The extensive catalogue of gamma-ray selected flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) produced by Fermi during a four-year survey has generated considerable interest in determining their gamma-ray luminosity function (GLF) and its evolution with cosmic time. In this paper, we introduce the novel idea of using this extensive database to test the differential volume expansion rate predicted by two specific models, the concordance Lambda cold darkmatter (Lambda CDM) and R-h = ct cosmologies. For this purpose, we use two well-studied formulations of the GLF, one based on pure luminosity evolution (PLE) and the other on a luminosity-dependent density evolution (LDDE). Using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on one-parameter cumulative distributions (in luminosity, redshift, photon index and source count), we confirm the results of earlier works showing that these data somewhat favour LDDE over PLE; we show that this is the case for both Lambda CDM and R-h = ct. Regardless of which GLF one chooses, however, we also show that model selection tools very strongly favour R-h = ct over Lambda CDM. We suggest that such population studies, though featuring a strong evolution in redshift, may none the less be used as a valuable independent check of other model comparisons based solely on geometric considerations.

This overview paper describes the legacy prospect and discovery potential of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) beyond cosmological studies, illustrating it with examples from the DES early data. DES is using a wide-field camera (DECam) on the 4 m Blanco Telescope in Chile to image 5000 sq deg of the sky in five filters (grizY). By its completion, the survey is expected to have generated a catalogue of 300 million galaxies with photometric redshifts and 100 million stars. In addition, a time-domain survey search over 27 sq deg is expected to yield a sample of thousands of Type Ia supernovae and other transients. The main goals of DES are to characterize dark energy and dark matter, and to test alternative models of gravity; these goals will be pursued by studying large-scale structure, cluster counts, weak gravitational lensing and Type Ia supernovae. However, DES also provides a rich data set which allows us to study many other aspects of astrophysics. In this paper, we focus on additional science with DES, emphasizing areas where the survey makes a difference with respect to other current surveys. The paper illustrates, using early data (from 'Science Verification', and from the first, second and third seasons of observations), what DES can tell us about the Solar system, the Milky Way, galaxy evolution, quasars and other topics. In addition, we show that if the cosmological model is assumed to be I >+cold dark matter, then important astrophysics can be deduced from the primary DES probes. Highlights from DES early data include the discovery of 34 trans-Neptunian objects, 17 dwarf satellites of the Milky Way, one published z > 6 quasar (and more confirmed) and two published superluminous supernovae (and more confirmed).

We investigate black hole-host galaxy scaling relations in cosmological simulations with a self-consistent black hole growth and feedback model. Our sub-grid accretion model captures the key scalings governing angular momentum transport by gravitational torques from galactic scales down to parsec scales, while our kinetic feedback implementation enables the injection of outflows with properties chosen to match observed nuclear outflows (star formation-driven winds are not included to isolate the effects of black hole feedback). We show that 'quasar mode' feedback can have a large impact on the thermal properties of the intergalactic medium and the growth of galaxies and massive black holes for kinetic feedback efficiencies as low as 0.1 per cent relative to the bolometric luminosity. None the less, our simulations indicate that the black hole-host scaling relations are only weakly dependent on the effects of black hole feedback on galactic scales, since black hole feedback suppresses the growth of galaxies and massive black holes by a similar amount. In contrast, the rate at which gravitational torques feed the central black hole relative to the host galaxy star formation rate governs the slope and normalization of the black hole-host correlations. Our results suggest that a common gas supply regulated by gravitational torques is the primary driver of the observed co-evolution of black holes and galaxies.

We report Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of the 1.5 GHz radio continuum emission of the z = 6.326 quasar SDSS J010013.02+ 280225.8 (hereafter J0100+ 2802). J0100+ 2802 is by far the most optically luminous and is a radio-quiet quasar with the most massive black hole known at z > 6. The VLBA observations have a synthesized beam size of 12.10 mas x5.36 mas (FWHM), and detected the radio continuum emission from this object with a peak surface brightness of 64.6 +/- 9.0 mu Jy beam(-1) and a total flux density of 88 +/- 19 mu Jy. The position of the radio peak is consistent with that from SDSS in the optical and Chandra in the X-ray. The radio source is marginally resolved by the VLBA observations. A 2D Gaussian fit to the image constrains the source size to (7.1 +/- 3.5) mas x (3.1 +/- 1.7) mas. This corresponds to a physical scale of (40 +/- 20) pc x (18 +/- 10) pc. We estimate the intrinsic brightness temperature of the VLBA source to be T-B = (1.6 +/- 1.2) x 10(7) K. This is significantly higher than the maximum value in normal star-forming galaxies, indicating an active galactic nucleus (AGN) origin for the radio continuum emission. However, it is also significantly lower than the brightness temperatures found in highest-redshift radio-loud quasars. J0100+ 2802 provides a unique example for studying the radio activity in optically luminous and radio-quiet AGNs in the early universe. Further observations at multiple radio frequencies will accurately measure the spectral index and address the dominant radiation mechanism of the radio emission.

All massive nearby galaxies, including our own, host supermassive black holes. Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are seen when such black holes accrete, and when they produce powerful jets of synchrotron-emitting plasma, they are termed radio-loud AGN. The close correlation between black hole mass and galaxy bulge mass in elliptical galaxies indicates that AGN feedback may be the key to the regulation of galaxy formation. It is thus necessary to fully understand the structure of AGN, the way that they are fuelled, and their duty cycle, in order to study the feedback processes and get a clear picture of galaxy formation. In this thesis, independent methods are developed to constrain the accretion disk and radio jet angles to the line of sight. H IX emission from a sub-sample of high-redshift quasars is measured from near-infrared spectroscopy and modelled as sums of different components, including the characteristic double-peaked profile which results from a thin, rotating accretion disk. Comparing the models using Bayesian evidence, almost all quasars were found to have infrared spectra consistent with the presence of a disk. The jet inclination angles of the same set of quasars were constrained by fitting a model, including the effect of Doppler boosting and the receding torus model for dust obscuration, to the radio \ spectral energy distribution. The fitted disk and jet angles correlate strongly, and are consistent with a model in which the radio jets are launched orthogonally to the plane of the accretion disk, as expected if the jet is powered by energy drawn from the spin of the black hole. Both disk and jet angles correlate with the observed linear source size, which is a projection effect; when deprojected using the fitted angles, the distribution of source sizes agrees with a scenario in which the sources expand into the surrounding medium at a constant rate up to ~ 1 Mpc and then shut off, probably as the nuclei become quiescent. The accretion disk angle was found to correlate weakly with the low-frequency radio luminosity, which provides direct, albeit tenuous, evidence for the receding torus model.

In the study of habitability of terrestrial exoplanets, both life-supporting conditions and the prevalence of transient life-threatening events need to be considered. One type of hazardous effect that has so far not received much attention is the thermal effect of a nearby active galactic nucleus (AGN), or in this particular case, the class of the AGN known as a quasar. In this work we investigate the thermal effect from a quasar by calculating the number of habitable terrestrial planets (HTP) in an elliptical or bulge-dominated galaxy, that goes extinct when exposed to the quasar radiation in a limited wavelength range. This is done by approximations and modelling along with pre-existing formulas and data from earlier publications. As a result, the influence by a quasar during the time span of quasar activity will have a less significant impact on the habitability in solar-type stellar systems than expected. Assuming tQSO = 108 yrs of quasar activity, results in the number of affected HTP, ≈ 1 × 105, 9 × 105 and 4 × 108 for isotropic spherical radiation and ≈ 1 × 106, 8 × 106 and 3 × 109 for a double-conical radiation. In terms of stellar mass fraction, ≈ 1.3%, 1.0%, 0.4% for isotropic radiation and ≈ 12.8%, 9.5%, 3.8% for conical, is affected. The results of this work are hoped to provide a rough estimation of the thermal impacts of a quasar on the habitability as well as to point out the most important parameters when considering this model. / I studier om beboeligheten på jordlika exoplaneter övervägs både förutsätningar för liv på planeten men även livshotande händelser i planetens närhet. En typ av farlig effekt som hit- intills inte fått mycket uppmärksamhet, är det termiska effekterna från en aktiv galaxkärna (AGN) eller som i detta fall, AGN-typen kvasar. I detta arbete studeras de termiska effekterna från en kvasar genom att beräkna antalet beboeliga jordlika exoplaneter (HTP) i en elliptisk eller bulge-dominerad galax, (bulge-centralförtätning), som blir obeboeliga då de utsätts för kvasarens strålning i ett begränsat våglängdsområde. Detta görs genom antaganden och modellering av redan befintliga formler och data från tidigare publikationer. Detta resulterar i en mindre inverkan av kvasaren på system kring sollika stjärnor än förväntat. Antaget tQSO =108 år av kvasar-aktivitet ger antal påverkade HTP, ≈ 1 × 105, 9 × 105 och 4 × 108 vid isotropisk strålning och 1 × 106, 8 × 106 och 3 × 109 vid dubbel-konisk formad strålning. Uttryckt i andel stjärnmassa motsvarar detta ≈ 1.3%, 1.0%, 0.4% för sfäriskt fall och ≈ 12.8%, 9.5%, 3.8% vid koniskt. Detta arbete hoppas kunna ge on grov uppfattning om kvasarens termiska effekter på beboligheten men även identifiera det mest betydande parametrarna i denna modell.

Quasars are valuable sources for several cosmological applications. In particular, they can be used to trace some of the heaviest halos and their high intrinsic luminosities allow them to be detected at high redshifts. This implies that quasars (or active galactic nuclei, in a more general sense) have a huge potential to map the large-scale structure. However, this potential has not yet been fully realized, because instruments which rely on broad-band imaging to pre-select spectroscopic targets usually miss most quasars and, consequently, are not able to properly separate broad-line emitting quasars from other point-like sources (such as stars and low resolution galaxies). This work is an initial attempt to investigate the realistic gains on the identification and separation of quasars and stars when medium- and narrow-band filters in the optical are employed. The main novelty of our approach is the use of Bayesian priors both for the angular distribution of stars of different types on the sky and for the distribution of quasars as a function of redshift. Since the evidence from these priors convolve the angular dependence of stars with the redshift dependence of quasars, this allows us to control for the near degeneracy between these objects. However, our results are inconclusive to quantify the efficiency of star-quasar separation by using this approach and, hence, some critical refinements and improvements are still necessary. / Quasares são objetos valiosos para diversas aplicações cosmológicas. Em particular, eles podem ser usados para localizar alguns dos halos mais massivos e suas luminosidades intrinsecamente elevadas permitem que eles sejam detectados a altos redshifts. Isso implica que quasares (ou núcleos ativos de galáxias, de um modo geral) possuem um grande potencial para mapear a estrutura em larga escala. Entretanto, esse potencial ainda não foi completamente atingido, porque instrumentos que se baseiam no imageamento por bandas largas para pré-selecionar alvos espectroscópicos perdem a maioria dos quasares e, consequentemente, não são capazes de separar adequadamente quasares com linhas de emissão largas de outras fontes pontuais (como estrelas e galáxias de baixa resolução). Esse trabalho é uma tentativa inicial de investigar os ganhos reais na identificação e separação de quasares e estrelas quando são usados filtros de bandas médias e estreitas. A principal novidade desse método é o uso de priors Bayesianos tanto para a distribuição angular de estrelas de diferentes tipos no céu quanto para a distribuição de quasares como função do redshift. Como a evidência desses priors é uma convolução entre a dependência angular das estrelas e a dependência em redshift dos quasares, isso permite que a degenerescência entre esses objetos seja levada em consideração. Entretanto, nossos resultados ainda são inconclusivos para quantificar a eficiência da separação entre estrelas e quasares utilizando esse método e, portanto, alguns refinamentos críticos são necessários.

The work in this thesis concerns the host galaxies of a class of luminous, yet heavily-obscured, quasars at z$\sim$2 - a peak epoch of both star formation and black hole accretion. Here, we seek to characterise the star-forming properties of these obscured quasars to improve our understanding of galaxy-quasar coevolution. A key issue facing host galaxy studies among populations of the most luminous quasars is being able to disentangle the galaxy emission from that of the quasar. With combined observations from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), the VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) and the UKIDSS Large Area Survey (ULAS), we exploit the quasar dust extinction in our sample to demonstrate that the quasar and galaxy emission can be separated via SED-fitting in these systems. By isolating the galaxy emission in this way, we estimate instantaneous SFRs for the galaxies in our sample, based on the restframe UV emission. In general, we find obscured quasars to reside in prodigiously star forming hosts with 25 $\lesssim$ SFR$_{\rm{UV}}$ $\lesssim$ 365 M$_{\rm{\odot}}$yr$^{-1}$. Furthermore, we show that the most luminous quasars reside in the most actively star-forming galaxies, potentially indicating the same gas supply is fuelling both star formation and accretion on to the black hole. Having isolated the galaxy emission via SED-fitting, we test our ability to model the restframe-UV emission of obscured z$\sim$2 quasar hosts in 2D. Until now, morphological studies of luminous quasar hosts have typically been limited to low redshifts or relied on space-based imaging. By making use of a multi-band modelling code however, we demonstrate that it is possible to accurately infer several galaxy properties (i.e. the position of the galaxy in the image, (X,Y), its radius, R$_{\rm{eff}}$, axis ratio, q$_{\rm{GAL}}$, angle of orientation, $\theta$, and S\'rsic index, $n$), based on current ground-based imaging, accross the full range of galaxy and quasar luminosities considered in our sample. This potentially opens the door to future ground-based morphological studies of obscured quasars at high redshift. At sub-mm wavelengths, thermal emission from cold dust peaks, meaning these wavelengths can be used to probe the dust heating by star formation, effectively giving a measure of the obscured star formation in the galaxy. Using targeted observations from SCUBA-2, we trace the 850$\mu$m emission in a sample of obscured quasars, finding evidence for prodigious star formation $ > $ 2400 M$_$yr$^$ in three of the 19 quasars in our sample. The detection rate of our obscured quasar sample is found to be consistent with that of both more heavily-obscured Hot-DOGs and UV-luminous quasars, once the samples have been matched in luminosity and redshift. Furthermore, we find evidence that several of the obscured quasars lie in overdense regions of the sky ($\sim$ 3 times denser than sub-mm blank fields).

In this thesis we investigate the large-scale distribution of Ly alpha forest absorption, the effect of ionizing radiation from QSOs on their surrounding intergalactic medium and the primordial abundance of deuterium. We develop a new technique for detecting structure on Mpc scales in the Ly alpha forest. This technique does not rely on identifying individual absorption lines but is rather based on the statistics of the transmitted flux. We demonstrate that the new method is significantly more sensitive to the presence of large-scale structure in the Ly alpha forest than a two-point correlation function analysis. We apply this method to 2 A resolution spectra of ten QSOs which cover the redshift range 2.2 < z < 3.4. The QSOs form a closely spaced group on the sky and are concentrated within a 1-deg^2 field. We find evidence for large-scale structure in the distribution of Ly alpha forest absorption at the > 99 per cent confidence level. Along the line of sight we find overdense Ly alpha absorption on scales of up to 1200 km s^-1. There is also strong evidence for correlated absorption across line of sight pairs separated by < 3 h^-1 Mpc. For larger separations the cross-correlation signal becomes progressively less significant. Using the same technique and dataset we confirm the existence of the proximity effect. We derive a value for the mean intensity of the extragalactic background radiation at the Lyman limit of J = (3.6^+3.5_-1.3) x 10^-22 ergs s^-1 cm^-2 Hz^-1 sr^-1. This value assumes that QSO redshifts measured from high ionization lines differ from the true systemic redshifts by Delta v = 800 km s^-1. Allowing for known QSO variability we find evidence at a level of 2.1 sigma that the significance of the proximity effect is correlated with QSO Lyman limit luminosity. From the complete sample we find no evidence for the existence of a foreground proximity effect, implying either that J > 20 x 10^-22 ergs s^-1 cm^-2 Hz^-1 sr^-1 or that QSOs emit at least a factor of 1.4 less ionizing radiation in the plane of the sky than along the line of sight to Earth. We do, however, find one counter-example where a foreground QSO apparently depletes the absorbing gas in four surrounding lines of sight. We discuss the feasibility of pre-selecting absorption systems from low resolution data for a measurement of the primordial deuterium abundance. We present a new, low resolution spectroscopic survey of 101 high redshift QSOs aimed at identifying candidate D/H systems. We further present an echelle spectrum of a Lyman limit system at z = 2.917. We find that this system is most likely heavily contaminated and does not yield an interesting limit on D/H.

Cette thèse est consacre à l'étude de la poussière et du gaz dans les quasars (QSO) grand décalage spectral à l'aide d'observations (sub)millimétrique et radio.<br /><br />Les relevés dans le continuum infrarouge et radio de QSO optiquement lumineux et radio faibles 1.96. La relation entre l'émission infrarouge et radio des galaxies locales est vérifiée pour les QSO grand z, indiquant que le chauffage dominant provient des étoiles massives nouvellement formées. Ces études ont mis en évidence une relation entre les activités du trou noir et de la formation stellaire. Les taux de formation stellaire très élevés (~1000Mo/yr) indiquent d'intenses flambées stellaires nécessitant dimportants réservoirs de gaz moléculaire.<br /><br />La détection de CO dans J1409+5628 z=2.56 est décrit en détail et une étude globale du gaz moléculaire des sources grand z est présentée. Dans quelques cas, la détection de plusieurs transitions de CO permet de contraindre les conditions physiques indiquant des températures de 60-100K, et des densités de 10^(3-4) cm-3, comparables M82 ou Arp220. Enfin, la détection de CI et de HCN est rapporte pour deux QSO grand z.<br /><br />Ces travaux ont permis de contraindre les conditions physiques dans les galaxies hôtes de QSO à grand z, parmi les objets les plus massifs formés dans l'Univers. Ces programmes exploratoires, qui ouvrent la voie l'étude du milieu interstellaire dans l'environnement extrème des premières galaxies, connaîtront leur plein essor avec la mise en opération du satellite Herschel et des interféromètres eVLA et ALMA.