Annotation in English My graduation work talking about the Czech string quartets shows the description about the most important and in my opinion the most successful string quartets in the Czech Republic that has strongly influenced the way of musical apperance of the contemporary string quartets in the CR. I am putting into my graduation work the information about the Czech string quartet chronologically in the historical order starting with the Czech String Quartet. My intention is, also, to provide the information about the job activities of the Czech contemporary string quartets that are representing the Czech culture and the musical tradition abroad. I am observing, through my graduation work, the way how the Czech string quartets change the musical interpretations that has been changed after several decades. However, there are no doubt that the Czech string quartets are still representing our country abroad.

Orientador: Roberto Cesar Pires / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T17:05:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanchez_LeonardoPellegrim_M.pdf: 19691700 bytes, checksum: 46603964898ee52bf14e96b6110c5b62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este estudo busca compreender de que forma a atuação de Carlos Malta como compositor/arranjador, educador e instrumentista está presente em sua obra. Tomamos como objeto de análise os quartetos de saxofones Ponto de Bala e Paradindonde, compostos por Carlos Malta, e Baião de Lacan e Catenga, de Guinga e Hermeto Pascoal, respectivamente, arranjados e interpretados por Carlos Malta e gravados pelo grupo JPSax. Analisamos, através destes quartetos, as mediações entre os elementos composicionais, educacionais e performáticos e como estes estruturam o processo criativo de Malta. São de especial importância em nossa pesquisa: a relação metafórica proposta por Swanwick, a construção de imagens aurais e internas, o uso da ambigüidade harmônica gerada pelos aglomerados harmônicos quartais, a utilização de padrões rítmicos que se remetem à música brasileira, as relações destes elementos com seus fazeres artísticos e educacionais. Com essa atenta observação e munidos do arcabouço estilístico já catalogado, propusemonos a compor uma obra, Negra Ozória, e um arranjo, Arrastão (Edu Lobo), utilizando os materiais percebidos que constituem a poética de Carlos Malta. / Abstract: This study tries to study and understand the way that the Carlos Malta's actuation like composer /arranger, educational and musician is present in his play. We take like object of analysis the quartets of saxophones Ponto de Bala and Paradindonde, composed by Carlos Malta and Baião de Lacan and Catenga, by Guinga and Hermeto Pascoal respectively, arranged and interpreted by Carlos Malta and recorded by JPSax group. We analyzed them through those quartet as intercession in the composing elements, educating and performing and like these build themselves the creative process of Malta. The metaphorical relation proposed by Swanwick , the inside and hearing image construction, the ambiguity use harmonic made from the joined harmonic quarts, the rhythm pattern uses that send the Brazilian music and the relations these elements with their artistic and educational. According to the careful observation and with the stylistic argument even studied, we purpose to compose the play, Negra Ozória, and an arranging, Arrastão (Edu Lobo), using the materials noticed that build the Carlos Malta poetic. / Mestrado / Mestre em Música

As attention on the music of Mieczysław Weinberg (1919-1996) has increased in the years after his death, so has the need for an analytical study of his musical style and language. This thesis surveys Weinberg’s changing style through a genre that spans almost his entire output: the string quartet. His close friendship and artistic affinity with Shostakovich helps make his music accessible to a wider audience, though closer examination reveals Weinberg’s individuality and a quite distinct language from that of his mentor. In support of this contention, a wide range of analytical approaches is deployed in this dissertation, along with a pragmatic methodology for presenting a holistic overview of Weinberg’s quartets. Weinberg’s quartet cycle occupies an important place in twentieth-century music, with parallels to Shostakovich, Bartók, and other Soviet composers, including Myaskovsky, Shebalin, Levitin, and Boris Chaykovsky; correspondences and distinctiveness are explored in the second chapter. The third chapter surveys Weinberg’s musical narratives, with recourse to theories from Kofi Agawu, Boris Asafiev, and Jacques Derrida. Form is the focus of the fourth chapter, where ideas from Mark Aranovsky, and James Hepokoski and Warren Darcy are deployed to highlight Weinberg’s problematising of traditional forms in his music. Chapter five explores Weinberg’s multi-faceted approach to harmony, with concepts expanded from Lev Mazel, Yury Kholopov, and the neo-Riemannian school of analysis. The picture that emerges is of Weinberg’s individuality and distinctive voice, manifested in a controlled experimentalism and a tendency towards extended lyricism. His affinity with better-known composers may prove an approachable entry-point for wider audiences, but many of the most striking elements in his quartet cycle are of his own invention. His quartets stand as an important contextual dimension for understanding Shostakovich’s cycle, and also for appreciating the broader repertoire of Soviet chamber music. As his centenary approaches, engagement with Weinberg’s music continues to increase: this thesis provides contexts and analysis-based conclusions to complement this ongoing revival.

Les nombreux écrits théoriques d’Antoine Reicha sont bien connus de la musicologie, qui voit dans le théoricien un personnage central du XIXe siècle. Sa production musicale reste cependant encore largement ignorée. Ainsi, les 20 quatuors à cordes de Reicha édités de son vivant n’ont encore fait l’objet d’aucune étude approfondie : les 8 premiers sont publiés en 1804-1805 lors du séjour viennois de Reicha, les 12 suivants paraissent dans les années 1820, après son installation définitive à Paris. Leur publication entre deux grandes capitales de la musique s’étend des derniers quatuors de Haydn aux derniers quatuors de Beethoven : ces quatuors constituent donc un corpus d’étude privilégié pour la connaissance de l’œuvre musicale de Reicha, mais aussi pour celle du genre du quatuor à l’époque. Cette thèse s’appuie sur l’établissement d’une édition critique des quatuors de Reicha ; leur étude se poursuit par la mise au jour des présupposés esthétiques qui sous-tendent les écrits théoriques de Reicha et se clôt par l’analyse des phénomènes d’intertextualité entre ses quatuors et des œuvres de Haydn et Mozart ainsi que par l’observation de leur écriture à travers le prisme des écrits théoriques de la fin du XVIIIe siècle. L’étude proprement analytique révèle les constantes et les variantes stylistiques entre les « Quatuors viennois » du début du siècle et les « Quatuors parisiens » des années 1820. La comparaison systématique avec un large contre-corpus formé de quatuors contemporains permet de situer les quatuors de Reicha par rapport à l’héritage viennois revendiqué, mais aussi par rapport aux musiciens français actifs sous la Restauration. / Anton Reicha’s numerous theoretical writings are well-known in musicology today. Though Reicha is seen as a central theorist of the 19th century, his proper music nevertheless remains largely unknown. This PhD dissertation studies Reicha’s twenty string quartets published during his lifetime – which up to now have not been investigated in depth. The first eight quartets were published in 1804-1805 during Reicha’s stay in Vienna, whereas the last twelve were published in the 1820’s, after the composer settled in Paris: that is, they were published during a period lasting from Haydn’s last quartets to Beethoven’s last quartets. As a consequence, these quartets represent a corpus of particular relevance of knowledge of Reicha’s musical work, as well as for the history of this genre in the 19th century. This PhD dissertation, based on both an aesthetic and an analytical approach, creates a critical edition of Reicha’s quartets. This study starts by shedding light on the aesthetic premises of Reicha’s theoretical work and then analyses intertextual phenomena between his quartets and some of Haydn’s and Mozart’s works. Eventually it examines the composition process of Reicha’s quartets in the light of late 18th-century theoretical writings. The study of the constants and the variations of style between the early 19th-century “Vienna quartets” and the 1820’s “Paris quartets” is at the core of this study. The systematic comparison between the Reicha’s corpus and a counter-corpus made of quartets by Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Onslow and Cherubini helps situating Reicha as regarding his claimed Vienna legacy, but also as regarding French musician from the “Restauration” era.

La question de l’ontologie s’est cristallisée en philosophie de la musique autour de la notion d’œuvre, mais il est possible de centrer le raisonnement sur d’autres objets, tels que la formation instrumentale ou le genre musical. Il est ainsi possible de construire une ontologie du quatuor à cordes. Le quatuor est à la fois une formation, un genre né à l’époque classique et un ensemble de quatre musiciens, ces trois niveaux sémantiques constituent les éléments fondamentaux de ce système. La formation est une instrumentation cristallisée, plus techniquement, elle est une structure des moyens d’exécution devenue autonome, potentiellement séparable de la structure sonore pure qui lui était adjointe dans les premières œuvres pour ces instruments. Il s’est formé, au fil des ans et des œuvres, une réalité quatuor à cordes ontologiquement dense. Cette densité ontologique s’explique en partie parce qu’un genre a découlé de cette formation. Le genre « quatuor à cordes » a un fonctionnement historique qui peut être comparé à celui des autres grands genres de la musique savante occidentale, grâce à deux concepts : la cristallisation et la plasticité. Tout genre oscille en effet entre ces deux tendances antagonistes : la cristallisation qui transforme l’inédit, le nouveau et l’occasionnel en norme, règle et tradition et la plasticité qui, elle, pousse à l’innovation, à l’exploration et à la recherche compositionnelle. Le quatuor à cordes n’est pas un genre paradigmatique, il est exceptionnel, puisque son histoire montre un équilibre spécifique entre une forte plasticité et une forte cristallisation. Si la formation peut être définie en termes d’autonomisation d’une structure des moyens d’exécution, le genre, lui, gagne à être pensé comme une réunion d’archi-structures. Une dernière partie est consacrée au corps et au geste musicien. Il s’agit alors de voir si les outils conceptuels platonistes permettent de penser les réalités plus concrètes, physiques et matérielles, du quatuor. Tout comme l’équilibre dialogique des quatre voix est une caractéristique essentielle du quatuor à cordes, le dialogue entre les analyses conceptuelles, les développements historiques, les observations esthétiques et les études musicologiques constitue la spécificité de ce travail. / The aim of this thesis is to build an ontology of the string quartet. The designation ‘string quartet’ can refer to three different meanings: a group of four musical instruments (formation), a genre, or a group of four musicians who play together. In musicology, a string quartet is distinguished by the homogeneity of the timbres, the individuality of voices, the quaternity and the specific dialogism of the voices. This work proposes to describe these three semantic levels and their essential characteristics, hence a wide selected corpus: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Reicha, Bartók, Schönberg, Feldman, F.Baschet amongst others. The first part consists of an ontology of the instrument formation and shows that a quartet is a “structure of performing means” which became autonomous with regard to the “pure structure” as defined by Jerrold Levinson. From that point of view, the string quartet is a reliable paradigm to think of the birth of other formations and their historical developments. The second part consists in constructing an ontology of the genre and demonstrates that the historical evolution of the string quartet is not paradigmatic but exemplary; and that its development is determined by a balance between plasticity and crystallisation. The final part examines the ontological limits of the string quartet: on the one hand, the timbre, and on the other, the musicians’ bodies through specific physical gestures. This thesis, therefore, aims to develop an ontological system that is characterised by its different essential elements, its specific rules (plasticity versus crystallisation), and its limits. These philosophical analyses not only relate to existing musicological research, but also involve a consideration of dance performance, film and various other artistic works.

Le monde académique a récemment démontré un vif intérêt envers les théories de la socialisation. Pourtant, de nombreux penseurs argumentent que le terme de « socialisation », surtout la socialisation des acteurs internationaux au sein des institutions internationales, demeure peu développé.Différentes approches des relations internationales traitent ce concept de façon divergente. Si le néoréalisme utilise la « socialisation » pour décrire l’homogénéisation de la conduite des acteurs internationaux sous les conditions de l’anarchie1, l’institutionnalisme contractuel aborde l’interaction sociale au sein des institutions comme un phénomène n’ayant pas d’impact sur les «identités» et les « intérêts » des acteurs. Par ailleurs, pour les constructivistes, la socialisation constitue un concept pivot. Dans leurs analyses sur la création et la diffusion des normes internationales, les constructivistes portent leur attention sur les «logics of appropriateness”. Ils expliquent que le comportement des acteurs pertinents subit des mutations dues aux changements endogènes dans leurscaractéristiques normatives et leurs identités. Une autre tendance peu développée dans le monde académique est l’application du concept de la socialisation dans le domaine d’étude de la paix, tout particulièrement, la médiation internationale. Il n’y a pas davantage de consensus parmi les spécialistes de la question même si la nature, l’identité et les caractéristiques cognitives sont indispensables pour effectuer une médiation efficace.Alors qu’un groupe d’experts (Oran Young, Jacob Bercovitch) a présenté l’identité des médiateurs en faveur de la paix comme une raison du succès de la médiation, un autre groupe (auquel appartient Marvin Ott) a réduit ce sujet à une position secondaire. La littérature sur la médiation a étudié plusieurs exemples significatifs, tant à propos du contexte que des conditions de l’intervention diplomatique au plus haut niveau. Parmi ces contributions académiques on peut remarquer une étude de cas sur le rôle du Président américain Carter au cours des négociations de Camp-David2. Dans le même esprit, Brian S. Mandell and Brian W. Tomlin ont étudié les activités de médiation d’Henry Kissinger pendant la période 1973-1976, et ont observé comment sa stratégie a modifié les paramètres qui régissaient la dispute entre les Israéliens et les Arabes, et a contribué à l’introduction de nouvelles conditions3de discussion. Pourtant cet exemple et d’autres études analytiques de la participation de hautes personnalités dans la médiation, n’ont pas suffisamment traité de l’impact des institutionsinternationales sur les processus cognitifs des acteurs. Nous croyons que l’exploration des approches stratégiques des médiateurs avant leur intégration au sein des institutions et l’impact de cette intégration sur leur compréhensionantérieure de la question pourrait constituer un profond intérêt académique. C’est pour cette raison que notre analyse doctorale vise à contribuer à remplir le vide mentionné ci-dessus en combinant ces deux perspectives : l’approche sociologique et la résolution des conflits. L’axe de notre étude doctorale est Tony Blair, ancien Premier ministre britannique et actuellement Représentant du Quartet international pour le Moyen Orient. Nous visons à investiguer sur l’attitude cognitive de Tony Blair à l’égard de la paix entre les Palestiniens et Israël dans les deux contextes institutionnels : d’abord, en tant que Premier ministre (de 1997 à 2007), ensuite en tant qu’Envoyé du Quartet (depuis 2007 jusqu’à maintenant).En termes généraux, nous tenterons de présenter un aperçu de la compréhension conceptuelle de Tony Blair sur des causes du conflit, sa perception des intentions et des capacités des partis concernés, ainsi que sa vision des stratégies les plus efficaces pour résoudre ce conflit. Nous suggerons que le choix de cette personnalité comme unité de notre analyse, parce qu’il a été Premier ministre britannique et qu’il est actuellement Représentant du Quartet est un choix assez pertinent par rapport aux argumentations des constructivistes. Premièrement, selon Cederman, les structures sociales et les caractéristiques des agents sont mutuellement constitutives4. De cela vient la proposition que la stabilité et leschangements dans le système cognitif et la position politique d’un Premier ministre de la Grande-Bretagne (Tony Blair ou d’autres) va produire certains effets sur le comportement gouvernemental. Deuxièmement, ce serait une tâche analytiquement intéressante de montrer comment des interactions internationales peuvent influencer les perceptions du conflit et les prescriptions politiques d’un ancien leader d’une puissance, actuellement envoyé pour la paix. En faisant appel à la rationalité pour notre étude mentionnée ci-dessus, nous pouvons formuler la question de cette recherche de la façon suivante : Comment la conception stratégique de Tony Blair évolue-t-elle avec le changement du contexte institutionnel? Comme il a été explicitement noté, nous observons dans notre étude les processus cognitifs de Tony Blair dans deux contextes institutionnels différents. Pour cela, nous allons diviser le travail en deux parties constitutives, ou deux études de cas. Dans la première étude de cas, nous allons traiter de l’approche stratégie de Tony Blair envers le processus de paix en qualité de Premier ministre. Dans la seconde étude, nous explorerons la stabilité ou le changement de ses conceptions stratégiques en tant que Représentant international. La première étude est divisée en deux chapitres inégaux. Le chapitre I est consacré aux processus cognitifs du Premier ministre du 11 septembre 2001 à janvier 2006. Le chapitre II est concerné par sa dynamique cognitive de janvier 2006 jusqu’à son départ du pouvoir en juin 2007. Cette division inégale est justifiée par notre choix de présenter les événements de début 2006 qui auraient pu potentiellement changer la conception de Tony Blair. En effet, en 2006, le groupe palestinien Hamas a remporté la victoire dans les élections nationales. Un responsable du gouvernement de Blair l’a rappelé: « Personne n’attendait ce résultat.L’élection avait été planifiée comme moyen de neutraliser le Hamas, mais tout d’un coup cela est survenu […] de manière surprenante ». Dans ce contexte, et du point de vue analytique la question principale est de voir comment le Premier ministre Tony Blair a fait face à la situation évoquée. Celle-ci pouvait, soit engendrer des changements dans le contenu de ses convictions sur les approches stratégiques les plus optimales envers le conflit, soit il pouvait interpréter la nouvelle situation de telle façon que sa connaissance et ses idées soient conservées intactes. Comme la victoire du Hamas aux élections de 2006 était passible de produire des changements relatifs à la stabilité du processus de paix, nous avons décidé de traiter cette question dans un chapitre séparé, bien que cette période (2006-2007) soit plus courte que lapériode précedente. / Recently there has been increasing interest in the socialization theory in the academic world. Yet, many scholars claim that the socialization within international institutions remains underdeveloped. Different international relations approaches treat this concept in a different way. Neorealism uses socialization to describe the homogenization of self-help balancing behavior among security-seeking states interacting under conditions of anarchy. Contractual institutionalism generally does not focus on socialization pro- cesses in international relations per se. The notion that social interaction can change preferences and interests or fundamental security philosophies and ideologies is not a central concern. For thisperspective social interaction inside institutions is assumed to have little or no effect on the "identities" or "interests" of actors, or at least institutionalists are divided as to whether there are any effects. The quality or quantity of prior social interaction among players should be irrelevant to the calculus of whether or not to defect. For social constructivists, socialization is a central concept. According to Onuf, “social relations make or construct people-ourselves-into the kinds of beings we are”. In their accounts of the creation and diffusion of international norms constructivists mostly focus onthe "logics of appropriateness" – pro-norm behavior that is so deeply internalized as to be unquestioned, taken for granted. This naturally raises questions about which norms are internalized by agents, how and to what degree. Kratochwil and Ruggie imply that by treating institutions as social institutions "around which actor expectations converge" the interestingquestion becomes the processes by which this intersubjective convergence takes place. On the one hand, most mainstream international relations theorists contend that there are two main ways in which involvement in international institutions changes state behavior in more cooperative directions. The first is through material rewards and punishments: in pursuit of a (mostly) constant set of interests or preferences a state responds to positive and negative sanctions providedexogenously by the institution (rules, membership requirements, etc.) or by certain actors within the institution. The second is through changes in the domestic distributions of power among social groups pursuing (mostly) a constant set of interests or preferences such that different distributions lead to different aggregated state preferences6.On the other hand, constructivists hold that the behavior of relevant actors changes due to endogenous change in their normative characteristics and identities. In other words, change in the behavior of the participants in a social interaction may have little to do with exogenous constraints on the individual and the group and a lot to do with socialization7.The constructivist approach to international institutions proposes the following definition of the concept of socialization: “It is defined as a process of inducting actors into the norms and rules of a given community. Its outcome is sustained compliance based on the internalization of these new norms. In adopting community rules, socialization implies that anagent switches from following a logic of consequences to a logic of appropriateness; this adoption is sustained over time and is quite independent from a particular structure of material incentives or sanctions”. Unlike mainstream neorealist perspectives, sociological approaches would treat institutions as ‘environments’ of social interaction, rather than as ‘boxes’ of material constraints. This means the research focus shifts to the non-material (e.g. psychological, affective, ideological) effects on pro-group behavior that interaction with other human agents can generate9.Thus one of the most frequent research questions posed by them are “When do international institutions create senses of community and belonging? If and when this happens, what does it mean for individual and state allegiances, interests, and identities? What processes underlie such transformative dynamics? For many scholars applying sociological approaches to the exploration of institutions the unit of analysis is the individual who interacts with the social environments inside international institutions. This differs from many of the sociologically oriented studies to date. For the most part, when IR specialists or sociological institutionalists have look for the effects of social interaction at the international level the unit of analysis has tended to be the state (or state elites in a fairly aggregated way). Johnston believes that this focus on the international level where the unit of analysis is the state presents obvious problems when examining particular institutions as social environments since states as unitary actors don't participate in institutions; rather, state agents do, e.g. diplomats, decisionmakers, analysts, policy specialists, non-governmental agents of state principals. In reference specifically to constructivism, Cederman point out that its ontology can best be captured by the notion of complex adaptive systems whereby social structures and agent characteristics are mutually constitutive, or locked in tight feedback loops, where smallperturbations in the characteristics of agents interacting with each other can have large, nonlinear effects on social structures13. This perceptive posits that it is relevant to explore how individual agents or small groups are socialized, because their impact on larger properties of the social environment can be significant. Another underdeveloped trend in academic scholarship is application of socialization approaches to the domain of peace studies and, in particular, international mediation. Neither is there consensus about whether identity, nature and cognitive characteristics of a mediator are indispensable for effective mediation. If on the one hand, certain scholars have addressed the identity of a mediator as predictors of success (for example, Oran Young, Jacob Bercovitch). On the other hand, others would reduce it to a secondary position (for example, Marvin Ott) arguing that they are essentially irrelevant compared to other contextualvariables. Mediation scholarship has undertaken a number of essential case studies about the context and condition of high-level third party involvement. For example, among these contributions are case-studies on President Carter’s role in Camp David negotiations. Brian S. Mandell and Brian W. Tomlin have also carried on a case study of the mediation activities of Henry Kissinger in the Middle East during the period 1973-1976 to verify how his strategy altered the parameters of the dispute and brought about conditions necessary for the creation of new norms. Yet these and other analyses of high-level actors taking part in mediation activities have not sufficiently treated the impact of international institutions on cognitive processes of mediators. We suggest that exploration of belief systems of high-level mediators prior to the entry into international institutions and the impact of the latter on their understanding of the issue would be of essential academic interest. For this reason, our doctoral analysis seeks to contribute to filling the above-mentionedgaps by combining these two perspectives: sociological and conflict resolution. The focus of our work is Tony Blair in the context of the peace process between Israel and the Palestinians. We seek to investigate Tony Blair’s cognitive attitude towards the Middle East peace process within two institutional contexts: first, as British Prime Minister (1997-2007) and,subsequently, as the Middle East Quartet’s Envoy (2007 until nowadays). In general terms, we intend to undertake insight into Tony Blair’s conceptual understanding of the causes of the conflict, his perception about the intentions and capabilities of the parties, as well his strategic beliefs about the most optimal approaches to the peaceful settlement. We assume that the choice of Tony Blair as the unit of analysis both in the role of the British Prime Minister and now the Quartet Representative is quite relevant to the argumentative position of constructivists. First of all, based on Cederman’s above-mentioned point that social structures and agent characteristics are mutually constitutive, changes and stability of the belief system and policy position of the British Prime Minister will produce effects on the governmental behaviour. Second, it would be analytically interesting to trace whether and how international interactions affect the former leader and currently peace envoy’s perceptions of the issue and policy prescriptions. Drawing on the above-mentioned rationale for our analytic study we formulate our research question in the following way: How is Tony Blair’s strategic conception of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process evolving with the change of his institutional context? As was explicitly noted, in our research we observe Tony Blair’s cognitive processes in two institutional contexts. For this purpose, we divide our work into two constitutive parts, or two case studies. In the first case study we elaborate on Tony Blair’s strategic approach to thepeace process between Israel and the Palestinians as British Prime Minister. In the second, we will explore his strategic conceptions as Quartet Representative. The first case-study is in its turn divided into two chapters. Chapter I deals with Prime Minister Tony Blair’s thinking process from September 11, 2001 to January 2006. Chapter II is concerned with his cognitive dynamics from January 2006 until his departure from Downing Street in June 2007. This specific division of Case-study I into two chronologically unequal chapters is justified by our analytic interest to trace cognitive processes under those events that are much likely to cause changes. Precisely, in January 2006 a Palestinian group – Hamas – gainedvictory at national elections. An official in the Blair government recalled: “No one had expected the result. The election had been intended as a way of neutralising Hamas and for it to suddenly turn around and bite us in that way was stonishing”16.From the analytic point of view the basic question is how Prime Minister Tony Blair has coped with this situation. The new situation may either induce changes in the content of his beliefs about optimal strategic approaches to the conflict. Or it may be interpreted in such a manner that his basic assumptions and cognition will be conserved unchanged. Since thisevent is likely to induce either change or stability in his conceptual approaches to the peace process, we decided to treat it in a separate chapter, even though this period is chronologically shorter than the previous chapter.

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