Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o cômico e o riso no Quixote. Para tanto, deter-nos-emos em preceptivas dos séculos XVI e XVII, que trazem à baila discussões sobre o cômico, realizadas por tratadistas cujos trabalhos partiram de uma perspectiva poético-retórica. Os prólogos do Quixote evidenciam a preocupação de Miguel de Cervantes com o riso de seus leitores e revelam que a obra, de acordo com estudiosos como Russell e Close, estava ligada ao entretenimento do público. Assim, o debate que o prólogo de 1615 estabelece com Avellaneda, o dito autor apócrifo, também se converte numa importante leitura para a compreensão do cômico na obra cervantina. Nesse sentido, episódios nos quais a comicidade está presente, tais como o enfrentamento de Dom Quixote com um leão (Cap. XVII, DQ II), evidenciam a preocupação do escritor em compor sua obra a partir de uma mistura estilística, em que a admiração e o riso do leitor são componentes essenciais. Abordamos, ainda, o elemento cômico em Cervantes e em Avellaneda, com o intuito de compreender como os Quixotes de 1605 e 1614, no que tange à comicidade, obedecem a princípios distintos. / This paper aims at analyzing the comical and the laugh in Quixote. In doing so, we center ourselves on the 16th and 17th preceptives that bring up discussions around the comical, made by preceptists whose works were based on a poetic-rhetorical perspective. Quixotes prologues show how much Cervantes was worried about his readers laughing. It also reveals that his work, according to scholars such as Russell and Close, was related to the entertainment of his audience. Thus, the debate established by the prologue of the 1615 edition, by Avellaneda the so-called apocryphal author , also constitutes a relevant study for us to understand the comical in the work of Cervantes. In this sense, episodes such as the one in which Don Quixote defies a lion (Chapter XVII, DQ II) make evident that the writer is worried about composing his work based on a stylistic mixture, in which the readers admiration and laugh are its essential components. Finally, we approach the comic element in Cervantes and in Avellanedas works, as to understand how both Quixotes (the one published in 1605 and the one published in 1614) are bound to different principles of comicalness.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o cômico e o riso no Quixote. Para tanto, deter-nos-emos em preceptivas dos séculos XVI e XVII, que trazem à baila discussões sobre o cômico, realizadas por tratadistas cujos trabalhos partiram de uma perspectiva poético-retórica. Os prólogos do Quixote evidenciam a preocupação de Miguel de Cervantes com o riso de seus leitores e revelam que a obra, de acordo com estudiosos como Russell e Close, estava ligada ao entretenimento do público. Assim, o debate que o prólogo de 1615 estabelece com Avellaneda, o dito autor apócrifo, também se converte numa importante leitura para a compreensão do cômico na obra cervantina. Nesse sentido, episódios nos quais a comicidade está presente, tais como o enfrentamento de Dom Quixote com um leão (Cap. XVII, DQ II), evidenciam a preocupação do escritor em compor sua obra a partir de uma mistura estilística, em que a admiração e o riso do leitor são componentes essenciais. Abordamos, ainda, o elemento cômico em Cervantes e em Avellaneda, com o intuito de compreender como os Quixotes de 1605 e 1614, no que tange à comicidade, obedecem a princípios distintos. / This paper aims at analyzing the comical and the laugh in Quixote. In doing so, we center ourselves on the 16th and 17th preceptives that bring up discussions around the comical, made by preceptists whose works were based on a poetic-rhetorical perspective. Quixotes prologues show how much Cervantes was worried about his readers laughing. It also reveals that his work, according to scholars such as Russell and Close, was related to the entertainment of his audience. Thus, the debate established by the prologue of the 1615 edition, by Avellaneda the so-called apocryphal author , also constitutes a relevant study for us to understand the comical in the work of Cervantes. In this sense, episodes such as the one in which Don Quixote defies a lion (Chapter XVII, DQ II) make evident that the writer is worried about composing his work based on a stylistic mixture, in which the readers admiration and laugh are its essential components. Finally, we approach the comic element in Cervantes and in Avellanedas works, as to understand how both Quixotes (the one published in 1605 and the one published in 1614) are bound to different principles of comicalness.

In this study, the interpretation of Don Quixote has been examined within the work of three artists: Honore Daumier, Salvador Dali, and Joan Pon9. Each artist has represented Don Quixote in a uniquely modern artistic style that questions the artistic discipline in itself, while using it to portray the concepts and ideology of modern times. While these interpretations may not portray Don Quixote in the parodic way its author intended him to be, they are not completely romantic versions of the hero either. Don Quixote, as shown through the eyes of these three artists, has escaped the constraints of the text and has become not the nobly suffering hero of the Romantics, but the internalized hero representative of man himself in an increasingly isolated and modern society. The recurring theme of alienation from the others is then presented in this study as three different visions of Don Quixote. The first chapter seeks to examine the traces of modernity within the portrait painting of Don Quixote done by Honore Daumier. By taking the first steps towards abstraction and expressionism, as well as presenting a solution of withdrawn indifference that begins to question the state reality, Daumier sets the foundation for the modern interpretation of Don Quixote. In the second chapter, Salvador Dall depicts a Surrealist Don Quixote, illustrating a version that has completely submitted himself to the internally-based and absolute surreality. Dali reconciles the opposing internal and external realities in the figure of Don Quixote. Finally, Don Quixote faces the interior battles of existence in the work of Joan Pony. This modern, isolated depiction of Don Quixote in front of the infinite unknown marks the final transition from the external internal dialectic to that of yo vs. yo mismo . The conclusion then summarizes and confirms Don Quixote's textual liberation translated into both a modern style and concept.

After 1885, Richard Strauss began to create program music due to Alexander Ritter¡¦s suggestion. Among these works, the most important were the 7 tone poems. Tone poem ¡mDon Quixote¡n was composted according to the play created by the Spanish writer Cervantes. Richard Strauss not only expressed the story by leading motive and tone painting, but also satirized the society. Furthermore, he unleashed his angry by the meaning of the story. My essay is divided into two major parts. The first is the biography of Richard Strauss as well as the characteristic of this tone poem. The second is the analysis of variation structure, motive development, tone painting skill, orchestration timbre and harmony disposition. I still discuss the rhythm, skill and terminology in advanced.

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Scholars have long since identified a quixotic mode in fiction, acknowledging the widespread influence of Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote (1605-15) on subsequent texts. In most cases, “quixotic” signifies a preponderance of allusions to Don Quixote in a given text, such that most studies of “quixotic fictions” or “quixotic influence” are primarily taxonomic in purpose and in outcome: they name and catalogue a text or group of texts as “quixotic,” then argue that, by virtue of the vast and protean influence of Don Quixote, the quixotic mode in fiction is always divided, lacking any semblance of ideological consistency. I argue, however, that the very characteristics of Don Quixote that make him such an attractive literary model for such a broad range of narratives—his bookish idealism, his fixation on the upper-classed grandiosity of the lives of noble knights—also form the consistent, ideological groundwork of quixotism: the exceptionalist substitution of fictive idealism for material reality. By tracing the ways in which quixotes become mouthpieces for various exceptionalist arguments in eighteenth-century British and American texts, like Henry Fielding's Joseph Andrews (1742), Tobias Smollett's Launcelot Greaves (1760), Charlotte Lennox's The Female Quixote (1752), Hugh Henry Brackenridge's Modern Chivalry (1792-1815), and Royall Tyler's The Algerine Captive (1797), among others, I demonstrate the link between quixotism and exceptionalism, or between fictive idealism and the belief that one (or one's worldview) is an exception to the scrutiny of the surrounding world.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar a presença do conceito de discrição em três capítulos da obra Don Quijote de la Mancha, de Miguel de Cervantes. Tais capítulos estão localizados na segunda parte da obra e se referem aos conselhos dados por Dom Quixote ao seu fiel escudeiro, Sancho Pança, antes que este assumisse seu governo na ilha Barataria. O conceito de discrição é bastante amplo e complexo. Fazem parte dele atitudes morais e sociais que visam a uma adequada atuação social do indivíduo no universo em que ele se encontra. O exercício da discrição requer o conhecimento de alguns elementos que funcionam como uma espécie de pré-requisito para a sua prática. Entre eles estão a prudência, o discernimento, a cultura e a erudição. Contribuem para a apreensão do conceito de discrição os tratados sobre comportamento social dos séculos XVI e XVII, sobre os quais teceremos comentários específicos, relacionando-os, sempre que possível, ao Quixote de Cervantes. Em nossas considerações, também verificaremos a maneira específica como Cervantes trabalha o conceito de discrição em sua narrativa. Por vezes, o autor subverte as regras do decoro literário, promovendo a quebra da rigidez do conceito, utilizando-o de uma maneira que demonstra variedade em sua aplicação. / This dissertation aims at examining the presence of the concept of discretion in three chapters of Don Quijote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes. Such chapters belong to the second part of mentioned book and they refer to the pieces of advice given by dom Quixote to Sancho Pança, before his faithful squire assumed the government of Barataria island. The concept of discretion is quite vast and complex. It includes moral and social attitudes wich provide for the individual\'s proper social behavior within the universe where he lives. In order to be put into practice, the exercise of discretion demands the knowledge of some elements that function as a kind of pré-requirements, such as prudence, discernment, education and erudition. Treatises on social behavior in the 16th and 17th centuries contribute to the understanding of the concept of discretion, and we are making specific comments on them in search, as far as posible, of their connections with Cervantes\'s Quixote. Along this study we are also examining the specific way Cervantes deals with the concept of discretion in his narrative. There are instances in which the writer subverts the rules of literary decorum causing a rupture in the rigidity of the concept by using it in such a way that demonstrates variety in its application.

O propósito desta dissertação de mestrado é examinar um procedimento específico utilizado por Miguel de Cervantes na construção de sua obra El ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de La Mancha: o paralelismo entre episódios como meio de proporcionar coesão à narrativa longa. Tal recurso indica uma solução encontrada pelo escritor, voltada à estrutura textual, com intenção de equilibrar a narrativa longa/linear e a episódica/fragmentada, unindo as partes da sua composição e dando totalidade a ela. Para isso, o autor se vale de preceptivas de retórica e poética da antiguidade e de sua época, sendo os autores mais expressivos: Aristóteles, Cícero, Quintiliano, Horácio e Alonso López Pinciano. No que diz respeito especificamente ao uso do paralelismo entre episódios no Quixote, esta dissertação se beneficia dos trabalhos dos críticos Edward Riley e Knud Togeby; contudo, esses autores não analisaram detalhadamente o efeito de tal uso na unidade da obra, o que configura este trabalho como uma extensão da observação feita por eles a respeito dos episódios paralelos. Por fim, a análise demonstra que Cervantes compõe um recurso poético próprio, resultante da combinação de diversas fontes de conhecimento. A demonstração desse procedimento se faz pela leitura comparativa de quatro trios de episódios, cada trio composto por um episódio da primeira parte e dois da segunda parte, discutindo-se a maneira como o paralelismo entre eles interfere na composição geral do Quixote promovendo um tipo de unidade da narrativa diverso do que se vê prescrito nas poéticas antigas e nas do século XVII. / The purpose of this master\'s thesis is to examine a specific procedure used by Miguel de Cervantes in the construction of his work El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de La Mancha: the parallelism between episodes as a means of providing cohesion to the long narrative. This feature indicates a solution found by the writer, focused on the textual structure, with the intention of balancing the long / linear narrative and the episodic / fragmented narrative, uniting the parts of its composition and giving totality to it. For this, the author uses precepts of rhetoric and poetics of antiquity and of his time, being the most expressive authors: Aristotle, Cícero, Quintiliano, Horácio and Alonso López Pinciano. With specific regard to the use of parallelism between episodes in the Quixote, this thesis benefits from the contributions of the literary critics: Edward Riley and Knud Togeby. However, these authors did not analyze in detail the effect of such use on the unit of the work, which configures this work as an extension of their observation of parallel episodes. Finally, the analysis shows that Cervantes composes a poetic resource of his own, which results from the combination of several sources of knowledge. The demonstration of this procedure is done by comparing four trios of episodes, each of them composed of one episode of the first part and two of the second part. Then discussing how the parallelism between them interferes in the general composition of Quixote by promoting a different type of narrative unity from the ones prescribed in the ancient Poetics and in the seventeenth century.