This misunderstanding is compounded by the fact that even dictionaries that have always helped us to understand the meaning of the words are of little help when it comes to the definition of life imprisonment. The Oxford Advanced Leamer's Dictionary, for example, defines life sentence to mean 'the punishment by which [some body] spends the rest of their life in prison." It goes ahead to define a 'lifer' as 'a person who has been sent to The ambiguity of life imprisonment could partly explain why the campaign prison for their whole life." to abolish the death penalty and substitute it with life imprisonment has option to choose between the death penalty and life-imprisonment,

It was the purpose of this study (1) to determine how many states have laws relating to corporal punishment in the public schools; (2) to ascertain the number of states having specific provisions in their education code relating to corporal punishment; (3) to determine the authority which authorizes or prohibits or restricts corporal punishment in each states; (4) to find to what extent the laws relating to corporal punishment are specific; (5) to find how much power the laws give school districts and school personnel; (6) to learn the nature of the regulations set forth by the state department of education, or other authority, concerning corporal punishment (7) to learn of the provisions in the regulations for administering corporal punishment; (8) to examine the laws relating to liability of public officials and school employees in each state; and (9) to prepare a recommendation governing corporal punishment in the public schools to be presented to the California State Legislature.

"The study, considering international law and comparable case law on the subject in Africa, argues that Uganda does not comply with international standards in the use of the death penalty for countries that retain it. It h penalty in Uganda can be challenged. It is argued that it may not be easy to challenge the death penalty in Uganda as unconstitutional, but it can certainly be confronted based on the failure to comply with procedural safeguards for those on death row at the domestic, regional and international level. The death penalty is currently a subject of debate in Uganda by both the public and the Constitutional Court. The fact that Uganda retains the death penalty and that the recent executions were caried out in the most horrendous manner is worrying. There is concern that this might be an emerging trend, which warrants an analysis of the legality of the punishment and its operation in Uganda. Furthermore, the death penalty is still carried out in most parts of Africe, yet there is not much written on the subject. Most of the writings on the subject of the death penalty focus on the USA. This study will contribute to the sparse research on the sujbect in Africa. The value of this research is that it indicates ways that can be used to confront the death penalty that may work not only in Uganda, but also in ohter parts of Africa." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This thesis focuses on disqualification punishment in all of it phases. Its main objective is to provide the detailed insight into imposing this punishment. It also tries to answer the question whether the disqualification can be considered one of the alternative punishments or not. At first, general issues of sentencing and purpose of penal law are researched, including Czech penal system. As a next subject of the research, punishment of disqualification is analyzed: from substance and purpose of punishment, through conditions upon which it can be imposed, phases subsequent to imposition (execution of sentence, supervison of execution) to conditional suspension of sentence. Separate chapters try to explicate disqualification from driving motor vehicles, sentencing of youth offenders and legal entities. Extra chapter is dedicated to historical development of the institute. Comparation with legislation of some of the European countries is also included.

As a criminal sanction, community service involves unpaid labor on the part of convicted criminal offenders. Community service was created as an alternative to incarceration for low-level offenders. It now appears, however, that community service is rarely used as a true alternative to prison, but rather as an added condition of probation. The body of research on community service in the United States is modest, so relatively little is known about its characteristics and administration. Data were attained from 88 Texas probation professionals via self-administered written surveys in an effort to gather information about the use of community service as a criminal sanction in Texas. Frequency distribution analyses identified characteristics of both community service programs and offender participants in Texas.

Juvenile liability for the administrative delicts Abstract In my thesis, I deal with juvenile liability for the administrative delicts. The goal of my thesis is to analyze and to evaluate the current administrative delicts legislation and to propose certain measures I would personally take regarding these issues. In the first part, I define some key terms for my thesis, which are liability, administrative delict, age and juveniles. The second part is dedicated to the principles of imposing punishments upon juveniles. The purpose of imposing administrative punishments upon juveniles is so that they would live proper life and so that they would not repeat illegal acts. While imposing punishments upon juveniles, the administrative body must consider many factors, the main goal is so that the punishment would fulfill its educational purpose and at the same time so that it would not disturb juvenile's further development. In the third part, I introduce what differences regarding punishments upon juvenile transgressors are comprised in the current legislation. I am also concerned with the administrative procedures specifics leading to the imposition of punishments upon a juvenile transgressor in this part. In the fourth part, I deal with the specifics of a hearing of an administrative delict with a juvenile,...

The death penalty has had many regulations placed since its first use in America to make the process more equitable, but people are still being wrongfully sentenced to die. Using a data set of 139 exonerations over a period from 1980 to 2021, the current study examined some prominent factors in wrongful death penalty convictions and how these factors have changed or endured over time. The major findings revealed that racial disparity still exists in the legal process, but it is declining. Exonerees are more likely to have three or more contributing factors (perjury or false accusation, official misconduct, false or misleading forensic evidence, et cetera) in their wrongful death penalty convictions. Official misconduct and perjury or false accusation are by far the most common reasons for a wrongful conviction. The current study also found that often, DNA is not available to test or is simply not being tested, and there is a downward trend overall in the amount of DNA testing being done. Recommendations for further improvements are discussed.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The prevalence of corporal punishment and life imprisonment sentences for children in Africa is tied to their legal history. Colonialism had an extensive impact on the criminal law of most African States, including the handling of children in conflict with the law. African States adopted models of juvenile justice which were a result of social, economic and political circumstances occurring in Europe at that time. However, these circumstances were not necessarily similar to the circumstances prevalent in African States at the same time, neither was the image of the colonial country’s child similar to that of the African child. The coming into force of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has been ratified by all nations, except the United States, created a uniform platform for all State Parties to create separate justice systems for dealing with children in conflict with the law and abolish inhuman sentences such as life imprisonment and corporal punishment. In light of the obligation to abolish inhuman sentences and create separate systems for dealing with children in conflict with the law, this thesis discusses Zimbabwe and Botswana’s compliance with these obligations. The thesis proposes a sentencing guideline for children in conflict with the law in Zimbabwe and Botswana. The study also proposes an alignment of the national laws of these two countries on sentencing children to reflect their international obligations.

A punishment is a self-protection of a society against a violation. It also serves as an exemplary warning. An imprisoned person is associated to the unfree spaces of jail. The environment of prison takes away an individual freedom of the imprisoned person and also his contact with outer society. When the punishment ends the separated people are very often unable to come back to the rutine of everydays life. The space division of a freedom and places with absence of freedom is just a wall. Releasing from jail is as fast as the imprisoning. Usually the prisoner is not ready to go back to the real world and the society does not help them to integrate. The result of this social phenomenon is a recidivism. Former prisoners are very often stigmatized for their whole life. The proposal solves a moment of releasing to freedom. The architectural intervation is located in the border between the freedom and jail - in the wall. A variation of different spaces tries to fulfill the huge mental gap and creates a dialog between to different worlds.

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