Quantum mechanics stands unmatched in its experimental success. However, significant gaps remain in the quantum description of nature, notably the absence of a satisfactory integration of gravity and an unresolved measurement problem. This thesis investigates a potential approach to resolving these issues known as superdeterminism. A superdeterministic theory is one which violates an assumption called Statistical Independence. Although this approach has historically been readily dismissed as harmful to science, superdeterminism has recently gained traction as researchers address these criticisms and explore its implications more deeply. This thesis aims to provide a unified resource on superdeterminism, compiling progress, identifying current gaps, and suggesting future research directions. We establish criteria for evaluating superdeterministic theories and apply these to existing models. Our analysis focuses on two main approaches: the Donadi-Hossenfelder path integral approach and Palmer's Invariant Set Theory. The path integral approach appears promising, particularly if a suitable measure for the "quantumness" of states can be developed. Invariant Set Theory provides a unique, geometric framework but is still too early in its development to show clear potential. Our findings underscore the early stage of superdeterminism research and the need for further theoretical development and empirical testing. By providing a structured framework for future work, this thesis seeks to advance the understanding and application of superdeterminism in addressing the foundational issues in quantum mechanics.

Este trabalho possui como tema principal o estudo da dinâmica de sistemas quânticos da perspectiva da teoria de sistemas dinâmicos, em particular, do ponto de vista da teoria de controle. Os principais tópicos abordados são (i) a análise da controlabilidade dos sistemas quânticos em dimensão finita e infinita e (ii) a teoria generalizada de medição de sistemas quânticos com o objetivo de obter as equações diferenciais estocásticas associadas a sistemas submetidos a processos de medição contínuos. Com relação à controlabilidade de sistemas dinâmicos quânticos fechados em dimensão finita resgatamos da literatura os resultados, já consolidados, da aplicação da teoria de grupos e álgebras de Lie aos essa classe de sistemas dinâmicos. Em dimensão infinita, a aplicação direta das técnicas de controle geométrico já não ocorre diretamente. Em espaços de estados de dimensão infinita as técnicas de análise matemática devem ser mais sofisticadas, há problemas relacionados à convergência e problemas relacionados a operadores não limitados. Os principais resultados conhecidos da literatura são apresentados e suas limitações são discutidas. Realizamos em seguida uma analogia entre sistemas clássicos lineares e sistemas dinâmicos quânticos de dimensão infinita cuja dinâmica é restrita a uma álgebra de operadores auto adjuntos comutativa. Observamos também que a controlabilidade de alguns sistemas quânticos em dimensão infinita está associada a Hamiltonianos não lineares. Notamos, em particular, que os sistemas quânticos comutativos estão associados a operadores não lineares. Com relação à teoria de medição de sistemas quânticos, partimos da teoria de sistemas quânticos abertos para a obtenção da equação dinâmica que rege a evolução dos sistemas não conservativos. Em paralelo, realizamos uma análise da descrição matemáticas dos experimentos de medição em sistemas quânticos desde os postulados de medição ortogonal até a descrição de processos de medição contínuos. Observamos que a equação de Schrödinger estocástica associada a um processo de medição contínuo possui como gerador infinitesimal um Hamiltoniano não linear no operador auto adjunto associado ao observável. Realizamos em seguida uma discussão a respeito das implicações de processos de medição contínuos na dinâmica de sistemas quânticos, analisando possíveis impactos em sua controlabilidade. Analisamos também o caso particular de sistemas quânticos cujos operadores associados a sua dinâmica e a seus observáveis estão restritos a uma mesma álgebra comutativa. Concluímos com sugestões de trabalhos futuros relacionados controlabilidade em dimensão infinita e a à dinâmica de sistemas quânticos sujeitos a medição. / The main theme of this work is to study the dynamics of quantum systems from the perspective of the theory of dynamical systems, in particular, from the point of view of control theory. The main topics covered are (i) the analysis of controllability of quantum systems in finite and infinite dimensions and (ii) the general theory of measurement of quantum systems in order to get to the stochastic differential equations associated with systems subject to continuous measurement. Regarding the controllability of closed quantum dynamical systems in finite dimension, the standard results from the literature were presented: the application of group theory and Lie algebra to this class of dynamical systems. In infinite dimensions, the direct application of geometric control techniques is no longer possible. In infinite dimensional state spaces the mathematical analysis techniques need to be more sophisticated, there are problems related to convergence and issues related to unbounded operators. The main results known from the literature were presented and their limitations discussed. Then an analogy was performed between linear classical systems and infinite dimensional quantum dynamical systems whose dynamics is restricted to a commutative algebra of self adjoint operators. We also note that the controllability of some quantum systems in infinite dimension is associated with nonlinear Hamiltonians. We note, in particular, that the commutative quantum systems are associated with nonlinear operators. With respect to the measurement theory of quantum systems, we start in the structure of the theory of open quantum systems in order to obtain the dynamical equation governing the evolution of non-conservative systems. In parallel, we conducted an analysis of the mathematical description of the measurement experiments in quantum systems from the orthogonal measurement postulates to the description of continuous measurement. We noted that the stochastic Schrödinger equation associated with a continuous measurement process has as its infinitesimal generator a Hamiltonian nonlinear in the self-adjoint operator associated with the observable. Then a discussion about the implications of continuous measurement processes in the dynamics of quantum systems was conducted, analyzing possible impacts on its controllability. We also looked at the particular case of quantum systems whose operators associated with their dynamics and their observable are restricted to the same commutative algebra. We cluded with suggestions for future work related to controllability in infinite dimension and the dynamics of quantum systems subjected to measurement processes.

Este trabalho possui como tema principal o estudo da dinâmica de sistemas quânticos da perspectiva da teoria de sistemas dinâmicos, em particular, do ponto de vista da teoria de controle. Os principais tópicos abordados são (i) a análise da controlabilidade dos sistemas quânticos em dimensão finita e infinita e (ii) a teoria generalizada de medição de sistemas quânticos com o objetivo de obter as equações diferenciais estocásticas associadas a sistemas submetidos a processos de medição contínuos. Com relação à controlabilidade de sistemas dinâmicos quânticos fechados em dimensão finita resgatamos da literatura os resultados, já consolidados, da aplicação da teoria de grupos e álgebras de Lie aos essa classe de sistemas dinâmicos. Em dimensão infinita, a aplicação direta das técnicas de controle geométrico já não ocorre diretamente. Em espaços de estados de dimensão infinita as técnicas de análise matemática devem ser mais sofisticadas, há problemas relacionados à convergência e problemas relacionados a operadores não limitados. Os principais resultados conhecidos da literatura são apresentados e suas limitações são discutidas. Realizamos em seguida uma analogia entre sistemas clássicos lineares e sistemas dinâmicos quânticos de dimensão infinita cuja dinâmica é restrita a uma álgebra de operadores auto adjuntos comutativa. Observamos também que a controlabilidade de alguns sistemas quânticos em dimensão infinita está associada a Hamiltonianos não lineares. Notamos, em particular, que os sistemas quânticos comutativos estão associados a operadores não lineares. Com relação à teoria de medição de sistemas quânticos, partimos da teoria de sistemas quânticos abertos para a obtenção da equação dinâmica que rege a evolução dos sistemas não conservativos. Em paralelo, realizamos uma análise da descrição matemáticas dos experimentos de medição em sistemas quânticos desde os postulados de medição ortogonal até a descrição de processos de medição contínuos. Observamos que a equação de Schrödinger estocástica associada a um processo de medição contínuo possui como gerador infinitesimal um Hamiltoniano não linear no operador auto adjunto associado ao observável. Realizamos em seguida uma discussão a respeito das implicações de processos de medição contínuos na dinâmica de sistemas quânticos, analisando possíveis impactos em sua controlabilidade. Analisamos também o caso particular de sistemas quânticos cujos operadores associados a sua dinâmica e a seus observáveis estão restritos a uma mesma álgebra comutativa. Concluímos com sugestões de trabalhos futuros relacionados controlabilidade em dimensão infinita e a à dinâmica de sistemas quânticos sujeitos a medição. / The main theme of this work is to study the dynamics of quantum systems from the perspective of the theory of dynamical systems, in particular, from the point of view of control theory. The main topics covered are (i) the analysis of controllability of quantum systems in finite and infinite dimensions and (ii) the general theory of measurement of quantum systems in order to get to the stochastic differential equations associated with systems subject to continuous measurement. Regarding the controllability of closed quantum dynamical systems in finite dimension, the standard results from the literature were presented: the application of group theory and Lie algebra to this class of dynamical systems. In infinite dimensions, the direct application of geometric control techniques is no longer possible. In infinite dimensional state spaces the mathematical analysis techniques need to be more sophisticated, there are problems related to convergence and issues related to unbounded operators. The main results known from the literature were presented and their limitations discussed. Then an analogy was performed between linear classical systems and infinite dimensional quantum dynamical systems whose dynamics is restricted to a commutative algebra of self adjoint operators. We also note that the controllability of some quantum systems in infinite dimension is associated with nonlinear Hamiltonians. We note, in particular, that the commutative quantum systems are associated with nonlinear operators. With respect to the measurement theory of quantum systems, we start in the structure of the theory of open quantum systems in order to obtain the dynamical equation governing the evolution of non-conservative systems. In parallel, we conducted an analysis of the mathematical description of the measurement experiments in quantum systems from the orthogonal measurement postulates to the description of continuous measurement. We noted that the stochastic Schrödinger equation associated with a continuous measurement process has as its infinitesimal generator a Hamiltonian nonlinear in the self-adjoint operator associated with the observable. Then a discussion about the implications of continuous measurement processes in the dynamics of quantum systems was conducted, analyzing possible impacts on its controllability. We also looked at the particular case of quantum systems whose operators associated with their dynamics and their observable are restricted to the same commutative algebra. We cluded with suggestions for future work related to controllability in infinite dimension and the dynamics of quantum systems subjected to measurement processes.

O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar um modelo para medidas quânticas de duração finita baseado na equação de Lindblad, com a análise de um sistema de 2 níveis acoplado a um reservatório térmico que ocasiona decoerência. A interação entre o sistema e o dispositivo de medida é markoviana, justificando o uso da equação de Lindblad para obter a dinâmica do processo de medida. Para analisar a influência do ambiente/reservatório térmico não-markoviano, cuja definição não inclui o aparato de medida, foi utilizada a abordagem de Redfield para a interação entre o sistema e o ambiente. Na teoria híbrida aqui exposta, para efetuar o traço parcial dos graus de liberdade do ambiente foi desenvolvido um método analítico baseado na álgebra de super-operadores e no uso dos super-operadores de Nakajima-Zwanzig. Foi verificado que medidas de duração finita sobre o sistema aberto de 2 níveis podem proteger o estado inicial dos efeitos do ambiente, desde que o observável medido não comute com a interação. Quando o observável medido comuta com a interação sistema-ambiente, a medida de duração finita acelera a decoerência induzida pelo ambiente. A validade das previsões analíticas foi testada comparando os resultados com uma abordagem numérica exata. Quando o acoplamento entre o sistema e o aparato de medida excede a faixa de validade da aproximação analítica, o estado inicial ainda é protegido pela medida de duração finita, como indicam os cálculos numéricos exatos. / The aim of this work is to explore a model for finite-time measurement based on the Lindblad equation, with analysis of a system consisting of a 2-level system coupled to a thermal reservoir. We assume a Markovian measuring device and, therefore, use a Lindbladian description for the measurement dynamics. For studying the case of noise produced by a non-Markovian environment, whose definition does not include the measuring apparatus, we use the Redfield approach to the interaction between system and environment. In the present hybrid theory, to trace out the environmental degrees of freedom, we introduce an analytic method based on superoperator algebra and Nakajima-Zwanzig superoperators. We show that measurements of finite duration performed on an open two-state system can protect the initial state from a phase-noisy environment, provided the measured observable does not commute with the perturbing interaction. When the measured observable commutes with the environmental interaction, the finite-duration measurement accelerates the rate of decoherence induced by the phase noise. We have tested the validity of the analytical predictions against an exact numerical approach. When the coupling between the system and the measuring apparatus increases beyond the range of validity of the analytical approximation, the initial state is still protected by the finite-time measurement, according with the exact numerical calculations.

L'invalidité de la mesure quantique est une propriété des phénomènes quantiques.Elle est reliée au fait que la mesure de systèmes quantiques peut les affecter d'une façon que ne peut pas être décrite au sein de la physique classique.Cette thèse étudie la question de l'invasivité des mesures quantiques à travers l'inégalité de Leggett-Garg et d'une autre inégalité basée sur la condition de non perturbation (\ non-disturbance condition "). La violation de ces inégalités témoigne de l'invasivité des mesures quantiques. Dans un premier temps, nous _étudierons un modèle pour la violation de l'inégalité de Leggett-Garg, qui permettra une caractérisation opérationnelle de l'invasivité de la mesure quantique à travers un paramètre appelé la mesurabilité du système physique. Ce paramètre contrôle la violation de l'inégalité de Leggett-Garg et peut être reliée à des tests expérimentaux de cette inégalité. De cette façon, ce paramètre permet la compréhension et l'interprétation de ces violations. Nous avons également étudie, via ce modèle, la relation entre l'invasivité et une définition particulière de la « macroscopicité", associée la »taille " de systèmes de spin. Nous avons ensuite étudie une application de l'invasivité de la mesure quantique dans le cadre des protocoles pour l'estimation de paramètres en métrologie quantique. Une relation générale entre l'information de Fisher et les corrélations quantiques temporelles a été établie, et permet la caractérisation de la robustesse au bruit de scenarios de métrologie. Cette relation sert de ligne directrice pour la connexion entre l'invasivité de la mesure quantique et des scenarios (quasi-)optimaux en métrologie. Nous avons également établi une relation entre l'invasivité de la mesure quantique et une définition de la cohérence macroscopique. Pour finir, nous avons proposé un protocole pour tester la non-invasivité de mesures, basé sur la condition de non perturbation, pour des systèmes de spin de taille arbitraire. Cette inégalité permet de s'assurer contre la possibilité que sa violation soit due à des perturbations classiques de la mesure. Nous avons montré que la valeur maximale pour la violation de l'inégalité correspond au nombre de particules qui constitue le système / Quantum measurement invasiveness is a feature of quantum phenomena, i.e. associated with the fact that measurements can affect quantum systems in a manner which cannot be described by classical physics. In this thesis we will investigate measurement invasiveness through the Leggett-Garg inequality and another inequality based on the non-disturbance condition, both of which, when violated, witness measurement invasiveness. First, we will study a model for the violation of the Leggett-Garg inequality, which will allow us to provide an operational characterization of measurement invasiveness through a parameter called the measurability of the physical system. This parameter controls Leggett-Garg inequality violation and can be associated with experimental tests of this inequality, helping one to understand and interpret them. We will also investigate, through this model, the relationship between measurement invasiveness and a specific definition of macroscopicity, related to the \size" of spin systems. We will then seek to study an application of measurement invasiveness in the context of protocols for parameter estimation or quantum metrology. A general relationship between the Fisher information and temporal quantum correlations will be established, allowing one to characterize the robustness of metrological scenarios against the presence of noise. This relationship will also serve as a guideline for a connection between measurement invasiveness and (nearly-) optimal metrological scenarios. We will also establish a relationship between measurement invasiveness and a definition of a measure of macroscopic coherence. Lastly, we will propose a protocol for testing measurement noninvasiness based on the non-disturbance condition for spin systems of arbitrary size. This inequality allows one to argue against the possibility of its violation being due to the classical disturbance of measurements. We will show that the maximum value for the violation of this inequality Corresponds to the number of particles which constitutes the system.

Les résultats de mesures quantiques sont généralement considérés comme aléatoires, mais leur nature aléatoire, malgré son importance dans la théorie de l’information quantique, est mal comprise. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions plusieurs problèmes liés à l’origine et la certification de l’aléatoire et l’imprévisibilité quantique. L’un des résultats clés dans la formation de notre compréhension de la mécanique quantique comme théorie intrinsèquement indéterministe est le théorème de Kochen et Specker, qui démontre l’impossibilité d’attribuer simultanément, de façon cohérente, des valeurs définies et non-contextuelles à chaque observable avant la mesure. Cependant, si nous présumons qu’une observable à valeur définie doit être non-contextuelle, alors lethéorème ne montre que le fait qu’il existe au moins une observable à valeur indéfinie. Nous renforçons ce résultat en démontrant une variante du théorème de Kochen et Specker qui montre que si un système est préparé dans un état quelconque j i, alors chaque observable A est à valeur indéfinie sauf si j i est un état propre de A. La nature indéterministe de la mesure quantique n’explique pas bien la différence de qualité entre l’aléatoire quantique et classique. Soumise à certaines hypothèses physiques, nous montrons qu’une suite de bits produite par la mesure des observables à valeurs indéfinies est garantie, dans la limite infinie, d’être fortement incalculable. De plus, nous discutons comment utiliser ces résultats afin de construire un générateur quantique de nombres aléatoires qui est certifié par des observables à valeurs indéfinies. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous étudions la notion d’imprévisibilité, qui est au coeur du concept d’aléatoire (quantique). Ce faisant, nous proposons un modèle formel de (im)prévisibilité qui peut servir à évaluer la prévisibilité d’expériences physiques arbitraires. Ce modèle est appliqué aux mesures quantiques afin de comprendre comment la valeur indéfinie et la complémentarité quantique peuvent être utilisées pour certifier différents degrés d’imprévisibilité, et nous démontrons ainsi que le résultat d’une seule mesure d’une observable à valeur indéfinie est formellement imprévisible. Enfin, nous étudions la relation entre cette notion d’imprévisibilité et la certification de l’incalculabilité des suites aléatoires quantiques. / The outcomes of quantum measurements are generally considered to be random, but despite the fact that this randomness is an important element in quantum information theory, its nature is not well understood. In this thesis, we study several issues relating to the origin and certification of quantum randomness and unpredictability. One of the key results in forming our understanding of quantum mechanics as an intrinsically indeterministic theory is the Kochen-Specker theorem, which shows the impossibility to consistently assign simultaneous noncontextual definite values to all quantum mechanical observables prior to measurement. However, the theorem, under the assumption that any definite values must be noncontextual, only strictly shows that some observables must be value indefinite. We strengthen this result, proving a stronger variant of the Kochen-Specker theorem showing that, under the same assumption, if a system is prepared in an arbitrary state j i, then every observable A is value indefinite unless j i is an eigenstate of A. The indeterministic nature of quantum measurements does little to explain how the quality of quantum randomness differs from classical randomness. We show that, subject to certain physical assumptions, a sequence of bits generated by the measurement of value indefinite observables is guaranteed, in the infinite limit, to be strongly incomputable. We further discuss how this can be used to build a quantum random number generator certified by value indefiniteness. Next, we study the notion of unpredictability, which is central to the concept of (quantum) randomness. In doing so, we propose a formal model of prediction that can be used to asses the predictability of arbitrary physical experiments. We investigate how the quantum features of value indefiniteness and complementarity can be used to certify different levels of unpredictability, and show that the outcome of a single measurement of a value indefinite quantum observable is formally unpredictable. Finally, we study the relation between this notion of unpredictability and the computability-theoretic certification of quantum randomness.

O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar um modelo para medidas quânticas de duração finita baseado na equação de Lindblad, com a análise de um sistema de 2 níveis acoplado a um reservatório térmico que ocasiona decoerência. A interação entre o sistema e o dispositivo de medida é markoviana, justificando o uso da equação de Lindblad para obter a dinâmica do processo de medida. Para analisar a influência do ambiente/reservatório térmico não-markoviano, cuja definição não inclui o aparato de medida, foi utilizada a abordagem de Redfield para a interação entre o sistema e o ambiente. Na teoria híbrida aqui exposta, para efetuar o traço parcial dos graus de liberdade do ambiente foi desenvolvido um método analítico baseado na álgebra de super-operadores e no uso dos super-operadores de Nakajima-Zwanzig. Foi verificado que medidas de duração finita sobre o sistema aberto de 2 níveis podem proteger o estado inicial dos efeitos do ambiente, desde que o observável medido não comute com a interação. Quando o observável medido comuta com a interação sistema-ambiente, a medida de duração finita acelera a decoerência induzida pelo ambiente. A validade das previsões analíticas foi testada comparando os resultados com uma abordagem numérica exata. Quando o acoplamento entre o sistema e o aparato de medida excede a faixa de validade da aproximação analítica, o estado inicial ainda é protegido pela medida de duração finita, como indicam os cálculos numéricos exatos. / The aim of this work is to explore a model for finite-time measurement based on the Lindblad equation, with analysis of a system consisting of a 2-level system coupled to a thermal reservoir. We assume a Markovian measuring device and, therefore, use a Lindbladian description for the measurement dynamics. For studying the case of noise produced by a non-Markovian environment, whose definition does not include the measuring apparatus, we use the Redfield approach to the interaction between system and environment. In the present hybrid theory, to trace out the environmental degrees of freedom, we introduce an analytic method based on superoperator algebra and Nakajima-Zwanzig superoperators. We show that measurements of finite duration performed on an open two-state system can protect the initial state from a phase-noisy environment, provided the measured observable does not commute with the perturbing interaction. When the measured observable commutes with the environmental interaction, the finite-duration measurement accelerates the rate of decoherence induced by the phase noise. We have tested the validity of the analytical predictions against an exact numerical approach. When the coupling between the system and the measuring apparatus increases beyond the range of validity of the analytical approximation, the initial state is still protected by the finite-time measurement, according with the exact numerical calculations.

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In this thesis I discuss the nature of ‘measurement’ in quantum theory. ‘Measurement’ is associated with several different processes: the gradual imprinting of information about one system onto another, which is well understood; the collapse of the wavefunction, which is ill-defined and troublesome; and finally, the means by which inferences about unknown experimental parameters are made. I present a theoretical extension to an experimental proposal from Leggett and Garg, who suggested that the quantum-or-classical reality of a macroscopic system may be probed with successive measurements arrayed in time. The extension allows for a finite level of imperfection in the protocol, and makes use of Leggett’s ‘null result’ measurement scheme. I present the results of an experiment conducted in Oxford that, up to certain loopholes, defies a non-quantum interpretation of the dynamics of phosphorous nuclei embedded in silicon. I also present the theory of statistical parameter estimation, and discover that a recent trend to employ time symmetric ‘postselected’ measurements offers no true advantage over standard methods. The technique, known as weak-value amplification, combines a weak transfer of quantum information from system to meter with conditional data rejection, to surprising effect. The Fisher information is a powerful tool for evaluating the performance of any parameter estimation model, and it reveals the technique to be worse than ordinary, preselected only measurements. That this is true despite the presence of noise (including magnetic field fluctuations causing deco- herence, poor resolution detection, and random displacements), casts serious doubt on the utility of the method.

Ce mémoire de thèse étudie diverses méthodes d'amélioration des interféromètres atomiques. Dans la première partie du manuscrit, nous analysons comment une détection non-destructive, au sens où elle préserve la cohérence entre les états internes de l'ensemble atomique, permet d'améliorer la sensibilité des interféromètres. Nous montrons tout d'abord, grâce à une étude théorique, que la projection du vecteur d'onde engendrée par la mesure permet de préparer des états comprimés de spin. Nous présentons ensuite la mise en œuvre de cette méthode à l'aide d'une détection reposant sur la spectroscopie par modulation de fréquence. Finalement, nous exposons quelques premières applications de cette détection non-destructive, plus précisément nous présentons la réalisation du rétroaction quantique qui protège l'état atomique contre la décohérence induite par un basculement du spin collectif, nous montrons aussi comment réaliser une boucle à verrouillage de phase où les atomes servent de référence de phase. Dans la seconde partie du manuscrit, nous présentons la réalisation tout-optique d'un condensat de Bose-Einstein dans une cavité de haute finesse, exploitant les technologies développées pour les télécommunications optiques. Nous commençons par une analyse du résonateur et des méthodes d'asservissement, nous introduisons notamment une méthode d'asservissement originale exploitant la modulation serrodyne. Enfin, nous montrons comment un condensat est obtenu par évaporation dans le mode optique de la cavité. / In this thesis, we study several methods to improve atom interferometers. In the first part of the manuscript, we analyze how a nondestructive detection, that preserves the coherence between the internal degrees of freedom in an atomic ensemble, can be used to increase the sensitivity of interferometers. We first theoretically show how the projection of the wave-function induced by the measurement prepares spin-squeezed states. We then present the implementation of this method with a detection based on the frequency modulation spectroscopy. Finally, some first applications are described, more explicitly we show how to implement a quantum feedback that preserve the atomic state against the decoherence induced by a random collective flip, we also introduce a phase-locked loop where the atomic sample is used as the phase reference. In the second part of the manuscript, we present the all-optical realization of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a high-finesse cavity using a laser system based on standard telecoms technologies. We first describe the resonator and the frequency lock of the laser on the resonance, in particular, we introduce a new stabilization method based of the serrodyne modulation. Finally, we show how the condensate is obtained from the evaporation in the cavity mode.