Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1932213 bytes, checksum: 9e24f1a24cc6f7b4eff28e82f497f576 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study is inserted into the context of Affirmative Action (AA) from racial quotas type in public higher education institutions. Thus, towards the profound discrimination against blacks in Brazil, the objective of this dissertation was to investigate the possible relationship between the discursive repertories about racial quotas and the perception of discrimination against black quota holders. For this purpose, it was developed two studies supported by theoretical constructs about the new forms of prejudice and racism. In Study 1, it was investigated the discursive repertories of university students about quotas for blacks in public higher education institutions. University students (n = 105), most female (55%) aged between 18 and 58 years (m = 23.6, sd = 6.79) answered a questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic questions, and an open question, considering the students opinion facing racial quotas. The Alceste software analysis revealed three major discursive classes showing opposition to racial quotas. The more representative speech (Class 3 63.20%) explained the opposition to quotas based on the idea that blacks and whites are equal. Study 2, with an almost experimental profile, aimed to analyze how discursive contexts about the implementation of racial quotas in public higher education institutions could relate to the high school students opinion (n = 581) - from public and private schools in João Pessoa / PB - facing the possibility of discrimination of quota students. Most were students from private schools (52%) and women (57%), age variation from 15 to 35 years old (m = 17; sd = 1.16), having responded to an instrument composed of socio-demographic questions and three questions about how the quota holder could be treated, respectively, by teachers, colleagues and employers. From the content analysis of the participants answers, six categories were given: holders are less capable, we are all equal, quotas are unfair, there will be prejudice, depends on the holders ability, depends on the other (employer/colleague/teacher). However, no significant effect on the types of discursive contexts in the categories that emerged about the treatment of colleagues was found [χ ² (12) = 13.614; p = 0.326] and teachers [χ ² (15) = 9.988; p = 0.820]. There was a significant effect only in the types of discursive contexts of treatment on the categories of employers [χ ² (12) = 34.909; p < 0,001]. It was found a significant effect of school type in the categories about the treatment of colleagues [χ ² (4) = 116,839; p < 0.001], teachers [χ ² (5) = 102.775; p < 0.001] and future employers [χ ² (4) = 41,632, p < 0.001]. Thereby, social belonging, being from public or private school, was more important to explain the treatment to the quota holder than the types of speeches about quotas. Overall, the results of this research reported, on the one hand, that resistance to the implementation of affirmative policies for blacks has speeches that justify its use based on equality to legitimize inequality between blacks and whites. On the other hand, the evidence that there will be prejudice against the quota holder suggests the social relevance of this study to develop strategies to combat prejudice and discrimination against black quota holders. / Este estudo se insere no contexto das Ações Afirmativas (AA) do tipo cotas raciais em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) públicas. Desse modo, diante da profunda discriminação existente contra negros no Brasil, o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi investigar as possíveis relações entre os repertórios discursivos sobre as cotas raciais e a percepção de discriminação dos cotistas negros. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos dois estudos sustentados nas construções teóricas acerca das novas formas de expressão do preconceito e do racismo. No Estudo 1, procurou-se investigar os repertórios discursivos de estudantes universitários acerca das cotas para negros em IES públicas. Os estudantes universitários (n = 105), a maioria do sexo feminino (55%) com idades entre 18 e 58 anos (M = 23,6; DP = 6,79), responderam a um instrumento composto por questões sociodemográficas, além de uma questão aberta, contemplando o posicionamento dos estudantes frente às cotas raciais. A análise a partir do software Alceste evidenciou três grandes classes discursivas com conteúdos de oposição às cotas raciais. O discurso mais representativo (Classe 3 - 63,20%) apontou para oposição às cotas baseada na idéia de que negros e brancos são iguais. O Estudo 2, com um delineamento quase-experimental, buscou analisar como contextos discursivos acerca da implantação de cotas raciais em IES públicas poderiam se relacionar com o posicionamento de estudantes de Ensino Médio (n = 581) de escolas públicas e privadas de João Pessoa/PB frente à possibilidade de discriminação de alunos cotistas. A maioria eram alunos de escolas privadas (52%) e mulheres (57%), com idades variando de 15 a 35 anos (M = 17; DP = 1,16), tendo respondido a instrumento composto por questões sociodemográficas e três questões acerca de como o cotista poderia ser tratado, respectivamente, por professores, colegas e empregadores. A partir da análise de conteúdo realizada sobre as respostas dos participantes, emergiram seis categorias: cotistas são menos capazes, somos todos iguais, cotas são injustas, haverá preconceito, depende da habilidade do cotista, depende do outro (empregador/colega/professor). No entanto, as análises do Teste de Associação do Qui-quadrado não demonstraram efeitos significativos dos tipos de contextos discursivos nas categorias que emergiram acerca do tratamento de colegas e professores. Os tipos de contextos discursivos tiveram efeito significativo apenas sobre as categorias do tratamento de empregadores. No entanto, o tipo de escola apresentou efeito significativo nas categorias acerca do tratamento de colegas, professores e futuros empregadores. Assim, a pertença social, ser de escola pública ou privada, foi mais importante para explicar o tratamento destinado ao cotista do que os tipos de discursos existentes sobre as cotas. No geral, os resultados desta investigação denunciaram, por um lado, que a resistência à implantação de políticas afirmativas para negros utiliza discursos justificadores com base na igualdade para legitimar condições de desigualdade entre negros e brancos. Por outro, a evidência de que haverá preconceito contra o cotista sugere a relevância social deste estudo na elaboração de estratégias de combate ao preconceito e discriminação em relação aos cotistas negros.

This thesis attends to the valuation the effectiveness of selected industrial zone focus on newly created jobs. Firstly, it attends to the problems of the funding for the industrial zone and its advantage and disadvantage. Then recount programs of industrial zones supported by the government and from the European Union. Subsequently it includes the labour market and the tax quota. The practical part is focused on industrial zones in the South Bohemia which were supported by government programs to assess the effectiveness of selected industrial zones focus on the newly created jobs as an instrument for influencing the rate of unemployment in the locality.

Essa dissertação busca compreender o complexo processo que acompanha a chegada dos estudantes cotistas à Universidade, bem como a autopercepção dos graduandos sobre seu sucesso na instituição. Como ponto de partida, a pergunta de pesquisa - que elementos detectáveis levam o aluno cotista a estudar na UFRGS? Para tanto, 409 estudantes cotistas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul responderam ao Questionário de Vivências Acadêmicas. A análise dos dados levou à formulação de dois grupos: estudantes cotistas do interior e estudantes cotistas da região metropolitana. Os grupos foram divididos conforme a região econômica de pertencimento e análise da trajetória universitária familiar. Posteriormente, 222 estudantes foram novamente contatados e responderam a novas questões. O estudo considera a interveniência das variáveis: idade, modalidade de ingresso na universidade, autodeclaração étnica, renda, região econômica de origem, trajetória familiar educacional, entre outras. Consultamos os trabalhos de Lahire (1997) e Bourdieu (1989), para a análise da influência da trajetória familiar acadêmica. O estudo mostra as heterogeneidades do universo formado pelos estudantes cotistas. Além da coleta de dados quantitativos, a análise engloba a autopercepção fornecida pelos estudantes quanto à adaptação, sucesso e análise de vida acadêmica. A amostra é formada por alunos dos cursos de graduação da UFRGS das diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Para a coleta de dados, o Questionário de Vivências Acadêmico Reduzido (QVAr) adaptado ao contexto brasileiro por Granado (2004) e Granado, Santos, Almeida, Soares e Guisande (2005) e a realização de entrevistas em profundidade. / This dissertation aims to comprehend the complex process that accompanies the arrival of quota holder students to the University, as well as to consider the self perception of these undergraduate students regarding their success at the institution. The research question ―Which detectable elements lead the quota holder students to study at UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil)‖ was used as a starting point. Thus, 409 quota holder students from UFRGS answered to the Academic Experiences Questionnaire. The data analysis drove the formulation of two groups: quota holder students from the countryside and quota holder students from the metropolitan area. The groups were divided according to their economic region of belonging and analysis of family‘s academic history. Thereafter, 222 students were once again contacted and answered new questions. The study takes into consideration the following intervening variables: age, type of admission into the university, ethnic self-identification, income, economic region of origin, educational history of the family, amongst others. The works of Lahire (1997) and Bourdieu (1989) were consulted in order to carry out the analysis of the influence of the family‘s educational history. The study shows the heterogeneities of the universe formed by quota holder students. In addition to collecting quantitative data, the analysis encompasses the self perception provided by the students concerning their adaptation, success and assessment of their academic life. The sample is formed by UFRGS‘ undergraduate students from different areas of knowledge. In order to collect data, the Reduced Academic Experiences Questionnaire (AEQ - Reduced Version), adapted to the Brazilian context by Granado (2004) and by Granado, Santos, Almeida, Soares and Guisande (2005), was used to collect data and in-depth interviews were conducted.

Essa dissertação busca compreender o complexo processo que acompanha a chegada dos estudantes cotistas à Universidade, bem como a autopercepção dos graduandos sobre seu sucesso na instituição. Como ponto de partida, a pergunta de pesquisa - que elementos detectáveis levam o aluno cotista a estudar na UFRGS? Para tanto, 409 estudantes cotistas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul responderam ao Questionário de Vivências Acadêmicas. A análise dos dados levou à formulação de dois grupos: estudantes cotistas do interior e estudantes cotistas da região metropolitana. Os grupos foram divididos conforme a região econômica de pertencimento e análise da trajetória universitária familiar. Posteriormente, 222 estudantes foram novamente contatados e responderam a novas questões. O estudo considera a interveniência das variáveis: idade, modalidade de ingresso na universidade, autodeclaração étnica, renda, região econômica de origem, trajetória familiar educacional, entre outras. Consultamos os trabalhos de Lahire (1997) e Bourdieu (1989), para a análise da influência da trajetória familiar acadêmica. O estudo mostra as heterogeneidades do universo formado pelos estudantes cotistas. Além da coleta de dados quantitativos, a análise engloba a autopercepção fornecida pelos estudantes quanto à adaptação, sucesso e análise de vida acadêmica. A amostra é formada por alunos dos cursos de graduação da UFRGS das diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Para a coleta de dados, o Questionário de Vivências Acadêmico Reduzido (QVAr) adaptado ao contexto brasileiro por Granado (2004) e Granado, Santos, Almeida, Soares e Guisande (2005) e a realização de entrevistas em profundidade. / This dissertation aims to comprehend the complex process that accompanies the arrival of quota holder students to the University, as well as to consider the self perception of these undergraduate students regarding their success at the institution. The research question ―Which detectable elements lead the quota holder students to study at UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil)‖ was used as a starting point. Thus, 409 quota holder students from UFRGS answered to the Academic Experiences Questionnaire. The data analysis drove the formulation of two groups: quota holder students from the countryside and quota holder students from the metropolitan area. The groups were divided according to their economic region of belonging and analysis of family‘s academic history. Thereafter, 222 students were once again contacted and answered new questions. The study takes into consideration the following intervening variables: age, type of admission into the university, ethnic self-identification, income, economic region of origin, educational history of the family, amongst others. The works of Lahire (1997) and Bourdieu (1989) were consulted in order to carry out the analysis of the influence of the family‘s educational history. The study shows the heterogeneities of the universe formed by quota holder students. In addition to collecting quantitative data, the analysis encompasses the self perception provided by the students concerning their adaptation, success and assessment of their academic life. The sample is formed by UFRGS‘ undergraduate students from different areas of knowledge. In order to collect data, the Reduced Academic Experiences Questionnaire (AEQ - Reduced Version), adapted to the Brazilian context by Granado (2004) and by Granado, Santos, Almeida, Soares and Guisande (2005), was used to collect data and in-depth interviews were conducted.

Article 334 of the Constitution of India (1950) stipulates that certain electoral districts in each state should be reserved for minority groups, namely the “Scheduled Caste”(SC) and the Scheduled Tribe”(ST), through the reservation of seats in the states' legislative assemblies. Even though the original article stated that the reservation policy would be in place for just twenty years, it has been amended several times and is still in effect. This dissertation examines the impact of the policy on the education and health outcomes of the SC population. Variations in seat quotas are generated by the timing of elections in different states and the states’ fluctuating SC populations. The first paper on education uses data from 25 Indian States and 3 Union Territories for the years 1990-2011 to form a panel dataset to estimate the impact of the quota system on both enrollment and dropout rates among SC students in all levels of schooling. I use the fixed effect regression to test the mechanisms through which an elected SC legislator could have an influence on the education outcomes for the SC population in the represented state. I then use the resulting variables as my controls to identify the causal relationship using the dynamic panel data model. I find that a SC legislator has the potential to influence the number of schools built, as well as the amount of education and welfare expenditure allocated to the SC population. Moreover, I find that the SC political reservation has a positive and statistically significant impact on the SC enrollment rates and a negative and significant impact on the dropout rates, in all levels of schooling. Likewise, I use the NFHS-3 dataset and the Cox Proportional Hazard Model to estimate the hazard rates (risks of dying) of children under the age of 12 months (IMR) and under the age of 60 months (U5MR) as influenced by different SC quota share quintiles. I find that the 50-60% quota-share quintile has the biggest impact in reducing the IMR and U5MR among the SC children.

This paper has examined which medium-term effects the Norwegian gender quota law has had on corporate boards listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2015. Wehave studied the gender quota law’s impact on different corporate board factors, such as board composition, the number of directorships held, basic remuneration, board size, andthe age of directors. Further, we also compared the gender quota law’s effects on these factors with similar studies made in earlier periods. The reason for that is to recognise whether there is a tendency of convergence over time. The study have been conducted using a quantitative approach by gathering information from mostly annual reports. Since, this is a comparative study, we will be using the same methods as previous researchers. These methods are arithmetic averages and standard deviations. We have also included some other methods to strengthen the results, such as geometric average, median, correlations, and significance test. The results of our research show that the number of directorships held by female directors decreased in both absolute numbers as well as in averages and dispersion. Remuneration for female directors increased. However, it diverged with male directors. The average board size did not remain significantly constant over time. We also found that the average age of board directors both increase and converges between the genders. We also believed that the proportion of female directors was depended on the firm’s board size, which the results showed was an incorrect assumption. This paper has applied an overarching theory called contingency theory. Further, other complementary theories within the area of corporate governance have also been used such as stakeholder theory, agency theory, and resource dependency theory. When analysing the results from this paper, there were too many plausible and contrasting theoretical explanations for why the various outcomes occurred. Therefore, we do not believe that the existing theoretical frameworks available are appropriate to explain how the gender quota law will impact corporate boards. The main contribution of this study is the results that show how both female and maledirectors’ average age and directorships held are converging over the observed period. Also, that the gender quota law has enabled female directors to gain more experience, which has led to a higher proportion of female directors.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agricultural Economics / Andrew P. Barkley / Tariff rate quotas (TRQs) are one of the most widely used trade policy instruments in agricultural trade. The issue of whether TRQs are efficient trade policy instruments for improving market access has been widely debated. Some believe that TRQs impose an extra barrier to trade, circumvent the reforms sought under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) and may not be as attractive as initially envisioned. Others believe that the TRQs are useful and facilitate trade and liberalization. Any expansion in quota, or decrease in tariffs, or combinations of the two, has the potential to liberalize trade in a specific industry. There is strong clamor for continued reforms in the conduct of agricultural trade – including the implementation of TRQs. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of TRQs, and determine the impact of their implementation on the Philippine corn market. Specifically, the study will estimate the quantities of supply, demand, imports, domestic equilibrium prices, and border prices under different TRQ liberalization regimes. In this study, an existing TRQ model was utilized to determine how effective TRQs are as a trade policy instrument for trade liberalization and increasing market access. The results reveal that the Philippine corn market was restricted by the out-quota tariff. De facto liberalization of the TRQ at the level of the out-quota rate (50%) or even at 35% (in-quota rate), does not completely liberalize the corn market. Progressively reducing both tariffs liberalizes the market and leads to increases in surpluses. The lower tariffs, however, lead to less government revenues. The smaller the gap between the in-quota and out-quota, the smaller the quota rents become. Increasing the quotas has no significant impact in liberalizing the corn market, and the increase in imports decrease producer surplus in all cases. The TRQ model of the Philippine corn sector reveals that changing the components of the TRQ would lead to different impacts on supply, demand, consumer, producer and net surplus, and government revenues. Knowledge of the regime in which the country is trading can determine which individual policy instrument of the TRQ, the in-quota and out-quota tariff and the quota, should be used to increase market access or address the concerns of stakeholders in the corn sector. It is thus important for policy makers to find a workable tariff level that would serve the interest of all stakeholders in the sector.

Dimension and structure development analysis of the public expenditures in countries of the EU focused on social expenditures. Social protecture, social security systems and their financing. Developement of the social quota and analysis the relationship between social quota and public debt in countries of the EU.

Thesis deals with the tax systems, specifically with tax system of selected developing countries (Kazakhstan, Ukraine, China, India, South Africa and Ghana). First, briefly introduce each country, according economic indicators. Then introduce tax systems (especially the tax quata and tax mix) of selected developing countries and all groups of countries (as defined by Internationa Monetary Fund).

Drawing on the research object of migration, mostly focused on the inclusion of asylum seekers in the European Union (EU hereinafter), this Master thesis aims at measuring the attractiveness/unattractiveness of EU countries on welcoming asylum seekers in. The method used, is then, the comparison of Portugal and Spain, two similar countries, but with quite different outcomes. Furthermore, this work suggests that external factors are on the scope of forced migration, so issues as choice on the destination country, migrant networks, previous knowledge and the integration policies make a country attractive or not. The final results bring to light the interesting findings that asylum seekers coming legally to Portugal would rather live illegal anywhere else. Moreover, even though Spain appears as a relatively more "successful" country on attracting asylum applications, it also shares the same push factors as Portugal.