Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu general estudiar la relació entre l'activitat muscular i la morfologia del radi humà, per tal d'obtenir un millor coneixement del paper que juguen els estímuls mecànics en la morfogènesis del radi, i de com el disseny d'aquest os reflecteix la funció i adaptació de l'extremitat superior. L'anàlisi morfològic del radi ha permès comprovar l'existència d'una variabilita en l'aparençaa osteològica de les seves entesis, així com en la conformació de la curvatura de la seva diàfisi. Part d'aquesta variabilitat és explicable pel patró d'estimulació mecànica, derivat de l'activitat muscular a que el radi està sotmès. D'altra banda, en la tesi es desenvolupen tres models biomecànics que permeten quantificar l'eficiència dels músculs pronador rodó i bíceps braquial en el moviment de pronosupinació de l'avantbraç i flexió del colze. A partir d'una sèrie de simulacions s'ha constatat que l'eficiència és un paràmetre variable i evolutiu. Varia en funció del disseny esquelètic principalment de l'avantbraç i colze, i evoluciona al llarg del moviment de rotació i de flexió. En l'àmbit de l'Antropologia evolutiva, l'aplicació dels models biomecànics a material esquelètic permet avaluar de forma més precisa les implicacions funcionals de les diverses configuracions anatòmiques tant de taxons moderns com fòssils. / The main objective of this thesis is to study the relationship between the muscular activity and the morphology of the human radius in order to obtain further knowledge about the role that play mechanical stimuli on the radial morphogenesis, and how radius design reflects the function and adaptation of the upper limb. The morphological analysis of the radius bone shows that there is variability on the osteological appearance of the radial enthesis, and its diaphyseal curvature. This variability may be explained, in part, as a consequence of the pattern of muscular mechanical loading that radius bone is submitted during quotidian tasks. Moreover, in this thesis three biomechanical models to quantify the efficiency of the pronator teres and biceps brachii muscles during the forearm rotation and elbow flexion are presented. By means of several simulations, it is demonstrated that the efficiency is a variable and evolutionary parameter. It varies as function of the forearm and elbow skeletal design, and it evolutions through the entire range of forearm rotation and elbow flexion. Applying these models may be usefully in the field of Evolutionary Anthropology to undertake anatomical approaches in order to interpret more precisely how skeletal design is related to upper-limb function in extant and fossil primate taxa.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:58:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 427972.pdf: 121824 bytes, checksum: d5c22edd7cd93b6717cda180b10bfa36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-08 / Esse trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um prot?tipo port?til de um instrumento de medi??o da irradi?ncia solar com par?metros compar?veis aos radi?metros solares e instrumentos similares. Para tanto a metodologia empregada seguiu a NBR ISO/IEC 17025:2005. O radi?metro proposto tem como inova??o tecnol?gica a determina??o n?o s? da radia??o global e difusa, medidas nos equipamentos comerciais, mas tamb?m determinar os n?veis de radia??o Ultravioleta, Vis?vel, Infravermelha e ?ndice UV solar. Portanto, o radi?metro proposto poder? substituir um conjunto completo de radi?metros. Os ensaios de classifica??o do radi?metro proposto, segundo a ISO 9060:1990, apresentaram o tempo de resposta do sensor ? varia??o da intensidade de radia??o inferior a 15 segundos, a n?o necessidade de compensa??o do zero e o desvio percentual de 1,1% na N?o-linearidade para uma irradi?ncia de 500Wm-2. Adicionalmente, quanto a resposta ? temperatura, foram registradas varia??es do desvio padr?o percentual na irradi?ncia inferior a 1% para varia??es de 50?k na temperatura. A resposta ? inclina??o do prot?tipo foi adequada de -80? ? 80?, com erro inferior a 2,5% e a resposta direcional do radi?metro apresentou um erro m?ximo da resposta superior menor que 10%. O radi?metro desenvolvido apresenta seletividade espectral na regi?o do Ultravioleta, Vis?vel e no Infravermelho pr?ximo. Esses ensaios classificam o radi?metro multifuncional proposto como de 1? Classe para as regi?es do Ultravioleta e Vis?vel, sendo de 2? Classe para a regi?o do Infravermelho.

O câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP) apresentam incidência mundial sendo considerado um problema de saúde pública. O diagnóstico tardio dos carcinomas ainda é uma realidade presente, implicando em terapias como a radioterapia (RT). Esta terapia antineoplásica pode causar diversos efeitos colaterais tais como: mucosite, dificuldade de deglutição, alteração ou perda do paladar, xerostomia, trismo, cárie de radiação, osteorradionecrose, alterações do ligamento periodontal e infecções oportunistas. Os efeitos adversos da RT instituída para tratamento de pacientes com CCP, podem interferir significativamente na qualidade de vida desses indivíduos, causando possíveis alterações ósseas e dentais, daqueles que acometem as partes moles. Dentre elas podemos citar as mucosites, hipossialia, agenesia, cáries por radiação, trismo e osteorradionecrose (ORN). Esta última constitui uma complicação grave e de difícil tratamento. O presente estudo objetivou ponderar a relação dose-efeito da radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço, em consideração aos dentes e estruturas ósseas do complexo maxilo - mandibular, avaliando e explorando o impacto do tamanho do tumor ,sua distribuição e dosimetria no complexo maxilo mandibular de pacientes submetidos a radioterapia de CCP. A IMRT se mostrou a melhor indicação de tratamento quando comparada a RT, pois reduziu muito os efeitos encontrados nas radiografias, o que mostrou sua baixa toxicidade nos tecidos adjacentes saudáveis. A partir dos resultados obtidos observou se que a radioterapia pode provocar alterações significativas na estrutura do CMM, ademais da região própria ao tumor, e os médicos oncologistas juntamente com dentistas devem se apoiar na detecção e abordagem dessas sequelas e acompanhamento dos seus tratamentos e prevenções, sendo necessário que os profissionais de odontologia orientem e façam as devidas intervenções para proporcionar melhores condições aos pacientes em tratamento de radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço. / Head and neck neoplasms present a worldwide incidence and are considered a public health problem. The late diagnosis of carcinomas is still a reality, implicating in thera-pies such as radiotherapy. This antineoplastic therapy can cause several side effects such as: mucositis, difficulty in swallowing, alteration or loss of taste, xerostomia, tris-mus, radiation caries, osteoradionecrosis, alterations of the periodontal ligament and opportunistic infections. The adverse effects of radiotherapy instituted for the treatment of patients with cancer of the head and neck region can significantly interfere in the quality of life of these individuals, causing possible bone and dental changes in those that affect the soft parts. Among them we can mention mucositis, hyposialia, agenesis, radiation caries, trismus and osteoradionecrosis (ORN). The latter constitutes a seri-ous complication and is difficult to treat. The present study aims to evaluate the dose-effect relationship of head and neck radiotherapy, considering the teeth and bone structures of the maxillo-mandibular complex, evaluating and exploring the impact of tumor size, its distribution and dosimetry in the mandibular nipple complex of patients submitted to CCP radiotherapy. The IMRT performed a better comparison procedure when compared to what is more difficult to see on radiographs when compared to toxicity in adjacent healthy systems. From the results obtained, the effects of radio-therapy can cause changes in the structure of the CMM, besides being responsible for the tumor, and the oncologists. It is necessary that dental professionals guide and withdraw care for the treatment of head and neck radiotherapy.

Each year fires destroy millions of acres of woodland, lives, and property, and significantly contribute to air pollution. Increased knowledge of the physics and properties of the flame propagation is necessary to broaden the fundamental understanding and modeling capabilities of fires. Modeling flame propagation in fires is challenging because of the various modes of heat transfer with diverse fuels, multi-scale turbulence, and complex chemical kinetics. Standard physical models of turbulence like RANS and LES have been used to understand the flame behavior, but these models are limited by computational cost and their inability to resolve sub-grid scales. Application of several other models and empirical studies in fire modeling are usually limited to fire spread rate only. In some fires, flame propagation often occurs through convective heating by direct flame contact as opposed to radiative preheating alone. Under these conditions, resolution of the flame front can provide the detailed physics and insights into the flame propagation. The One Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) model is extended to turbulent flame propagation in biomass fuel beds representative of those in wild land fires. ODT is a stochastic model that is computationally affordable and can resolve both large and fine scales. ODT has been widely applied to many reacting and non-reacting flows like jet flames and pool fires. A detailed particle combustion model has been developed and implemented in the ODT model to investigate the fluctuating flame-fuel interface and to study flame propagation properties. The particle reaction is modeled as a single global decomposition reaction model. Radiative, convective, and internal particle conductive heat transfer are included. Gaseous combustion is modeled with a lookup table parameterized by mixture fraction and fractional heat loss using steady laminar flame let solutions. Results are presented from simulations of flame propagation in buoyantly driven flows. Particle size and loading are varied to study their effects in flame spread. A timescale analysis is performed to compare radiative, convective, conductive, and reactive particle time scales to the turbulent fluctuations. The flame propagation in homogeneous turbulence is also studied which better represents the wildland fire. The time scales involved in the wildland fire are overlapped using LEM model to study their effects on the flame properties and flame spread.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoRS.pdf: 956790 bytes, checksum: 0ed0b523e2e3be8c00c6a754bc417e64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-28 / There were studied the variation of the solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in four wavelengths (305 nm, 320 nm, 340 nm e 380 nm) and erythemic dose, measured in Natal RN Brazil, from January 2001 until December 2007, using the ground ultraviolet radiometer of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais / Centro Regional do Nordeste INPE-CRN, fixed on the roof of the Laborat?rio de Vari?veis Ambientais Tropiciais LAVAT-INPE-CRN. It was verified that the mean value of the UVR in the city reachs the HIGH index before 09h00 a.m. and VERY HIGH before 09h40 a.m.; it was also verified that, except in the months of June and July, in the other months of the year the UVR reachs the HIGH index before 10h00 a.m., despite of the recommendations broadcasting in the media about the safe time to people stay ashore on the beaches of the city. After 14h30 p.m., the UVR reachs the MODERATE index in any month of the year. These evidence are valid to all years of the period studied, i.e., 2001 to 2007. The year of 2004 presented the lower mean values of UVR indices, and the year of 2007 presented the higher mean values of UVR index. It was prove, by means of the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the variation in the four wavelengths and in the erythemic dose. Considering that the city has high indices of skin cancer and cataract, the results of the research may be use as a data source to studies that intend to support programs of public health. At the same time, the results of the research may be applied to material science and agriculture studies / Estudaram-se a varia??o da radia??o ultravioleta (RUV) solar em quatro comprimentos de ondas (305 nm, 320 nm, 340 nm e 380 nm) e a dose erit?mica, medidas em Natal RN Brasil, no per?odo de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2007, empregando-se o radi?metro GUV (Ground Ultraviolet Radiometer), pertencente ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais / Centro Regional do Nordeste INPE-CRN, instalado no teto do Laborat?rio de Vari?veis Ambientais Tropicais LAVAT-INPE-CRN. Verificou-se que nos meses de outubro e novembro os ?ndices m?dios de RUV na cidade atingem a categoria ALTO antes das 09h00 e MUITO ALTO antes das 09h40min; tamb?m foi verificado que, exceto nos meses de junho e julho, em todos os outros meses do ano os ?ndices atingem a categoria ALTO antes das 10h00, contradizendo recomenda??es divulgadas na m?dia sobre o hor?rio adequado para perman?ncia em praias da cidade. Ap?s as 14h30, os ?ndices atingem a categoria MODERADO em qualquer m?s do ano. Essas constata??es se aplicam a todos os anos considerados na pesquisa. Dentro do per?odo considerado na pesquisa, o ano de 2004 foi o que apresentou menores valores m?dios do IUV, enquanto em 2007 foram medidos os maiores valores m?dios. Comprovou-se, atrav?s da an?lise de vari?ncia (ANOVA), a varia??o nos quatro comprimentos de ondas e na dose erit?mica. Tendo em vista que a cidade det?m elevados ?ndices de c?ncer de pele e de catarata, os resultados da pesquisa podem servir de fonte de informa??o para estudos que visem dar subs?dios a programas de sa?de p?blica. Da mesma forma, o estudo ? pass?vel de aplica??es concernentes ? ci?ncia dos materiais e ? agricultura

Modelo de predicción de la geometría final de una pieza de chapa, radio y ángulo de doblado final, producida mediante un proceso de doblado al aire. / Prediction model of final geometry of sheet metal part, radius and final bending angle, manufactured by air free -V bending process.