GUERRERO, Jorge Recarte Henriquez, também é conhecido em citações bibliográficas por: HENRIQUEZ, Jorge Recarte / Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-16T21:30:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Liliana Marcela Rubio Ospina.pdf: 3300970 bytes, checksum: b4877c7c540d1d9706bb20dc46b58cc7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-23T22:47:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Liliana Marcela Rubio Ospina.pdf: 3300970 bytes, checksum: b4877c7c540d1d9706bb20dc46b58cc7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T22:47:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Liliana Marcela Rubio Ospina.pdf: 3300970 bytes, checksum: b4877c7c540d1d9706bb20dc46b58cc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-07 / CAPES / O campo da energia solar tem atraído muita atenção por parte dos cientistas e engenheiros nos ultimos anos. Já que cada vez mais estão aumentando suas aplicações nas áreas térmicas e elétricas. Esta fonte alternativa pode ser considerada como uma possível solução para diminuir o consumo de combustivesis fosseis especialmente na geração de electricidade. Além disso, diversifica a matriz energética e elétrica evitando a dependência de uma única fonte de energia (hidráulica) onde sua oferta interna pode ser afetada por agentes externos difíceis de controlar. A energia solar fotovoltaica tem apresentado um crecimiento considerável (200%) nos últimos três anos na micro e minigeração distribuída do Brasil. O principal setor de aplicação da energia solar é no setor residencial, especificamente na demanda de aquecimeinto de água, calefação de espaços e geração de eletricidadade. As tecnologias usadas na transformação da energia solar em energia térmica e elétrica são os coletores solares e os módulos fotovoltaicos, respectivamente. A fim de melhorar os desempenhos dos módulos fotovoltaicos e aproveitar o ganho térmico pelo aquecimento das células fotovoltaicas, há aumentado o interesse dos pesquisadores na tecnologia híbrida fotovoltaica térmica (PV/T) já que permite a produção simultânea de energia elétrica e térmica por meio da captação de energia solar a partir de um só dispositivo, o coletor PV/T. Algumas vantagens deste tipo de sistema comparado com os sistemas de captação tradicionais (coletor solar e módulo fotovoltaico) são a diminuição de custos de instalação, o melhoramento do rendimento e o aproveitamento de espaços. No presente estudo é modelado e simulado o funcionamento de um coletor PV/T, tipo placa plana com água como fluido de trabalho. O estado do comportamento do coletor PV/T, partiu de um balanço de energia estabelecido que resulta em um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias de primeiro grau, não lineais, e não homogêneas consolidadas da literatura. A radiação solar incidente, e a temperatura do ar do ambiente externo foram levadas em conta no modelo e assumidas como dependentes do tempo. As equações foram discretizadas e solucionadas numericamente usando o software de simulação MATLAB. O ângulo de inclinação do coletor e o fluxo de massa são parâmetros que foram comparados para seis cidades de regiões e climas diferentes do Brasil. / The field of solar energy has attracted much attention from scientists and engineers in recent years. Since more and more are increasing their aplicattions in the thermal and electrical areas. This alternative source can be considered as a possible solution to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels especially the generation os electicity. In addition, it diversifies the energy and electrical matrix avoiding the dependence of a single source of energy (hydraulic) its domestic supply can be affected by external agents difficult to control. Photovoltaic solar energy has presented a considerable growth (200%) in the last three years in the micro and minigeration distribuited of Brazil. The main sector application of solar energy is in the residential sector, specifically in the water heating, space heating and electricity generation. The technologies used in the transformation of solar energy into thermal and electrical energy are the solar collectors and the photovoltaic modules, respectively. In order to improve the performance of photovoltaic modules and to take advantage of the thermal gain due to the heating of photovoltaic cells, researchers' interest in thermal photovoltaic (PV / T) hybrid technology has increased since it allows the simultaneous production of electric and thermal energy through Solar power from a single device, the PV / T collector. Some advantages of this type of system compared to traditional capture systems (solar collector and photovoltaic module) are the reduction of installation costs, the improvement of the efficiency and the use of spaces. In the present study, is modeled and simulated the operation of a PV/T collector, flat plate type water as working fluid. The PV/T collector behavior, part of an energy balance established by first-order, non-lineal, non- homogeneous ordinary differential equations consolidated literature. The incident solar radiation, air temperature external environment, and optical property cover are considered in the model and assumed varying in the time. The equations are discretized and solved numerically using MATLAB simulation software. The tilt angle and mass flow are parameters were compared for six cities of different regions and climates of Brazil.

This Master thesis, in collaboration with Morgonsol Väst AB, was completed as a part of the Solar Energy engineering program at Dalarna University. It analyses the electrical and thermal performance of a prototype PVT collector developed by Morgonsol Väst AB. By following the standards EN 12975 and EN ISO 9806 as guides, the thermal tests of the collector were completed at the facility in Borlänge. The electrical performance of the PVT collector was evaluated by comparing it to a reference PV panel fitted next to it. The result from the tests shows an improved electrical performance of the PVT collector caused by the cooling and a thermal performance described by the linear efficiency curve ηth=0.53-21.6(Tm-Ta/G). The experimental work in this thesis is an initial study of the prototype PVT collector that will supply Morgonsol Väst with important data for future development and research of the product.

The demand for cooling and air-conditioning of building is increasingly ever growing. This increase is mostly due to population and economic growth in developing countries, and also desire for a higher quality of thermal comfort. Increase in the use of conventional cooling systems results in larger carbon footprint and more greenhouse gases considering their higher electricity consumption, and it occasionally creates peaks in electricity demand from power supply grid. Solar energy as a renewable energy source is an alternative to drive the cooling machines since the cooling load is generally high when solar radiation is high. This thesis examines the performance of PV/T solar collector manufactured by Solarus company in a solar cooling system for an office building in Dubai, New Delhi, Los Angeles and Cape Town. The study is carried out by analyzing climate data and the requirements for thermal comfort in office buildings. Cooling systems strongly depend on weather conditions and local climate. Cooling load of buildings depend on many parameters such as ambient temperature, indoor comfort temperature, solar gain to the building and internal gains including; number of occupant and electrical devices. The simulations were carried out by selecting a suitable thermally driven chiller and modeling it with PV/T solar collector in Polysun software. Fractional primary energy saving and solar fraction were introduced as key figures of the project to evaluate the performance of cooling system. Several parametric studies and simulations were determined according to PV/T aperture area and hot water storage tank volume. The fractional primary energy saving analysis revealed that thermally driven chillers, particularly adsorption chillers are not suitable to be utilizing in small size of solar cooling systems in hot and tropic climates such as Dubai and New Delhi. Adsorption chillers require more thermal energy to meet the cooling load in hot and dry climates. The adsorption chillers operate in their full capacity and in higher coefficient of performance when they run in a moderate climate since they can properly reject the exhaust heat. The simulation results also indicated that PV/T solar collector have higher efficiency in warmer climates, however it requires a larger size of PV/T collectors to supply the thermally driven chillers for providing cooling in hot climates. Therefore using an electrical chiller as backup gives much better results in terms of primary energy savings, since PV/T electrical production also can be used for backup electrical chiller in a net metering mechanism.

Οι ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας (ΑΠΕ), όπως η ηλιακή ενέργεια, μπορούν να προσφέρουν εναλλακτικούς τρόπους παραγωγής ενέργειας. Κάθε μορφή ΑΠΕ έχει τις δικές της ιδιομορφίες και μπορούν να εφαρμοστούν είτε σε μεγάλες εγκαταστάσεις παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής και θερμικής ενέργειας είτε σε μικρότερες μονάδες όπως στα κτίρια. Ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει η συνδυασμένη αξιοποίηση των παραπάνω ενεργειακών πηγών, ιδίως για την κάλυψη των ηλεκτρικών και θερμικών αναγκών των κτιρίων.Αντικείμενο αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη συγκεντρωτικών συστημάτων χαμηλής συγκέντρωσης και των παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν την λειτουργία τους, με την χρήση τριών γεωμετρικών συγκεντρωτικών μέσων, τα οποία είναι: το σύστημα V-Trough, το σύστημα Fresnel γραμμικής εστίας και το κυλινδροπαραβολικό σύστημα γραμμικής εστίας, με χρήση συμβατικών φωτοβολταϊκών για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ισχύος. Όμως, από το την προσπίπτουσα ηλιακή ακτινοβολία που συγκεντρώνεται στον απορροφητή, ένα μέρος μετατρέπεται σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια, ενώ το υπόλοιπο μεταδίδεται στο περιβάλλον με την μορφή θερμότητας. Έτσι, περαιτέρω μελέτη έγινε με βάση την δημιουργία υβριδικού συγκεντρωτικού φωτοβολταϊκού/θερμικού συστήματος, ταυτόχρονης παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής και θερμικής ενέργειας χρησιμοποιώντας την βέλτιστη γεωμετρία, το οποίο θα μπορούσε να δώσει ικανοποιητικά ποσά θερμικής ενέργειας, χωρίς να ζημιώνεται η ηλεκτρική και το αντίστροφο, κάτι που θα καθιστούσε τα συστήματα αυτά ενεργειακώς και οικονομικώς πιο ανταγωνιστικά.Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα περιλαμβάνουν διαγράμματα ηλεκτρικών αποδοτικοτήτων των πειραματικών συστημάτων καθώς και των μεγεθών Pmax, Vpmax, Voc, Ιpmax, Ιsc, συναρτήσει της θερμοκρασίας λειτουργίας Tpv, κάτω από σταθερή ακτινοβολία G, θερμικών αποδόσεων, προφίλ κατανομών συγκεντρωτικής ακτινοβολίας καθώς και χαρακτηριστικές καμπύλες I-V για καθένα απ αυτά. / The renewable energy sources (RES) like solar energy, can offer an alternative solution to power production. Each form of RES, has its own specifications and they can be applied in big installations of electric and thermal energy production or in smaller units as the buildings. This thesis investigates the performance of three different types of solar concentrating systems, which are: the V-Trough system, the linear Fresnel system and the Parabolic Trough system, with usage of common photovoltaics, instead of concentrating photovoltaics, for the electricity production.However, only a small part of the incoming solar radiation it is changed by an absorber into electric energy, while the rest is transmitted to the environment with the form of heat. Thus, further study has been done with base of the creation of a hybrid concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system, with simultaneous production of electric and thermal energy using the most optimal geometry. This could give satisfactory sums of thermal energy, without affecting the production of electric energy and vice versa, something that would render this systems economically more competitively.The experimental results include diagrams with the electric performance of the experimental systems as well as values of Pmax, Vpmax, Voc, Ipmax, Isc, associated with the operating temperature Tpv, under constant radiation G, thermal output, distribution profiles of the concentrating radiation as well as characteristic curves I-V for each one of them.

Cette thèse porte sur le développement d’une approche pratique de modélisation/simulation des systèmes solaires combinés Photovoltaïques/Thermiques PV/T. Il s’agit d’une approche basée sur un modèle d’ordre réduit en représentation d’état (ORRE). En effet, les systèmes solaires thermiques, électriques et combinés intégrés aux bâtiments possèdent des spécificités permettant de s’affranchir des méthodes numériques classiques (mécanique des fluides numérique et thermique numérique). Ces méthodes sont réputées dans le domaine de l’aérodynamique, de l’aéraulique…etc. Par contre, dans le domaine du mix-énergétique tels que celui considéré dans ce mémoire, l’application directe de ce modèle peut conduire à des dépassements des capacités mémoire ou des temps de calcul exorbitants. Une alternative est de développer des méthodes adaptées au problème physique considéré, en traitant l’aspect multi-physique toute en restant dans une taille de données raisonnable et du temps de calcul réduit. La méthodologie de modélisation consiste à réduire les dimensions des équations qui régissent le problème. En se basant sur la symétrie du système, puis en découpant le système en zones de contrôle basées sur une valeur moyenne gouvernée par les nombres adimensionnels de Biot (Bi) et de Fourier (Fo). Les résultats obtenus en fonctionnement dynamique pourront nous fournir des paramètres de sorties, plus particulièrement, les rendements électrique, thermique et la puissance de circulation du fluide caloporteur. L’avantage de l’approche proposée réside dans la simplification du modèle résultant, qui est représenté par un seul système d’équations algébriques en représentation d’état regroupant tous les éléments physiques du système en fonctionnement dynamique (conditions aux limites variables dans le temps). Ce modèle regroupe la variable fondamentale qui est la température, et les deux types de contrôle et de conception. De plus, le modèle d’ORRE est intégrable dans le fonctionnement en temps réel des systèmes PV/T intégrés aux bâtiments (PV/T-Bât) afin d’accompagner leurs régulation et gestion des flux mise en jeu. Le modèle ainsi proposé a fait l’objet d’une validation où les résultats numériques ont été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux. En effet, quatre configurations ont été étudiées et évoquées dans une approche linéaire. Les résultats obtenus montrent une cohérence tolérable entre les résultats expérimentaux, et numériques. Cette cohérence a été évaluée en termes d’incertitude entre les résultats du modèle et le cas étudié expérimentalement. Le cas d’un système non-linéaire a été également abordé. En effet, rares sont les travaux qui ont été publiés mettant en valeur les phénomènes non-linéaires dans les systèmes complexes PV/T-Bât, Ainsi, on a développé avec la même stratégie, des modèles bilinéaires qui modélise le mieux possible le comportement thermique dans les systèmes PV/T-Bât. Une étude d’optimisation du système multi-physique en introduisant une étude paramétrique est menée en terme afin d’étudier la sensibilité des paramètres sur le rendement énergétique. Cependant, les études d’optimisation paramétriques restent limitées et insuffisantes à cause de la résolution mono-objectif du problème d’optimisation, alors que notre système manifeste un comportement combiné et multi-physique de nature contradictoire. Pour ce faire, une optimisation multi-objectifs est introduite avec trois fonctions objectif en employant l’algorithme génétique NSGA-II. L’originalité de notre méthode est d’employer l’algorithme en régime dynamique afin de choisir la conception du système la plus optimale. Les résultats trouvés peuvent contribuer à améliorer la conception des systèmes PV/T-Bât et l’optimisation de leur fonctionnement / This thesis consists to develop a simplified model approach for Photovoltaic / Thermal (PV / T) combined solar system based on state-space reduced order model. The building integrated solar systems are getting high attention in these last decencies, as well as the performance increasing which require high numerical methods to improve the design and reducing the costs. In one hand, the CFD methods are useful tool to predict the energy (mechanical and thermal) of combined PV/T systems, but it requires an expensive computing capacities and exorbitant calculation times, On the other hand, the PV/T systems can generate both the electrical and thermal flows, and requires an easily and performant optimization model. An alternative is to develop methods that are adapted to the physical problem under consideration, treating the multi-physics aspect while remaining in a reasonable data size and reduced computing time. The first part of the current thesis consists to develop a mathematical model which consists of reducing the dimensions of the governed equations. Based on the symmetry of the geometry, the system is subdivided into control areas which governed by the dimensionless Biot (Bi) and Fourier (Fo) numbers. The obtained results in dynamic mode can provide output key parameters, more particularly the electrical and thermal efficiencies and the dissipated hydrodynamic power. The advantage of this approach lies in the simplification of the resulting model, which is represented by a single state-space representation that groups all the physical elements of the system into dynamic mode, i.e. in continuous variation of the boundary condition. This model groups the fundamental variable, which is the temperature, and two type parameters, which are the control parameters and the design parameters. In addition, the reduced order model can be integrated into real-time operation of building-integrated PV / T (BIPV/T) systems in order to support their regulation and management of intervening flows. In order to validate the use of our model, it is necessary to test it for several cases of Building Integrated PV/T systems (BIPV/T). For this, four major configurations were studied and discussed in a linear approach; the found results show a good agreement with experimental works. A second level has been developed as part of our thesis work, which is the non-linearity in combined PV / T and BIPV/T systems; in particular, bilinear models have been developed with the same strategy which best models the thermal behavior in BIPV/T systems. The second issue, related to Multi-physics aspect. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the sensitivity of the parameters, a parametric optimization has been made with dimensionless numbers. However, parametric optimization studies remain limited and insufficient because of the single-objective resolution of the optimization problem, whereas our system manifests a mixed and multi-physics behavior with contradictory nature. To do this, a multi-objective optimization is introduced with three objective functions using the NSGA-II genetic algorithm. The originality of our method is to use the algorithm in dynamic mode in order to choose the design of the optimal system. The found results can contribute to the design of BIPV/T systems and optimize their operation