Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-20T17:14:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoMelissaFINAL.pdf: 2104821 bytes, checksum: 4cf97bb77ff36dfccdfc01f9b4280238 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T17:14:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoMelissaFINAL.pdf: 2104821 bytes, checksum: 4cf97bb77ff36dfccdfc01f9b4280238 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / Esse estudo avaliou o potencial de remoção de Zn e Cd pela ação do biofilme bacteriano resistente a esses metais em uma área altamente contaminada, localizada na Baía de Sepetiba/RJ. Esse biofilme resistente foi coletado do manguezal do Saco do Engenho e teve sua biomassa amplificada no Laboratório de Ecologia Bacteriana (UFF), possibilitando estudos físico-químicos para investigar a sua capacidade de sorção de metais para fins de biorremediação. Experimentos em microcosmos foram realizados na água do mar e na interface água-sedimento, utilizando radiotraçadores, buscando identificar processos que interferem nessa remoção. Foram realizados estudos com 65Zn e 109Cd, em testemunhos de sedimento de manguezal, para determinar as cinéticas de sorção de Zn e Cd na interface água–sedimento, em 48 horas de experimento, e calculado o índice de atividade bentônica, que é a percentagem entre a diferença dos testemunhos não tratados e os testemunhos tratados com o formol, em relação aos testemunhos não tratados. Além disso, foram estudadas medidas de distribuição do 65Zn em duas fases, a líquida (ampola padrão de água do mar) e a sólida (biofilme resistente a Zn e Cd) para avaliar a capacidade de sorção do biofilme resistente a estes metais (BR Zn/Cd). Os resultados dessas medidas de distribuição, em um período experimental de 24 horas, sugerem que o BR Zn/Cd possui uma capacidade de sorção média de zinco em 67,60 ± 3,16 % na água do mar. O estudo cinético da sorção de Zn e Cd na interface água-sedimento, nos testemunhos incubados com o BR Zn/Cd, apresentou valores de remoção de 67,04 ± 2,93 % (Zn) e 79,89 ± 2,64 % (Cd) na cinética rápida inicial (3 horas de experimento), já os valores de sorção do sedimento controle, no mesmo período, mostrou valores de remoção 34,32 ± 2,43 % (Zn) e 47,68 ± 2,12 % (Cd). Os resultados de tempo de meia-vida de remoção mostraram também essa diferença. Os sedimentos incubados com o BR Zn/Cd apresentaram valores para Zn de 1,24 ± 0,02 h e para Cd de 0,86± 0,02 h na cinética rápida, enquanto o sedimento controle marcou valores de meia-vida para Zn de 2,74± 0,08 h e para Cd de 2,15 ± 0,05 h. A atividade bentônica foi estimada como responsável por 74,42% (Zn) e 80,03% (Cd) do índice do total do sedimento com o BR Zn/Cd, enquanto no sedimento controle, essa atividade foi calculada como responsável por 49,13% (Zn) e 60,86% (Cd) do mesmo índice, evidenciando o aumento da capacidade de retenção do Zn (aproximadamente 25%) e Cd (aproximadamente 20%), pelo BR Zn/Cd / This study evaluated the efficiency of Zn and Cd removal by using a bacterial biofilm resistant to these metals in a highly contaminated coastal area, Sepetiba Bay/RJ. This resistant biofilm was sampled in a mangrove at Saco do Engenho and had its biomass amplified in the Ecologia Bacteriana Laboratory. Physic-chemical studies enabled the research of metal sorption capacity by resistant biofilm for bioremediation purposes. Microcosm experiments were performed in sea water and sediment-water interface using radiotracers technique. Radiotracer studies, 65Zn and 109Cd, in mangrove sediment columns were performed to determine the removal kinetics of Zn and Cd in sediment-water interface in 48 hours experiments. Benthic activities indices were calculated as the relative percent difference between untreated sediments and formaldehyde-treated sediments data in relation to untreated sediments data. Distribution measurements of 65Zn were also studied in two phases: solid (resistant biofilm) and liquid (standard sea water) to evaluate the sorption capacity of biofilm resistant to these metals (RB Zn/Cd). The distribution results in 24 hours of experiment suggested that resistant biofilm has mean 67,60 ± 3,16 % in zinc sorption capacity on sea water. The faster removal kinetic study (3 hours) in sediment-water interface presented 67,04 ± 2,93 % and 79,89 ± 2,64 % of Zn and Cd removal, respectively, in sediment cores incubated with RB Zn/Cd. The faster removal kinetic in sediment control cores were 34,32 ± 2,43 % (Zn) and 47,68±2,12 % (Cd) on metals sorption in the same period of time. The half-removal times results also showed this difference between cores. Sediment cores incubated with RB Zn/Cd showed 1,24±0,02 h (Zn) and 0,86±0,02 h (Cd) in faster kinetic while sediment control cores scored 2,74±0,08 h (Zn) and 2,15 ±0,05 h (Cd). Benthic activity was estimated as responsible for 49,13% (Zn) and 60,86% (Cd) of total inventories within sediments control cores, while in RB Zn/Cd cores this indices represented 74,42% (Zn) and 80,03% (Cd). These estimates show the increase in metal sorption capacity by RB Zn/Cd for average 25% (Zn) and 20% (Cd) in sediments

Les poissons téléostéens accumulent les métaux au travers de différentes voies et il est actuellement bien établi que la nourriture joue un rôle majeur sur cette accumulation. Néanmoins de nombreuses lacunes persistent sur la variabilité du transfert trophique des métaux chez les poissons en fonction de leur contexte de vie. La présente recherche doctorale vise à caractériser l’influence de facteurs biologiques et environnementaux sur l’efficacité d’assimilation (AE) de métaux essentiels et non-essentiels chez les poissons. La détermination des AEs lors d’une série d’expériences en milieu contrôlé révèle que les facteurs biologiques, et notamment le type de nourriture ingéré, jouent un rôle prépondérant sur l’AE des métaux chez les poissons alors que les facteurs environnementaux (pH, température, salinité…) semblent n’avoir qu’une influence plus limitée. L’ensemble des travaux réalisés lors de cette thèse permet une meilleure compréhension du transfert trophique des métaux chez les poissons, et apporte ainsi de nouvelles connaissances dans les domaines de la nutrition et de l’écotoxicologie. / Teleost fish accumulate metals through different pathways and It is now well established that food plays a major role in this accumulation. Nevertheless, there is still lack of knowledge on the variability of metal trophic transfer in fish in connection with their life context. The present doctoral research aims at characterizing the influence of biological and environmental factors on the assimilation efficiency (AE) of essential and non-essential metals in fish. AE determination during a series of experiment under controlled condition reveals that biological factors, in particular the type of food ingested, play a predominant role in metal AE in fish while environmental factors (pH, temperature, salinity ...) seem to have a limited influence. All the work carried out during this thesis allows a better understanding of the trophic transfer of metals in fish and, thus bring new knowledge in the field of fish nutrition and ecotoxicology.

La synthèse de nouveaux radiotraceurs permettant un diagnostic précoce de la maladie d'Alzheimer par imagerie par tomographie de Positron (TEP) est en plein essor. Des dérivés d'inositols, ayant montré des propriétés d'agrégation vis-à-vis des plaques amyloïdes, ont été choisis comme plateforme, afin de concevoir et de synthétiser de nouveaux traceurs pour cette maladie. Quatre générations de radiotraceurs ont été conçues. La première génération est le scyllo-inisitol dont un des hydroxyles est remplacé par un fluor-18. Les secondes et troisièmes générations correspondent à des inositols de configuration myo et scyllo sur lesquels est accroché un bras-espaceur carboné de 1 à 3 atomes de carbone portant le fluor-18. Ceci permettra de conserver la structure de l'inositol. La dernière génération correspond à un inositol sur lequel le bras carboné portant le fluor est additionné par création d'un lien de type éther. La synthèse de cette famille de molécules permet ainsi d'obtenir un bras plus long. / The synthesis of new radiotracers to diagnose earlier Alzheimer's disease by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a rapidly growing field. Inisitol derivatives, which show aggregative properties to amyloid plaques, have been chosen as scaffold to create and synthesize new radiolabelled compounds for a early diagnostic. Four types of radiotracers have been designed. The first one is the scyllo-inositol in which one hydroxyl group is replaced by a fluorine-18. The second and third generations are inositols in myo and scyllo configurations where the fluorine-18 atom is carried by an alkyl chain. The structure of inositols is then preserved. Finally for the last generation, the alkyl chain bearing the fluorine-18 is introduced via an ether linkage. The synthesis of this type of molecules allows the incorporation of a longer spacer.

Les récepteurs de l’ocytocine (OTR) et de la vasopressine (AVPR) sont connus pour être impliqués dans la modulation d’effets centraux complexes. Récemment l’OTR a été proposé comme une cible thérapeutique pour le traitement des troubles du spectre autistique (TSA).Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de l’OTR et des AVPR dans les TSA, d’éclaircir des nouveaux traits de sa pharmacologie et d’établir des méthodes du criblage sur les récepteurs sauvages, nous avons développé des traceurs pour la tomographie par émission des positons ainsi que des sondes fluorescentes pour la famille OT/AVP des RCPG. Les ligands fluorescents ont été utilisés pour établir un test de liaison TR-FRET pour l’OTR et pour initier le développement du test alternatif sur les récepteurs sauvages. Les radiotraceurs TEP seront bientôt testés chez la souris et chez le singe pour évaluer leurs performances pour la détection des récepteurs de l’ocytocine centraux avant d’envisager des études chez l’Homme. / In order to better understand the role of OTR and AVPR in ASD, to reveal new features in its pharmacology and signaling and to establish high-throughput screening method on wild-type G protein-coupled receptors, we developed imaging probes for the oxytocin-vasopressin receptors family, namely radiotracers for positron emission tomography and optical probes for fluorescence detection and imaging. The fluorescent ligands have been used to establish TR-FRET binding assay for OTR and to initiate the development the screening assay for the wild-type oxytocin receptor. The PET radiotracers will be shortly tested in mice and monkeys to evaluate their potency in detecting the central oxytocin receptors.